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Topic: Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

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Jacobo Arbenz

Operation PBFORTUNE

Carlos Castillo Armas

Land reform

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United Fruit Company

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History of Guatemala

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Guatemala election, 2003

	Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
		Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman (1913-1971) was president of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954.
		Upon assuming office, Arbenz Guzman attempted to take on the United Fruit Company (UFC), an American-based corporation which controlled much of the counry's agricultural land.
		As this occurred during the days of the Red Scare in the United States, Arbenz Guzman was deemed a communist--he was not, though many of his closest acquaintances and possibly his wife were.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ja/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman.html (102 words)

	Operation PBSUCCESS - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arbenz's government put forth a number of new policies that the US intelligence community deemed to be Communist in nature, and, suspecting that the Soviet Union was pulling the strings, subsequently fueled a fear of Guatemala becoming a "Soviet beachhead in the western hemisphere"
		Such a program was proposed by Arbenz as a means of remedying the extremely unequal land distribution within the country: in 1945, it was estimated that 2% of the country's population controlled 72% of all arable land, but with only 12% of it being utilized.
		While Arbenz's Agrarian Reform act of 1952, known as Decree 900, was welcomed by impoverished peasants who made up the majority of Guatemala's population, it provoked the ire of the upper landowning classes and factions of the military, who accused him of bowing to Communist influence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_PBSUCCESS (3365 words)

	Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
		Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman (1913-1971) was president of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954.
		Upon assuming office, Arbenz Guzman attempted to take on the United Fruit Company (UFC), an American-based corporation which controlled much of the counry's agricultural land.
		As this occurred during the days of the Red Scare in the United States, Arbenz Guzman was deemed a communist--he was not, though many of his closest acquaintances and possibly his wife were.
	ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ja/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman.html (122 words)

	Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán Summary
		Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán (1913-1971) was president of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954, during which time Communists were alleged to have acquired decisive influence.
		Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán was born in Quezaltenango on September 14, 1913, the son of a Swiss pharmacist and a Latina mother.
		Arbenz resigned on June 27, 1954 and was forced to flee, seeking refuge in the Mexican Embassy.
	www.bookrags.com /Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzm%C3%A1n (2400 words)

	b. Guatemala. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		JACOBO ARBENZ GUZMÁN (1913–71), a consistent supporter of Arévalo's liberal program, was elected president.
		Arbenz reiterated his commitment to capitalism, but the reform was supported by a variety of labor and left-wing organizations active in the subsequently formed peasant leagues.
		Under the reform, holdings of over 223 acres were to be expropriated and given to the landless, paid for with 25-year bonds.
	www.bartleby.com /67/3648.html (181 words)

	Guatemala 1953-1954 Kh
		Under Arbenz's administration Guatemala had voted at the United Nations so closely with the United States on issues of "Soviet imperialism" that a State Department group occupied with planning Arbenz's overthrow concluded that propaganda concerning Guatemala's UN record "would not be particularly helpful in our case".
		Arbenz's strategy was to limit the power of foreign companies through direct competition rather than through nationalization, a policy not feasible of course when it came to a fixed quantity like land.
		Arbenz was, accordingly, wary of multinationals and could not be said to welcome them into his country with open arms.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Blum/Guatemala_KH.html (4186 words)

	Enciclopedia - Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán
		Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán fue un presidente de Guatemala, elegido democráticamente.
		El coronel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán (14 de septiembre de 1913–27 de enero de 1971).
		Arbenz dimitió el 27 de junio de 1954 y tuvo que partir al exilio.
	www.enciclopedia.com /es/j/ja/jacobo_arbenz_guzman.php (258 words)

	United Fruit Company-Jacobo Arbenz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Arbenz, therefore, was raised only by his mother.
		Arbenz's agrarian reform was approved in 1952 with the Decree 900 which empowered the government to expropriate uncultivated portions of large plantations.
		Arbenz was devastated by the death of his twenty-five year old daughter and lost the little interest that still remained in him in politics.
	www.unitedfruit.org /arbenz.html (2991 words)

	Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán (September 14, 1913 - January 27, 1971) was president of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954, when he was ousted in a coup d'etat backed by the United States and was replaced by a dictatorship.
		Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán (1951 to 1954) was the democratically-elected, reformist president of Guatemala.
		To protect its interest in the country, the UFC and its banking supporters collaborated with the CIA to persuade the US administration that Arbenz was a Communist, or at best a socialist who was inviting a Communist takeover.
	en.freepedia.org /Arbenz.html (293 words)

	Carlos Castillo Armas
		He was chosen by the CIA to lead the National Liberation Movement (MLN) into Guatemala to overthrow the Arbenz regime.
		With the resignation and flight of Arbenz, Castillo Armas was flown into Guatemala on the personal plane of U.S. Ambassador John Peurifoy.
		When Arbenz expropriated 400,000 of their 500,000 acres, he offered them the $1.2 million they had claimed it was worth.
	www.runet.edu /~mpbaker/553People_and_Terms.htm (687 words)

	Arbenz's Tomb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The democratically elected Arbenz was overthrown in 1954 in a CIA-sponsored coup, which helped pave the way for the explosion in 1960 of what turned out to be Central America's longest and most brutal civil war.
		``Col. Jacobo Arbenz was a hero and a martyr in the struggle,'' a man with a microphone shouted as thousands of admirers filed past the white tomb topped with a pyramid-shaped monument in the capital's Central Cemetery.
		In 1944, Arbenz led the overthrow of military dictator Gen. Jorge Ubico, ending 14 years of authoritarian rule and ushering in a decade of leftist social reforms.
	cla.calpoly.edu:16080 /~lcall/arbenz.funeral.html (408 words)

	[No title]
		Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán was the democratically-elected, left-wing reformist President of Guatemala.
		Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán (September 14, 1913–January 27, 1971) was president of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954, when he was ousted in a coup d'état organized by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and was replaced by a military junta headed by Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas.
		While Arbenz's proposed agenda was welcomed by impoverished peasants who made up the majority of Guatemala's population, it provoked the ire of the upper landowning classes and factions of the military, who accused him of bowing to Communist influence.
	www.travellingchina.com /chinesisch-70 (753 words)

	Jacobo Arbenz
		Arbenz supplied Arevalo with the names of young officers who he knew to be loyal to the idea of democracy.
		Arbenz's first action was to order the construction of a government run port to compete with United Fruit's Puerto Barrios.
		Arbenz became aware of this CIA plot to overthrow him.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /JFKarbenz.htm (5200 words)

	The Consortium
		Although inside Guatemala, Arbenz was seen as a reformer bent only on changing the country's rigid oligarchy, Washington was nervous because he permitted the Guatemalan Communist Party to operate openly.
		A "General Plan of Action," written in 1953, stated that the CIA regarded the military as "the only organized element in Guatemala capable of rapidly and decisively altering the political situation." The CIA chose as its lead man for the coup a disgruntled officer named Carlos Castillo Armas.
		In the end, the Guatemalan army deposed Arbenz because they feared that the United States was prepared to invade the country.
	www.consortiumnews.com /archive/story38.html (1104 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Jacobo Arbenz was a nationalist military officer elected as president in 1951.
		In addition to continuing the progressive reforms begun under Arévalo, he set out to challenge the monopoly held by United Fruit in the Guatemalan economy.
		These facts, along with limited land expropriations he enacted, were enough to convince Washington that he was 100% "Red" and a threat to American hegemony in the region.
	www.west.net /~tmiller/gh/era4/arbenz.html (101 words)

	New York Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Arbenz had been forced to leave Guatemala in humiliating circumstances in June 1954, stripped to his underwear at the airport by his enemies.
		The son of a Swiss immigrant pharmacist, Arbenz joined the army as a teen-ager and was elected President in 1950 on a platform of social reform, but was overthrown after trying to carry out a land redistribution program that alarmed the Eisenhower Administration and the powerful United Fruit Company.
		Ortiz Moscoso intends to organize an Arbenz Foundation to "perpetuate his memory through a center of documentation," and intellectuals are calling for his restoration to the history books from which he has been largely stricken.
	www.latinamericanstudies.org /guatemala/jacobo-arbenz.htm (917 words)

	Timeline Guatemala
		Arbenz, soldier and nationalist politician and president Guatemala, was the son of a Swiss pharmacist who emigrated to Guatemala, Arbenz joined a group of army officers that overthrew dictator Jorge Ubico in 1944.
		Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, aroused rightist opposition by allowing Communists in positions of power among peasants, labor unions, even the government itself.
		Arbenz was toppled and replaced by 30 years of military rule.
	timelines.ws /countries/GUATEMALA.HTML (7383 words)

	The Big Question » Forsaking democracy // In name of fighting communism, U.S. has helped to oust democratic ...
		While the landless peasants starved, half of the arable land was left fallow by the choice of the richest landowners.
		In retrospect, it appears that Arbenz’s program was designed to address the very conditions of poverty, hopelessness, authoritarianism and foreign domination that have been breeding grounds for communism in the Third World.
		The CIA overthrow of Arbenz was not the first or last time the United States helped snuff out a democracy.
	www.startribune.com /blogs/bigquestion/?page_id=405 (2027 words)

	Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n - Definition, explanation
		Arbenz wurde 1913 als Sohn eines Schweizer Immigranten und einer Mestizin geboren.
		Nach der Flucht von Ponzec und Ubico grÃ¼ndeten Arbenz und Arana gemeinsamm mit dem GeschÃ¤ftsman Jorge Toriello eine Junta.
		Arbenz suchte Exil fÃ¼r sich und seine Familie in vielen LÃ¤ndern, darunter die Schweiz, Frankreich, Tschechoslowakei, Russland, Uruguay und Kuba, konnte aber in keinem Land dauerhaft bleiben.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/j/ja/jacobo_arbenz_guzma_n.php (535 words)

	The Cold War Museum - Guatemala
		Apprehensive of Arbenz's land reform efforts and the freedom afforded to the communist party under the current regime, President Truman authorized the shipment of weapons and money to anti-Arbenz groups.
		Within five weeks the operation to topple Arbenz quickly fizzled when representatives loyal to the president uncovered the plot and took steps to solidify their power.
		To compensate for both the small number of men choosing to involve themselves in the operation and the widespread support for the Arbenz government, the CIA devised a massive propaganda campaign in Guatemala to convince the populace of the invincibility of the forces seeking to take control of the country.
	www.coldwar.org /articles/50s/guatemala.html (626 words)

	CIA in 1950's Drew Up List of Guatemalan Leaders to Be Assassinated (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The coup, code-named Operation Success, toppled the freely elected president of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, and installed the first of a series of right-wing leaders friendly to the United States.
		The documents add at least three sets of important new information to the historical record: the existence of the assassination plans of the agency, aspects of its propaganda campaign against Arbenz, and details of the agency's early efforts to recruit members of the Guatemalan military.
		Arbenz resigned, denounced the United States, and took refuge in Mexico.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/weiner.htm (700 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Carlos Castillo Armas
		He then participated in the coup that toppled president Jorge Ubico and General Federico Ponce in 1944, and was appointed as director of the Escuela Politécnica.
		A supporter of assassinated Colonel Jacobo Arana, he was opposed to the perceived liberal direction that the country was taking under Juan José Arévalo and attempted to overthrow his government shortly before the election of his successor, Jacobo Árbenz.
		Castillo was wounded and arrested, but in 1951 he succeeded in escaping to Honduras, where he organized forces opposed to the leftist policies of Árbenz.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas (613 words)

	Documents show CIA had 'hit lists' in Guatemala in 1950s
		Instead, the leftist President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman resigned June 27, 1954, two weeks after U.S.-backed rebels invaded Guatemala and more than two years after the CIA began planning for "the elimination of those in high positions of the government (that) would bring about its collapse."
		But the senior CIA official noted that the U.S. government was operating amid widespread "paranoia" at the beginning of the Cold War, and Arbenz was seen as a serious Communist threat close to home.
		Arbenz, viewed as a freedom fighter in his own country, had expropriated two-thirds of United Fruit Co.'s 332,000 acres and legalized the Communist Party.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/guatemal.htm (809 words)

	The USA does not want democracy in Venezuela ... it wants TOTAL control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Not only was this a clean election, Arbenz Guzman was genuinely popular with a majority of the electorate.
		Basing his actions on a recent report of the World Bank, which had documented the appalling inequalities and underdevelopment of his country, Guzman embarked on a moderate reform intended to eradicate poverty, propel Guatemala forward as a capitalist nation, and free it from the domination of foreign companies.
		While John Foster mobilized the State Department, beginning with the accusation that Guzman was a “Communist,” Allen Dulles secretly prepared the CIA to undertake a coup.
	www.vheadline.com /printer_news.asp?id=22392 (1492 words)

	Remembering Guatemala, 1954: It’s the Impunity, Stupid
		The democratically-elected leftist president, Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, had been overthrown by a CIA-sponsored coup in 1954.
		Following Arbenz’s ouster and exile to Mexico, Guatemala fell into the clutches of a string of dictators before it dissolved into its long civil war.
		In memory of Cesar Homero Mendez, Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, and the victims of the CIA coup in Guatemala, June 27, 1954, on its fiftieth anniversary.
	www.commondreams.org /views04/0622-13.htm (1189 words)

	Guatemala Coup CIA Files (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Guzman was seen as a serious Communist threat after confiscating two-thirds of United Fruit Co.'s 332,000 acres and legalized the Communist Party.
		These records encompass the events and circumstances causing U.S. policymakers to plan the overthrow of the Guatemalan Government in June 1954 as Cold War tensions mounted between the two superpowers; CIA plans for and execution of the covert action; the outcome; and CIA historical analysis of CIA's performance and impact of the coup.
		The files show that rebel leader Castillo Armas, who took the place of Arbenz, gave the CIA a list of 58 people to be assassinated.
	www.accesshistory.com /guat.html (397 words)

	The Consortium
		Washington wanted the new president to invade foreign embassies where Arbenz and about 700 of his followers were hiding.
		Before allowing Arbenz to board a plane, however, Castillo Armas ordered that Arbenz be stripped of his clothes in front of a jeering crowd.
		But that final humiliation of Arbenz did not go far enough for Peurifoy who complained that Castillo Armas had "double-crossed us" by granting the safe-conduct passes.
	www.consortiumnews.com /archive/story37.html (1140 words)

	Jennifer Harbury Letters & Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		SUMMARY With the return to the country of the remains of former president Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, and the official hominages planned for those acts, the Government attempted once again to project the image of a political opening.
		ARBENZ FUNERAL PROMPTS MASS DEMONSTRATION Noticias de Guatemala, 20-10-95 Thousands of common Guatemalans, as well as members of popular, union, peasant and student organizations, were present at the funeral procession of the ashes of former president Jacobo Arbenz.
		The government asserts that sufficient conditions do not exist in the area of return, that it is a zone of conflict where the security of the peasants cannot be guaranteed.
	www.eecs.umich.edu /~pavr/harbury/archive/1995/ng1027.html (2806 words)

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