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Topic: Jabir ibn Hayyan

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	Thelemapedia: The Encyclopedia of Thelema & Magick \| Geber
		Jabir was born in the year 721 EV as the son of a druggist of the famous Arab-Yemeni tribe of Azd.
		Jabir is also credited with the invention and development of several chemical instruments that are still used today, such as the alembic, which made distillation easy, safe, and efficient.
		Jabir applied his chemical knowledge to the improvement of many manufacturing processes, such as the making of steel and other metals, rust prevention, gold lettering, cloth dyeing and waterproofing, leather tanning, and the chemical analysis of pigments and other substances.
	www.thelemapedia.org /index.php/Geber (1096 words)

	Jabir Ibn Haiyan > Jabir Bin Haiyan Muslim Profile \| African Muslims \| Muslims in Civilizations \| Spread of Islam in ...
		Jabir Ibn Haiyan, known as the alchemist Geber of the Middle Ages, is generally known as the Father of Chemistry.
		Jabir died in Kufa in 803 C.E. Jabir's major contribution was in the field of Chemistry.
		Although known as an alchemist, Jabir did not seem to have seriously pursued the preparation of noble metals as an alchemist; instead he gave greater attention to the development of basic chemical methods and study of mechanisms of chemical reactions in themselves and thus helped evolve chemistry as a science from the legends of alchemy.
	www.esinislam.com /Muslims_Profile/Muslim_Profile_Jabir_Ibn-Haiyan.htm (716 words)

	Geber - Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan - Crystalinks
		Jabir was born in Tus, Khorasan, in Iran, which was at the time ruled by the Umayyad Caliphate; the date of his birth is disputed, but most sources give 721 or 722.
		Hayyan had supported the revolting Abbasids against the Umayyads, and was sent by them to the province of Khorasan (in present Iran) to gather support for their cause.
		Jabir's interest in alchemy was probably inspired by his teacher Ja'far al-Sadiq, and he was himself called "the Sufi", indicating that he followed the ascetic form of mysticism within Islam.In his writings, Jabir pays tribute to Egyptian and Greek alchemists Hermes Trismegistus, Agathodaimon, Pythagoras, and Socrates.
	www.crystalinks.com /geber.html (1422 words)

	Chemistry
		Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber), who flourished in Kufa about 776 A.D. is known as the father of modern chemistry and along with Zakariya Razi, stands as the greatest names in the annals of chemical science during mediaeval times.
		Jabir modified and corrected the Aristotelian theory of the constituents of metal, which remained unchanged until the beginning of modern chemistry in the 18th century.
		Jabir also advanced a theory on the geologic formation of metals and dealt with many useful practical applications of chemistry such as refinement of metals, preparation of steel and dyeing of cloth and leather, varnishing of waterproof cloth and use of manganese dioxide to color glass.
	www.islamic-study.org /chemistry.htm (1332 words)

	al-Marja.com
		Jabir Ibn Haiyan, known by the name of the alchemist Geber of the Middle Ages, is generally known as the Father of Chemistry.
		Jabir died in Kufa in 803 C.E. Jabir's (Geber's) major contribution was in the field of Chemistry.
		Jabir's major practical achievement was the discovery of minerals and acids, which he prepared for the first time in his alembic (Anbique).
	www.muslimtents.com /almarja/haiyan.html (576 words)

	Architects of the Scientific Thought in Islamic Civilization
		Jabir Ibn Haiyan, an outstanding personality and one amongst the greatest scholars of the Middle Ages(1).
		Ibn Nadim stated in his "al-Fahrest" that views were controversial concerning the classification of Jabir in a specific category, such the Shiites, Baramika or the philosophers.
		Jabir was born in Taous around 721AD and died in 813 or 815AD, as historians differ as to the date of his death(3).
	www.isesco.org.ma /pub/Eng/Architects/P2.htm (601 words)

	Jabir ibn Hayyan Biography \| World of Chemistry
		Jabir ibn Hayyan (active latter 8th century), called Geber by Europeans, was reputedly the father of Moslem alchemy and chemistry.
		It seems clear that there was a real person called Jabir ibn Hayyan about whom we know little except that he lived in al-Kufa, an important city of Abbasid Iraq, and that he had the reputation for skill in alchemy.
		Jabir's science of al-kimiya, from which Arabic word both "alchemy" and "chemistry" stem, was based upon the Hellenistic idea that all metals are fundamentally the same substance, but with varying impurities.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/jabir-ibn-hayyan-woc (450 words)

	Ancients & Alchemists: Faces—The Human Dimension
		Jabir ibn Hayyan was the first of many well-known alchemists from the Islamic world.
		Jabir often found himself on the run as his patrons rose to and fell from power.
		Jabir professed that metals were formed from mercury and sulfur in varying combinations, and that achieving the right combination would produce gold.
	www.chemheritage.org /explore/ancients-hayyan.html (261 words)

	[No title]
		Jabir Ibn Hayyan was born around 721 in the town of Tus in Khorasan, Persia (present-day Iran).
		Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan, sometimes called al-Harrani and al-Sufi, it is established that he practised medicine and alchemy in Kufa around 776 A.D. He is reported to have studied under Imam Ja'far Sadiq and the Ummayad prince Khalid Ibn Yazid.
		Jabir's interest in alchemy was probably inspired by his teacher Ja'far al-Sadiq, and he was himself called "the Sufi", indicating that he followed the ascetic form of mysticism within Islam.
	islamic-world.net /baca2.php?ArtID=94 (2040 words)

	Jabir bin Hayyan
		Jabir bin Hayyan is considered the father of chemistry and he wrote more than two thousand books and treatises on different aspects of science and chemistry.
		Jabir bin Hayyan and Geber were also hin pen names of 14th century European alchemist, author of the treatise Summa Perfectione and several other books.
		In particular, Jabir emphasized that definite quantities of various substances are involved in a chemical reaction, thus anticipating by almost a thousand years the principles of quantitative chemistry and the law of constant proportions.
	users.cjb.net /sufipath/jabir_bin_hayyan.html (728 words)

	Islam Online- News Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Jabir modified the Aristotelian concept of four elements by postulating that all metals were composed of two immediate components: sulfur and mercury.
		Jabir was also the first to describe the preparation of cinnabar, arsenious oxide, alum, alkalis, antimony, saltpeter, mercury oxide and lead acetate.
		Ibn Sina, similarly grounded in alchemical principles, adapted Jabir's methods for alchemical experimentation and used them as the basis for his own rules to determine the efficacy of new pharmaceuticals.
	www.islamonline.net /english/Science/2001/08/article1.shtml (838 words)

	Pharma Corner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Holmyard says that Jabir lived about 95 years, his proof of this, is that his works were not to be compiled in a shorter time.
		Jabir Ibn Hayyan is considered one of the most talented Muslim figures, and the first pioneer in Alchemy, a fact supported by Abu Bakr Ar-Razi when referring to Jabir in his books as "Our Master".
		Thus Jabir Ibn Hayyan, and later Maslamah Ibn Ahmed Al-Mijreeti preceded Western scientists by centuries in yielding science to experiment and laying down the basis of scientific approach which is based on experiment.
	www.pharmacorner.com /cat/e_print.asp?id=100 (1285 words)

	IslamiCity.com - A Sine On the Road to Makkah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Jabir Ibn Haiyan, the alchemist Geber of the Middie Ages, is generally known as the father of chemistry.
		Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan, sometimes called al-Harrani and al-Sufi, was the son of the druggist (Attar).
		His various breakthroughs e.g., preparation of acids for the first time, notably nitric, hydrochloric, citric and tartaric acids, and emphasis on systematic experimentation are outstanding and it is on the basis of such work that he can justly be regarded as the father of modern chemistry.
	www.islamicity.com /Science/Scientists/Haiyan.shtml (715 words)

	Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) Biography \| scit_021234_package.xml
		Jabir ibn Hayyan, often known as Geber, is sometimes confused with a fourteenth-century Spanish mystic who also called himself Geber.
		In fact the latter deliberately took on the name of his distinguished predecessor, and thus is typically known as "the false Geber." As for the true Jabir, he is widely credited as the Father of Chemistry, the first alchemist to take his studies beyond superstition and into the realm of pure science.
		Far more is known concerning Jabir's work, including the fact that he produced some 100 writings, of which 22 were on the subjects of chemistry and alchemy.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/jabir-ibn-hayyan-geber-scit-021234 (476 words)

	JABIR IBN HAIYAN
		Jabir Ibn Haiyan, the alchemist Geber of the Middie Ages, is generally known as the father of ehemistry.
		His religious views and philosophical concepts embodied in the corpus have been criticised but, apart from the question of their authenticity, it is to be emphasised that the major contribution of Jabir lies in the field of chemistry and not in religion.
		His various breakthroughs e.g., preparation of acids for the first time, notably nitric, hydrochloric, citric and tartaric acids, and emphasis on systematic experimenta- tion are outstanding and it is on the basis of such work that he can justly be regarded as the father of modern chemistry.
	members.tripod.com /~wzzz/HAIYAN.html (695 words)

	Jabir ibn hayyan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		IBN shortcuts ibn, kapstadt immigration in kapstadt, immigration kapstadt.
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		Jabir ibn hayyan ying, dr su seong lee and dr kwongjoo leck, and prof.
	ibn.electrobag.net /jabir-ibn-hayyan.html (1000 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics
		Of greater interest even, as Holmyard notes, Jabir seeks to understand the changes that take place during the process, besides giving opinions to their aims; for instance, explaining how the aim of calcination is to remove impurities from metals, and how metals are calcinated in different ways.
		Jabir also describes processes for the preparation of steel, the refinement of other metals, for dyeing cloth and leather, for marking varnishes to waterproof cloth, for the preparation of hair-dyes, etc..
		Jabir's overral achievements are elsewhere summarised by Al-Faruqi.
	muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=225 (1038 words)

	In Hoc Volumine De Alchemia continentur hæc. Gebri... - PBA Galleries, Auctions & Appraisers
		The text is primarily comprised of the most important work attributed to the Arab alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan, who likely flourished in the late eighth and early ninth centuries.
		Jabir Ibn Hayyan has through history often been confused with Jabir Ibn Aflah, known to us by his Latinized name Geber, the 12th century Moorish astronomer and mathematician.
		Jabir Ibn Hayyan is credited with the composition of an extensive corpus of alchemical and other scientific works, though scholars today feel there may have been other contributors to the body of work.
	www.pbagalleries.com /search/item156070.php (463 words)

	jabir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Jabir Ibn Haiyan, known by the name of the alchemist Geber of the Middle Ages, is generally known as the Father of
		Jabir's major practical achievement was the discovery of minerals and acids, which he prepared for the first time
		Jabir treatises on chemistry, including his Kitab al-Kimya, and Kitab al-Sab'een were translated into Latin in the Middle
	www.ugr.es /~mazimane/jabir.htm (578 words)

	Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) (The Father Of Modern Chemistry) : Renaissance Man, Molecular Chemistry, John Dalton, ...
		Jabir Ibn Hayyan, who died in 808 AD, was a
		Jabir was respected as a great scientist during his life while Dalton was considered a sorcerer by his neighbors.
		Jabir constructed a scale capable of weighing objects as low as 1/6,480th of a pound in weight.
	home.att.net /~a.f.aly/jabir.htm (208 words)

	Islamic Medical Manuscripts: Bio-Bibliographies
		The most comprehensive list of treatises attributed to Jābir, and their surviving manuscripts, was prepared by Paul Kraus in 1942 (see Kraus, Jabir), with extensive additions by Fuat Sezgin (see Sezgin, GAS IV, pp.
		He is known only through his very short epitome of the Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) that was written in Persian and titled Qānūnchah.
		Jurjānī was a pupil of Ibn Abi Sadiq.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/arabic/bioJ.html (1261 words)

	Ibn Summaries
		Ibn Batutta was a self-proclaimed scholar of the fourteenth century who traveled extensively throughout sub-Saharan Africa under the auspice of Muslim...
		Jabir ibn Hayyan, for a long time the reigning alchemical authority both in Islam and the Latin West, has exercised numerous generations of scholars...
		This paper is an analysis of a story in the form of a quest, "The Journey of Ibn Fattouma".
	www.shvoong.com /tags/ibn (443 words)

	New Page 1
		The legendary first Muslim scientist and translator of Greek literature into Arabic, who is said to have died between 84 and 90 [703 and 708/91.
		It may be mentioned that there is no information that Ibn as-Samh wrote works on alchemy, nor is the historical Maslamah considered an author on alchemy or magic.
		Kraus, Jabir Ibn Hayyan, textes choisis (Paris and Cairo, 1354/1935), pp.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_29Footnote.htm (790 words)

	AllRefer.com - Jabir (Chemistry, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		He is believed to have lived at Kufa and at Baghdad.
		Recent studies indicate that many of the extant works in Arabic were written in the 9th and 10th cent.
		The works influenced the development of medieval alchemy and indicate the use of laboratory experiments.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/J/Jabir.html (241 words)

	Introduction to Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Muslims mastered Alexandrian and very early in their history produced their greatest alchemist, Jabir ibn Hayyan (the Latin Geber) who lived in the 8th century.
		Putting the cosmological and symbolic aspects of alchemy aside, one can assert that this art led to much experimentation with various materials and in the hands of Muhammad Ibn Zakariyya' al-Razi was converted into the science of chemistry.
		To this day certain chemical instruments such as the alembic (al-'ambiq) still bear their original Arabic names and the mercury-sulphur theory of Islamic alchemy remains as the foundation of the acid-base theory of chemistry.
	www.iad.org /Islam/chemistry.html (149 words)

	alchemy
		The properties of hot/cold and moist/dry can be separated from materials and combined in definite proportions to form desired materials.
		Thus the alchemist's job, according to Jabir, is to determine the proper proportions for preparing desired products.
		Jabir added to the properties hot/cold and moist/dry of the Greek four elements, the principles of
	homepage.mac.com /dtrapp/periodic.f/alchemy.html (524 words)

	itsIslam - Articles - Chemistry by Muslims
		Accurate in the observation of phenomena and diligent in the accumulation of facts, the Arabs nevertheless found it difficult to project proper hypotheses.
		He got his education from Umayyad Prince Khalid Ibn Yazid Ibn Muawiyah and the celebrated Imam Jafar al-Sadiq.
		Jabir and other Arabian chemists divided mineral substances into bodies (gold, silver etc.), souls (sulphur, arsenic, etc.) and spirits (mercury and sal-ammoniac) while Razi classified his mineral substances as vegetable, animal and mineral.
	www.itsislam.net /articles/chemistry_by_muslims.asp (904 words)

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