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	American President
		Jacob Crowninshield, brother of Benjamin Williams Crowninshield, was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1770.
		Jacob left the private sector to enter public service in 1801, when he gained a seat in the Massachusetts State Senate.
		Crowninshield moved on to Washington, D.C., in 1803, joining Congress as a representative from Massachusetts.
	www.americanpresident.org /history/thomasjefferson/cabinet/secretaryofthenavy/jacobcrowninshield/email.html (144 words)

	Jacob Crowninshield -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Jacob Crowninshield (March 31, 1770–April 15, 1808) was a (additional info and facts about U.S. Representative) U.S. Representative from (A state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies) Massachusetts and appointee to the position of (additional info and facts about U.S. Secretary of the Navy) U.S. Secretary of the Navy but never served.
		His brother (additional info and facts about Benjamin Williams Crowninshield) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield did successfully hold the post; the (additional info and facts about Crowninshield family) Crowninshield family in general was prominent in early American maritime affairs.
		Born in (additional info and facts about Salem, Massachusetts) Salem, Massachusetts, he was first a businessman.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/ja/jacob_crowninshield.htm (180 words)

	Endicott Biographies
		The prominent lawyer and statesman, William Crowninshield Endicott, is a native of Salem, in the state of Massachusetts.
		He is a direct descendant of ex-gov. John Endicott, and a grandson of Jacob Crowninshield.
		Graduating at Harvard in 1847, he studied in the law school and with Nathanael J. Lord, and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1850.
	www.angelfire.com /ky/Endicott/pageB.html (322 words)

	Jacob Crowninshield
		CROWNINSHIELD, Jacob, congressman, born in Salem, Massachusetts, 31 March 1770; died in Washington, D. C., 14 April 1808.
		He was appointed secretary of the navy by President Jefferson on 3 March 1805, but never entered upon his duties, owing to his rapid decline and death, the result of consumption.
		--Benjamin Williams's grandson, Frederic Crowninshield, artist, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 27 November 1845, was graduated at Harvard in 1866, and began the study of water-color drawing in London in 1867 under Rowbotham, devoting himself to landscape-painting in water-colors and in oil.
	www.famousamericans.net /jacobcrowninshield (633 words)

	Animals
		People had dogs,horses,cats,cows,and ducks. In a Salem house you might find dogs and cats. Farmers would have cows to provide milk, butter, and cream. Horses would be used to run errands and take the families to church. Oxen were used for plowing and heavy hauling.
		On board ships, you might find a few pigs and roosters, sheep and even a monkey. On one voyage, the captain brought back an elephant! It was in 1796 and the captain was named Jacob Crowninshield. He brought it back from India and sold it for $10,000!
		Jacob Crowninshield used advertisements like this to attract crowds, who paid to see the elephant.
	themaclellans.com /salem_web/salem_files/Page744.htm (166 words)

	Letter J Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Jacob de Wit - Holy Family and Trinity (1726).jpg
		Jacob Jordaens - The Return of the Holy Family from Egypt.JPG
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Jacob Letterstedt.
	www.mauspfeil.net /J_31.html (79 words)

	Crowninshield family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Crowninshields are an American family prominent in seafaring and in political and military leadership as well as the literary world.
		Benjamin W. Crowninshield, U.S. Secretary of the Navy
		Jacob Crowninshield, appointed U.S. Secretary of the Navy under Thomas Jefferson, never official served
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Crowninshield-family.htm (132 words)

	Arent S. Crowninshield (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Arent Schuyler Crowninshield (March 14, 1843 - 1908) was an admiral of the United States Navy.
		Born in New York, he was the grandson of Jacob Crowninshield (appointed Navy secretary under Jefferson but who died before taking up the office), and grandnephew of George Crowninshield (adventuring owner of Cleopatra's Barge, first yacht to cross the Atlantic).
		Arent graduated from the United States Naval Academy on May 28, 1863 and immediately went into action in the American Civil War, participating in the assault on Fort Fisher while serving on the steam sloop Ticonderoga.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/A/Arent-S.-Crowninshield.htm (230 words)

	"Now We Find It Necessary to Take Care of Ourselves": Citizen Involvement and Influence in the Creation of the United ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Minister B.H. Phillips recorded eleven vessels seized in San Domingo in the summer, and Jacob Meyer counted thirty-four in Cap Francois during a ten-month period; the other fourty-three were enumerated from consuls in France, Spain, and Portugal.
		For example, Salem town legend tells that the Crowninshield family never got over the slights they felt when the government refused in 1798 to accept two of their ships for sale.
		"George Crowninshield and Sons refused to contribute to the building of the frigate Essex and seem to have been prejudiced against Adams's administration from this time, and they naturally joined the Jeffersonian ranks."[78] In August 1800, Jacob Crowninshield ran for a House seat as the town's first ever Republican party candidate for national office.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /journals/EH/EH42/Swan42.html (7938 words)

	The Daily Screw from The Virtual Corkscrew Museum
		Crowninshield sold the elephant to Hakaliah Bailey (early Barnum and Bailey relative).
		The elephant summered with keepers exhibiting it from coast and wintered in Bailey's barn in Somers, New York.
		Crowninshield had purchased the Pachyderm in India and spent a mere $450.00 to bring the two-year old to America.
	www.bullworks.net /daily/03apr13.htm (573 words)

	COSMIC BASEBALL ASSOCIATION-1998 Bigtopia Barnum Stormers
		Captain Crowninshield, from Salem, Massachusetts, earned a place in the history of circuses when on April 13, 1796, his ship America sailed into New York Harbor with a three year old female elephant.
		Captain Crowninshield had purchased the animal in India for $450.
		Soon after her arrival the elephant was sold by the Captain to a Philadelphia businessman for $10,000.
	www.cosmicbaseball.com /98bsr.html (1548 words)

	Timothy Pickering
		After payment of his debts, the balance in cash was $14,055.35, and being thus placed in comfortable circumstances he was prevailed upon to return to Massachusetts, where he settled upon a modest farm, which he hired, in Danvers.
		In 1802 he was appointed chief justice of common pleas, and was a candidate for congress for the Essex south district, but Jacob Crowninshield was elected over him.
		The next year Colonel Pickering was elected to the United States senate, to fill the vacancy left by Dwight Foster's resignation.
	www.stanklos.com /revolutionarywarhall/TIMOTHYPICKERING.COM (3393 words)

	NYNY 1805-1809
		The Rensselaer County town of Lansingburgh, named for village founder Abraham Jacob Lansing, is formed from Resselaerwyck (Troy) and Petersburgh.
		John Jacob Astor's daughter Magdalen marries former St. Croix governor Adrian Bentzon, a Dane.
		John Jacob Astor's ship Enterprise leaves New York City to prepare Indians of the Vancouver area for trading in furs, and to secretly assess the Russian presence in the west of Canada.
	home.eznet.net /~dminor/NYNY1805.html (4975 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / Magazine
		When the word arrived that the vessel was coming into Salem harbor, old George Crowninshield with his sons went out to meet it, hoping that Captain Ben had disobeyed his orders this time.
		Joseph Peabody, Nathaniel Silsbee, Stephen Phillips, Jacob Crowninshield, George Crowninshield, Benjamin Hodges and Ichabod Nichols, all of whom were well-known Salem merchants, started their careers on Mr.
		The firm of George Crowninshield and Sons was made up of George Sr., George Jr., Benjamin W., Jacob, John, and Richard.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1955/2/1955_2_10.shtml (4073 words)

	America's First Elephant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The first known elephant brought to America was a 2 year old Asian elephant brought by Captain Jacob Crowninshield from India to New York on April 12, 1796.
		He had purchased the elephant and brought it to America for the total cost of $450.
		Although there is an entry in the diary of a reverend that had seen the elephant that the he was a she.
	www.chuckstraub.com /Letterboxing/firstelephant.htm (181 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Robert Smith (U.S. politician) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		On March 2, 1805, the Senate confirmed the appointments of Smith as United States Attorney General and Jacob Crowninshield as Secretary of the Navy.
		However, Crowninshield declined his appointment, so Smith briefly served as both Attorney General and Secretary of the Navy.
		Eventually, President Jefferson appointed John Breckinridge to replace Smith as Attorney General and Smith resumed his role as a full-time Secretary of the Navy.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Robert_Smith_(U.S._politician) (454 words)

	@ugusta: The Augusta Chronicle Online: Celebrate 2000Actor, animals have local ties 10/19/99
		Then there is a complete gap in the known records until April 2, 1806, when she appeared in Philadelphia...
		Another book, The American Circus: An Illustrated History by John Culhane, also observes, ``The first elephant on the North American continent was the 3-year-old female that arrived in New York Harbor on April 13, 1796, on a ship owned by the Salem shipmaster Capt. Jacob Crowninshield (Culhane spells this name differently than Murray).
		``Crowninshield had paid $450 for the animal in Bengal and soon sold her to a Philadelphia man named Owen for $10,000, an enormous sum at the time.''
	chronicle.augusta.com /stories/101999/cy2_124-8803.shtml (894 words)

	President Thomas Jefferson letters 1808 May 29 -- August 26
		To the Secretary of the Navy (Jacob Crowninshield).
		I have considered the letter of the director of the mint, stating the ease with which the errors of Commodore Truxton’s medal may be corrected on the medal itself, and the unpracticability of doing it on the die.
		I have some apprehension the tories of Boston, etc., with so poor a head of a Governor, may attempt to give us trouble.
	yamaguchy.netfirms.com /jefferson/1808b.html (16418 words)

	Edward Preble Papers (Library of Congress)
		There are also notes relating to various naval officers and others whom he met during his cruise.
		Some of Preble's correspondents were John Francis Edward Acton, William Bainbridge, James Barron, James L. Cathcart, Isaac Chauncey, Jacob Crowninshield, George Davis, Stephen Decatur, William Eaton, Charles W. Goldsborough, William Higgens, Isaac Hull, Ralph Izard, Jr., Jacob Jones, Tobias Lear, James Prince, John Rodgers, Robert Smith, and Benjamin Stoddert.
		A number of notes are from the representative of the Pasha of Tripoli, Yusuf Basha al-Qaramanli.
	www.loc.gov /rr/mss/text/preble.html (697 words)

	Elephants in Zoos and Circuses, Worldvide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The first elephant in America was a two year old Asian elephant that arrived at the 13:th April 1796, with the ship "America" to the New York harbour.
		The captain of the ship, Jacob Crowninshield, who bought her in Bengal for 450 $ sold her here for 10.
		There is no record about this elephant after 1812.
	www.elephant.se /zoos/usa.htm (120 words)

	The Nation, 02/05/1914 - Literature
		...One of the sons, Jacob Crowninshield, to -whom Jefferson had offered the post of Secretary of the Navy, had died at Washington in 1808...
		...The Crowninshield firm had dissolved as early as 1 0 9.
		...In 1814 Benjamin Growninshield went to Washington to serve as Secretary ot the N^avy'under Madison;_ shortly after, old George Crowninshield, died, and young, G^g...
	www.archive.thenation.com /Summaries/v098i2536_06.htm (4233 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.1, Entry 20, ADMINISTRATIONS: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Crawford, Ga., Aug. 1, 1815; Navy, William Jones, Pa., March 4, 1813, B. Crowninshield, Mass., Dec. 19, 1814; Atty.
		Stuart, Va., Sept. 12, 1850; Postmaster Genl., Jacob Collamer, Vt., March 8, 1849, Nathan K. Hall, N. Y., July 23, 1850, Samuel D. Hubbard, Conn., Aug. 31, 1852; Atty.
		Robeson, N. J., June 25, 1869; Interior, Jacob D. Cox, O., March 5, 1869, Columbus Delano, O., Nov. 1, 1870; Postmaster Genl, John A. Creswell, Md., March 5, 1869; Atty.
	www.econlib.org /library/ypdbooks/lalor/llCy20.html (1883 words)

	April 13 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1796, the first elephant brought to the U.S. arrived at New York City from Bengal, India.
		She was exhibited by Jacob Crowninshield at the corner of Beaver Street and Broadway.
		In 1625, the word "microscope" was coined as a suggested term in a letter written by Johannes Faber of Bamberg, Germany, to Federigo Cesi, Duke of Aquasparata and founder of Italy's Accademia dei Lincei (Academy of the Lynx).
	www.todayinsci.com /4/4_13.htm (2928 words)

	Boston Brahmin -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		(additional info and facts about Crowninshield family) Crowninshield family
		(additional info and facts about Jacob Crowninshield) Jacob Crowninshield
		(additional info and facts about William Crowninshield Endicott) William Crowninshield Endicott
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bo/boston_brahmin.htm (881 words)

	[No title]
		By the middle of the Eighteenth Century, for example, lions, camels and polar bears had all been exhibited singly in Boston.
		On April 13, 1796, Captain Jacob Crowninshield brought into New York harbour America's first elephant, an unnamed two-year-old Asian female.
		Owen who bought that first elephant from Captain Crowninshield, Bailey may have been involved with exhibiting it.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~MA02/amacker/circus/ch_3.txt (13557 words)

	The Glass Menagerie
		And when the cave girl was told she couldn't climb trees because she would fall, she undoubtedly hesitated only briefly before she climbed the tallest tree she could find and swung on a vine to its neighbor, astounding her audiences then every bit as much as Dolly Jacobs astounds circus audiences today.
		According to Plutarch, for example, an unusually talented dog appeared in the leading role of a farce which required it to be poisoned, play dead, recover, and greet the audience.
		He was himself apparently among several expert showmen who performed trick riding exhibitions in the colonies in the 1770s and could well have been the first English equestrian to do so.
	jefferson.village.virginia.edu /circus/xml/doc/circus.xml (19650 words)

	New York City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In April 1796, a showman named Captain Jacob Crowninshield brought the first elephant to America from Bengal, India, exhibiting her at the corner of Beaver Street and Broadway in lower Manhattan.
		Buying and importing the animal had cost Crowninshield $450.
		But a Welshman named Owen soon bought her for $10,000, then toured with her for years all over the East Coast.
	www.nynewsday.com /features/custom/ithappened/newyork/ny-ihny0107story,0,720258.htmlstory (200 words)

	Mallary Auction Sale
		“By a citizen of Danvers.” Life of Richard Crowninshield, murderer of Capt. Joseph White of Salem; Crowninshield committed suicide in hopes of preventing trial of John Francis Knapp (q.v.) and other confederates.
		TRIAL OF GEORGE CROWNINSHIELD, J. JOSEPH WHITE, OF SALEM (Boston, 1830).
		One of New England’s most celebrated murder cases; (see Crowninshield, Richard).
	www.parkinsonbooks.com /04auction/04uvm.html (9767 words)

	Genealogical Notes and Anecdotes: From Tennessee to Texas: The Diary of Sarah Rebecca Lucas McClellan and the Letter of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It was the barber, Jacob Blackenhorn (also called "Jacob Langenhorn" or "James Blackman"), who killed the bar keeper, a person surnamed "Zincz" (a Hungarian surname; but he was also called "Zindt"), aboard the Iroquois, on Sunday, 16 March 1851.
		"CHARGE OF MURDER -- Jacob Langenhorn was this morning arrested on board the steamboat Iroquois, now lying at the Second Municipality levee, on the charge of having stabbed and killed the bar-keeper of the boat, near Memphis, on her trip down the river.
		The charge was made by Capt. Lane, the commander of the boat.
	gennotes.150m.com /tentex.html (10156 words)

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