J-2 (rocket engine)

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Topic: J-2 (rocket engine)

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	MSN Encarta - Rocket (physics)
		Rockets of 11.3-mm (4.5-in) calibre were developed by the United States for artillery rockets, fired from multiple launchers; for individual armament, carried by individual soldiers, and fired from the shipping tube or crate; and for aircraft rockets, fired from single or multiple launchers mounted on the wings of aircraft.
		His rockets had a sheet-iron case carrying a 3-kg (7-lb) charge of incendiary material; the tail stick, used to stabilize its flight, was 4 m (15 ft) long, and the overall weight of the rocket was 14 kg (32 lb).
		The principal parts of the solid-propellant rocket are the payload, consisting of the warhead or scientific instruments, and the combustion chamber, or motor, containing the fuel charge and nozzles to expel the combustion gases.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577900/Rocket_(physics).html

	Spacecraft propulsion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A rocket engine accelerates its reaction mass by heating it, producing hot high-pressure gas or plasma.
		All current spacecraft use chemical rocket engines (bipropellant or solid-fuel) for launch, though some (such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne) have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rocket_engine

	XLR99 Rocket Engine
		The XLR99 was one of the rocket engines used in the X-15 manned research aircraft which was capable of propelling man to the fringes of space.
		In common with other large scale liquid fueled rocket engines, the walls of the XLR99's thrust chamber were constructed of hollow tubing so that fuel could be routed through the tubes to cool the chamber walls before being burned in the engine.
		The XLR99 engine had a rated operating life of one hour, after which it could be overhauled and used again, though operating times twice that long were demonstrated in tests.
	www.wpafb.af.mil /museum/space_flight/sf7.htm

	Model Rocket Engine
		The engines are produced by several manufacturers and are available in a variety of sizes with a range of engine performance.
		Flying model rockets is a relatively safe and inexpensive way for students to learn the basics of forces and the response of vehicles to external forces.
		In a liquid rocket, the fuel and the source of oxygen (oxidizer) necessary for combustion are stored separately and pumped into the combustion chamber of the nozzle where burning occurs.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/rktengine.html

	PROPULSION SYSTEMS
		In other types of rockets no chemical change takes place within the engines but the working fluid may be converted to a hot gas for ejection by the addition of heat from a nuclear reactor or some other energy source.
		Rocket engines are distinguished b the type of mechanism used to produce exhaust material.
		Engines of this kind have comparatively low specific impulse, but have the advantage of simplicity, require only one tank in the vehicle and can be readily turned on and off.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/conghand/propulsn.htm

	Mars Jet Engine & Rocket Engine
		During the program, a rocket engine, thruster and turbojet engine were built and tested by WSPC.
		The jet engine was operated for a few seconds at a time and then torn down and inspected by engineers.
		What makes this Martian jet engine unique is that the Mars atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide.
	www.space-rockets.com /marsjet.html

	Howstuffworks "How Rocket Engines Work"
		Rocket engines are, on the one hand, so simple that you can build and fly your own model rockets very inexpensively (see the links on the last page of the article for details).
		On the other hand, rocket engines (and their fuel systems) are so complicated that only three countries have actually ever put people in orbit.
		In this article, we will look at rocket engines to understand how they work, as well as to understand some of the complexity surrounding them.
	science.howstuffworks.com /rocket.htm

	The Rocket Car Legend
		Unfortunately, the rocket (which was either a JATO bottle, a surplus ICBM engine, or an experimental Shuttle booster) proved to be far more powerful than the maniac anticipated.
		I used to think it was funny how the legend of the Rocket Car managed to spread so far (and fast) purely by word-of-mouth, but now that it's become a subject of Internet interest, it's popularity has become downright spooky.
		Once upon a time, in some out-of-the way part of the country (take your pick of locations) a maniac took a rocket of some sort, and mounted it on the back of a car (make and model depend on automotive trends when the story is told).
	www.rocketcarstory.com

	SPACE.com -- SpaceShipOne Rocket Engine Gets an Upgrade
		SpaceShipOne uses a hybrid rocket engine that uses both liquid and solid propellant to propel it into space.
		Benson said that during each SpaceShipOne engine burn, there is a point where its fuel oxidizer tank switches from using liquid nitrous oxide to a gaseous form, which produces a dramatic drop in thrust.
		Astrosociology is the study of astrosocial phenomena (social/cultural patterns related to space), a multidisciplinary field open to all scientists and engineers interested in "space and society" issues.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/xprize_sso_engine_040913.html

	V-2 Rocket Engine
		This is the rocket engine which powered the remarkable V-2 "Vengeance Weapon" developed by Germany during WW II and fired aganst London, Antwerp, Liege, Brussels, Paris, and Luxembourg.
		The V-2 Rocket Engine is actually displayed in the Museum Air Power Gallery near the P-39.
		Using liquid oxygen and alcohol as propellants, it produced a thrust of 56,000 lbs., giving the V-2 a maximum range of 220 miles, a ceiling of 55 miles, and a velocity of 3,500 mph.
	www.wpafb.af.mil /museum/space_flight/sf10.htm

	BBC - History - The Rocket Animation
		During the race, the Rocket reached speeds of 24mph during the 20 laps of the course.
		The Rocket is considered by many to be the forerunner of all the later generations of steam locomotives.
		The Trials were held by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway to find the best locomotive engine for their railway line that would serve the two northern English cities.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/games/rocket/rocket.shtml

	Rocket Engine Specific Impulse Program
		The J2 engine is a gas generator engine, but no information is available on the fraction of propellant used by the gas generator.
		Pressure fed kerosene fueled engines or those with staged combustion cycles would then be expected to yield approximately 2% higher Isp than otherwise equivalent gas generator engines because of the lack of this parasitic loss.
		63 -5.760 .800 CH1.9532; RP-1; KEROSENE; ROCKET PROPELLANT 1
	www.dunnspace.com /isp.htm

	Rocket Propulsion
		There are a number of losses within a rocket engine, the main ones being related to the inefficiency of the chemical reaction (combustion) process, losses due to the nozzle, and to losses due to the pumps.
		The rocket and fuel have a total mass M and the combination is moving with velocity v as seen from a particular frame of reference.
		For a given engine, the specific impulse has different values on the ground and in the vacuum of space because the ambient pressure is involved in the expression for the thrust.
	www.braeunig.us /space/propuls.htm

	My Electric Rocket Engine
		What's different about MPD thrusters from normal rocket engines is that instead of producing thrust by burning chemicals, MPD thrusters create thrust by using electric currents and magnetic fields.
		Electric rocket engines are designed to work in space under vacuum conditions.
		That's all an MPD thruster is: an engine that passes current through two conductors and a gas to create thrust.
	www.waynesthisandthat.com /mpd.htm

	The Rocket
		The introduction of tubes into the boiler is one of the greatest improvements that has been made in the construction of locomotives, and was the cause of the superiority of the rocket engine to those that competed with it.
		George Stephenson, the engineer of the railway.) lt is a large and strongly-built engine, and went with a velocity, which, as long as the spectators had nothing to contrast it with, they thought surprising enough.
		Stephenson's engine had, or that there is not in London, or its vicinity, any railway where experiments with it could have been tried.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RArocket.htm

	ROCKET ENGINE - Definition
		booster, booster rocket, booster unit, jet engine, multistage rocket, nuclear rocket, retrorocket, space rocket, takeoff booster, takeoff rocket, thruster
		[n] a jet engine containing its own propellant and driven by reaction propulsion
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/rocket+engine

	Boeing Tests Future Rocket Engine Component To Record Levels
		In the recent successful test, a subscale preburner, which produces high-pressure, oxidizer-rich combustion gases to spin the engine’s oxidizer and fuel turbopumps, achieved a chamber pressure in excess of 6800 pounds per square inch, well beyond the levels seen in current domestic oxygen/kerosene rocket engines.
		"No engine yet conceived meets the kinds of high reliability, cost efficiencies, and responsiveness that are part of the RS-84 design," said Danny Davis, NASA project manager for the RS-84 project at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala.
		The new preburner is in the midst of a hot-fire test series that will conclude in January after approximately 10-12 more tests at the Stennis Space Center, Miss.
	www.boeing.com /news/releases/2003/q4/nr_031209m.html

	J-2 (rocket engine)
		The J-2 was the first manned booster engine that used liquid hydrogen as a fuel and the first large booster engine designed to be restarted multiple times during a mission.
		An American liquid-propellant rocket engine, manufactured by Rocketdyne, that ranks among the most important in the history of manned spaceflight propulsion.
		Capable of providing about one million newtons of thrust, the J-2 featured independently-driven pumps for liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, a gas generator to supply hot gas to two turbines running in series, and pneumatic and electrical control interlocks.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/J/J-2.html

	Win98 Launches and Crashes
		Post-accident analysis indicated that the rocket's elastic shock cord, previously expected to be strong enough for flight on a "D" engine, had been weakened in the previous flights and was no longer strong enough to withstand this much more powerful ejection charge.
		The launch took the rocket to about 1200 feet in altitude where a series of catastrophic failures caused the vehicle to begin to disintegrate.
		The descent was still adequately slowed down but it impacted on the engine clip, bending it into a position that would have been in the way of engine thrust on future flights.
	www.svlug.org /events/crash98.shtml

	Footprints on the Moon - About the Lunar Lander Rocket Engine
		Once the descent engine fired, the deceleration of the Lunar Lander from 3,500 kilometres per hour continued to force the propellants to the bottom of the tanks.
		For a successful manned lunar landing, the Lunar Module had to have a descent engine that could be restarted easily and could be controlled with a throttle.
		The propellants had to move from the tanks to the engines if the engine was to fire.
	www.abc.net.au /science/moon/rocket.htm

	Software for Preprocessing Data From Rocket-Engine Tests
		QUICKLOOK converts the selected data into a form in which they can be plotted in engineering units by use of Winplot (a free graphing program written by Rick Paris).
		Engineering Units Generator (EUGEN) converts sensor-output-measurement data to engineering units.
		The inputs to EUGEN are raw binary test-data files, which include the voltage data, a list identifying the data channels, and time codes.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Mar03/SSC00151.html

	Redstone Rocket Engine
		America’s first orbiting satellite, Explorer 1, was launched Jan. 31, 1958, using a Jupiter C rocket powered by a Redstone engine.
		The Redestone engine (at center in photo above) began as a modification of the Navaho booster engine (at right in photo) and was a direct descendant of the V-2 bomb (engine at left in photo) developed by Germany during World War II.
		The Redstone rocket was an Army bombardment rocket that was developed by the Rocketdyne Division of North American Aviation.
	www.boeing.com /history/bna/redstone.htm

	GPN-2002-000143 - Nuclear Rocket Engine Being Transported to Test Stand
		The main objective of Rover/NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application) was to develop a flight rated thermodynamic nuclear rocket engine with 75,000 pounds of thrust.
		The first ground experimental nuclear rocket engine (XE) assembly, (left), is shown here in "cold flow" configuration, as it makes a late evening arrival at Engine Test Stand No. 1 at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station, in Jackass Flats, Nevada.
		The "cold flow" experimental engine underwent a series of tests designed to verify that the initial test stand was ready for "hot" engine testing, as well as to investigate engine start-up under simulated altitude conditions, and to check operation procedures not previously demonstrated.
	grin.hq.nasa.gov /ABSTRACTS/GPN-2002-000143.html

	National Association of Rocketry Rocket Motor Information
		Model rocket engines are tested according to criteria found in National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Codes 1122 (for model rocket motors) and 1127 (for high-power rocket motors).
		State and federal law require all rocket engines to be independently tested before they may be sold in the United States.
		SandT's computer-controlled engine testing fixtures can process motors as fast as they can be prepared for firing, and can measure variations in performance to hundreds of parts of a second.
	www.nar.org /NARsandt.html

	Spaceflight Now \| Ariane Launch Report \| Ariane 5 rocket engine experienced 'major problem'
		The Ariane 502 rocket did achieve orbit in October 1997, but was also lower than planned due to a premature shutdown of the first stage main engine.
		It was the maiden flight of the Ariane 5 ECA rocket, a more powerful version of the Ariane 5 with a modified first stage engine and brand new cryogenic upper stage.
		At +3 minutes, 7 seconds, the rocket's nose cone that shielded the payload during the climb through Earth's atmosphere was jettisoned.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /ariane/v157/021212update.html

	Lockheed Martin tests Russian rocket engine at NASA facility in Ala.
		The tests are being conducted in Marshall's massive Advanced Engine Test Facility, which was used in years past to test Space Shuttle Main Engines and the Saturn V rocket engines that boosted Apollo astronauts to the Moon.
		The tests at Marshall are designed to demonstrate the performance of the engine and associated elements of the rocket including avionics, propellant tanks and feedlines, electronics and hydraulics.
		An RD-180 engine with its prototype Atlas IIIA rocket booster stage rumbled for 10 seconds at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/launch/980730-eelv.htm

	The Past and Future of Rocket Engine Propulsion
		Wernher von Braun (1912-1977) is the person most often credited for the development of the modern rocket, having directed the development of the giant Saturn V rocket that was used to transport humans to the Moon in 1969.
		Most of the engineers were afraid of the Russians, wary of the French, and did not believe the British had the money for a rocket program, thus leaving the Americans.
		The A-4, later called the V-2, was a single-stage rocket fueled by alcohol and liquid oxygen.
	www.fathom.com /course/21701743/session2.html

	Recrystallized Caramel Rocket Fuel
		This propellant is somewhat brittle, thus it must be arranged in the rocket motor so that it does not break or crack during handling or upon firing.
		Conservative engine design can compensate for this limitation, but it may restrict the options for grain geometry.
		"Rcandy" is a technique for making a rocket propellant from potassium nitrate and sugar without the necessity of melting either of these components.
	www.jamesyawn.com /rcandy

	Aerojet-General LR87 Liquid Rocket Engine
		The LR87is a liquid rocket engine, similar in concept to the XLR99 and S-3D, but with significant differences.
		It is a fixed thrust engine that cannot be throttled, and it is not restartable in flight.
		The LR87 is essentially two engines working together because there are two turbopumps and two thrust chambers, but it was often considered a single engine that has two thrust chambers.
	www.wpafb.af.mil /museum/space_flight/sf8.htm

	The Rocket Engine Story by One Who Was There - by Gibson Butler
		The Oldsmobile Rocket engine was used as a design standard by Chevrolet, Pontiac, and Buick 90-degree V-8 engines, many conferences were held with Burrell and his staff.
		Production and processing engineers were called in immediately because machinery also had to be designed and built, plant layouts made to determine location and space requirements, suppliers were contracted - a hell of a lot to be accomplished in order to introduce the new "Kettering" engine in the 1949 model.
		McCuen was Motor Engineer at Oldsmobile during the development of the in-line 6, 8, and Viking V-8 engines.
	www.autohistory.org /feature_8.html

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In the News (Wed 23 Dec 09)