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Topic: Jacques Cassini

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	Cassini_Jacques biography
		Jacques Cassini was the son of Jean-Dominique Cassini and Geneviève de Laistre.
		Jean-Dominique Cassini was head of the Paris Observatory at the time of his marriage to Geneviève in 1674 and, two years previously, had become a French citizen, changing his name from Giovanni Domenico Cassini.
		Jacques, the second of his parents two sons, was born at their home at the Observatory in Paris.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Cassini_Jacques.html (1457 words)

	Cassini - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		CASSINI [Cassini], name of a family of Italian-French astronomers, four generations of whom were directors of the Paris Observatory.
		Gian Domenico Cassini, 1625-1712, was born in Italy and distinguished himself while at Bologna by his studies of the sun and planets, particularly Jupiter; he determined rotational periods for Jupiter, Mars, and Venus.
		His son Jacques Cassini, 1677-1756, took over the observatory after 1700 and continued the mapping of the Paris meridian, adding to it a measurement of the perpendicular to the arc in 1733-34.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-cassini.html (406 words)

	C Biographies
		Cassini de Thury was the son of Jaques Cassini and born in Paris on the 17.
		Cassini was the son of Giovanni Domenico and born in Paris on the 18.
		Cassini was the son of César François and born in Paris on the 30.
	www.plicht.de /chris/files/c.htm (3077 words)

	The Galileo Project
		Cassini was the son of Jean Dominique Cassini and Genevieve de Laistre.
		In astronomy Cassini's primary interests were the study of planets and their satellites, the observation and theory of comets, and the tides.
		Cassini fought continually to defend the work of his father and to reconcile the facts of observation with the theory of vortices.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/cassini_jac.html (556 words)

	Jacques Cassini (Cassini II, 1677-1756) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Jacques Cassini (Cassini II) was born on February 18, 1677 in Paris as the son of G.D. Cassini (Cassini I).
		Jacques Cassini died on April 16, 1756 in Thury-sous-Clermont near Beauvais, aged 79, in a carriage accident.
		Jacques Cassini was honored by naming asteroid (24102) Jacquescassini, which had been discovered by C.W. Juels at Fountain Hills observatory on November 9, 1999, and provisionally designated 1999 VD9.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/cassini2.html (171 words)

	Jean Dominique (Giovani Domenico) Cassini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cassini established his reputation in Italy by careful and accurate solar and planetary measurements, which allowed him to produce improved planetary tables, as well as improved versions of Galileo's tables for the moons of Jupiter, then of great interest because of their potential use for determining longitudes at sea.
		Cassini's resulting value for the astronomical unit (Sun-Earth distance) was accurate to better than 90%, although the manner in which Cassini decided which of his multiple data to retain for the calculation, and which to throw out, has baffled science historians ever since.
		Clearly an outstanding observer, Cassini was however quite conservative on physical theories; he resisted both the Copernican model of the solar system, as well as the concept of a finite speed of light put forth by his collaborator Ole Römer (using Cassini's own data!).
	www.hao.ucar.edu /Public/education/bios/cassini.html (530 words)

	[No title]
		Cassini, a native of the County of Nice, is one of the greatest astronomers of his time, and the creator of French astronomy, " the one who picked up the torch of Astrophysics, fallen off Galileo's hands" (Andre Danjon).
		As soon as Cassini arrived at the Observatory, he began a series of observations of the lunar surface which was to lead to the realization of an Atlas (1678), a large Map(1692), and to a theory of the libration and three laws of the Moon rotation, that bear his name.
		Cassini marked them on a large " geographical drawing ", a planisphere of 7,80 meters in diameter, a pen-and-ink sketch on the ground of a tower of the Observatory.
	www.obs-nice.fr /Cassini/biocassini_english.html (1135 words)

	Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712)
		In 1675, Cassini discovered that Saturn's rings are separated into two parts by a gap, which is now called Cassini Division in his honor; he (correctly) presumed that Saturn's rings were composed of myriads of small particles.
		Cassini was the founder of a dynasty of four astronomers in Paris: His son Jaques Cassini (Cassini II, 1677-1756), his grandson César François Cassini (Cassini III, 1714-84) and his grand-grandson Jean Dominique Cassini (Cassini IV, 1748-1845) followed him as directors of the Paris Observatory.
		He is reported by his son, Jacques Cassini, to have discovered a "nebula" somewhen before 1711 in the area between Canis Major and Canis Minor and "which was one of the finest to be seen in the telescope".
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/cassini.html (558 words)

	Historical map of Cassini
		Cesar Francois Cassini de Thury aka Cassini III, son of Jacques, is put in charge of achieving this task to the scale " a line for one hundred toises", that is 1/86400.
		Four generations of Cassini will have devoted themselves to the achievement of the map which deserves to carry today the name of this family.
		Cassini's map will be used as a reference for the mapping of main european nations during the first half of the 19th century.
	www.cdip.com /cassini-us (283 words)

	Giovanni Domenico Cassini
		Cassini interpreted this as a glorification of is chief Louis XIV., so maybe this was the reason that it lasted twelve years before Cassini still as the director of the Paris observatory announced the discovery of two more moons of Saturn: Dione and Tethys.
		In the meantime in 1675 Cassini was able to sign also for the discovery of the main 4450 kilometer gap within the Saturn rings, the Cassini division.
		Another discovery of Cassini is the zodiacal light, an exaterristical sky illumination on the ecliptic plane caused by interplanetary dust and the reflected sunlight within the dust.
	www.surveyor.in-berlin.de /himmel/Bios/Cassini-e.html (625 words)

	Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Having assisted two astronomers at an observatory near Bologna, Cassini was made professor of astronomy at the University of Bologna at the age of 25.
		Cassini refused to accept the Copernican cosmological model and rejected the concept of a finite speed of light, although its proof was demonstrated by Danish astronomer Ole Römer using Cassini's own data.
		Cassini correctly suggested that the rings were composed of myriads of tiny satellites.
	cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/C/Cassini/1.html (244 words)

	Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Christiaan Huygens
		Both Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Christiaan Huygens studied Saturn and her moons during the latter half of the 17th Century.
		Cassini was born in Perinaldo, Genoa in the Tuscany region of Italy on June 8, 1625.
		In fact the running of the observatory passed from one Cassini to the next until Jacques Cassini's son, Jean-Dominique Cassini (1748-1845) lost the post in 1793.
	www.scienceandyou.org /articles/ess_17.shtml (1613 words)

	The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery. Chapter 3: "A Situation Similar to Ours". University of ...
		Jacques (Cassini II) was succeeded by his son, César-François Cassini, who is also known as Cassini de Thury (Cassini III), who in turn was succeeded by his son, Jacques Dominique Cassini (Cassini IV).
		In politics, the family remained strongly royalist in its sympathies, and Cassini IV was finally forced to resign in 1793, during the height of the French Revolution.
		Cassini, in 1672, had observed a fifth-magnitude star (Phi Aquarii) disappear a full six minutes from the disk of Mars, which led him to conclude that the planet must have a very dense atmosphere.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /onlinebks/mars/chap03.htm (4028 words)

	Begin Of Road Cartography (Before 1790)
		Their workshops were located street St Jacques (prints), quay of Augustins, and also quay of the clock of the palate (scientific instruments).
		The solution passes by the triangulation and it east is wire, Jacques Cassini (II), who will take part in the realization of the triangulation of France, an enormous work which will require many years.
		This one will be completed only by his son, Jacques-Dominique Cassini (IV), and published in his totality with the whole beginning 19th century, by the 4th generation of Cassini.
	oldmaps.free.fr /livreus/livprehi.htm (985 words)

	rotation period of Venus
		The discovery of the red Jupiter spot, and the superficial structure of Mars made possible for Jean-Domenica Cassini (1625-1712) to determine with a good precision the period of rotation of Jupiter and Mars since 1664-1666.
		The first observations of Jean-Domenica Cassini in 1666 and 1667 suggested him a period of less than one day, but did not allow to distinguish if the planet was in rotation or libration.
		The controversy will continue during more than one century between the partisans of Cassini for which the period of rotation was close to 23 h, and those of Bianchini which preferred to see planet turning around its axis in 24 days.
	www.imcce.fr /Equipes/ASD/Venus/venus1_en.html (498 words)

	Cassini and the lost knowledge
		Alas, it is impossible that Cassini or his seconds would have admitted an error of this size, without demanding that the error would be immediately rectified.
		Cassini stays in the area for two years, but when he produces his map, he cannot reveal (either voluntarily or forced) any detail about “ground zero”.
		It suggests that for two years, Cassini did visit and scan that area, perhaps solely to understand or verify that what he “knew” is still in situ.
	www.perillos.com /cassini.html (3207 words)

	Cassini_en
		Cassini, a native of the County of Nice, is one of the greatest astronomers of his time, and the creator of French astronomy, " the one who picked up the torch of Astrophysics, fallen off Galileo's hands" (Paul Couderc).
		Jacques, or Cassini II César François Cassini III of Thury, (1714-1784) (1756-1784)
		But Cassini I is worth to be called a director, in regard with the part he plaid in the develoments of the French astronomy and the fame he brought to the Paris Observatory
	www.obs-nice.fr /histoire-nice/Cassini_en.html (1146 words)

	Jacques Dominique Cassini
		Jacques Dominique Cassini, son of César Francois Cassini, was born at the observatory of Paris on the 30th of June 1748.
		Count Cassini's Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de l'observatoire de Paris (1810) embodied portions of an extensive work, the prospectus of which he had submitted to the Academy of Sciences in 1774.
		The volume included his Éloges of several academicians, and the autobiography of his great-grandfather Giovanni Domenico Cassini, the first Cassini.
	www.nndb.com /people/262/000095974 (257 words)

	Historic map data, Burgundy, France
		The famous Cassini triangulation surveys of France were conducted by four generations of the Cassini family in the late 1600's to mid 1700's.
		In 1672 Jean Dominique Cassini, (Cassini I) Royal Astronomer of the Paris Observatory, began to consider new ways to produce more accurate maps through triangulation, similar to the techniques used by astronomers to measure the size of the planets and the Sun.
		This was completed by his son Jacques Dominique Cassini (Cassini IV), with 180 maps covering all of France at a scale of 1:86,400.
	www.informatics.org /france/maps.html (1635 words)

	AllRefer.com - Cassini (Astronomy, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Gian Domenico Cassini, 1625–1712, was born in Italy and distinguished himself while at Bologna by his studies of the sun and planets, particularly Jupiter; he determined rotational periods for Jupiter, Mars, and Venus.
		His son Jacques Cassini, 1677–1756, took over the observatory after 1700 and continued the mapping of the Paris meridian, adding to it a measurement of the perpendicular to the arc in 1733–34.
		The triumph of the opposing Newtonian hypothesis of the flattening of the earth caused him to retire in 1740, and he was replaced by his son, Cesar-FranCois Cassini de Thury, 1714–84, who continued his father's geodesic work and planned the first modern map of France.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Cassini.html (381 words)

	ESA - Space Science - 8 February
		1677: On 8 February 1677, Jacques Cassini was born.
		Cassini was a French astronomer who made direct measurement of the proper motions of the stars which disproved the ancient belief in the unchanging sphere of the stars.
		He was the son of astronomer Giovanni Cassini, with whom he made numerous observations.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMMYPXEM4E_index_0.html (87 words)

	Biografía de Giovanni Domenico Cassini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		La salud de Cassini comenzó a deteriorarse, en particular su vista empeoró de tal forma que llegó a quedar casi completamente ciego en 1711.
		S Débarbat and C Wilson, The Galilean satellites of Jupiter from Galileo to Cassini, Römer and Bradley, in Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A (Cambridge, 1989), 144-157.
		J Herczeg, On Cassini's early 'observations' of Beta Lyrae, Astronomical Society of the Pacific 99 (1987), 186-190.
	ciencia.astroseti.org /matematicas/articulo.php?num=3600 (2407 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Cassini \| Mission Status Center
		NASA's Cassini spacecraft, with the Huygens probe in tow, was inserted into orbit around Saturn on June 30, 2004, initiating four years of orbital science investigations of the giant ringed planet and its many mysterious moons.
		Robert Mitchell, NASA's Cassini program manager at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., says the loss of one telemetry stream from the Huygens Titan probe appears to be the result of an actual problem of some sort on board the spacecraft.
		NASA's Cassini Saturn orbiter has turned back toward Earth and started transmitting stored data from Europe's Huygens probe, which was still broadcasting a faint carrier signal from the surface of the moon Titan more than two hours after touching down and well after Cassini had turned away.
	spaceflightnow.com /cassini/status.html (3917 words)

	Jacques Cassini \| THG Lexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		April 1756 in Thury bei Clermont; auch Cassini II genannt) war ein französischer Astronom und Geodät, der sich unter anderem mit der Erdfigur befasste.
		Februar 1677 in Paris als Sohn von Jean-Dominique (italienisch: Giovanni Domenico) Cassini geboren, dem Direktor der Pariser Sternwarte.
		Der Astronomie gab Cassini wertvolle Impulse durch seine exakten Tabellen über Sonne, Mond, Planeten und den Monden von Jupiter und Saturn, sowie durch die Messung der Eigenbewegung der Fixsterne.
	www.tomshardware.de /lexikon/Jacques_Cassini (376 words)

	Cassini-Huygens: News-Press Releases-2005
		The probe began transmitting data to Cassini four minutes into its descent and continued to transmit data after landing at least as long as Cassini was above Titan's horizon.
		Huygens data, relayed by Cassini, were picked up by NASA's Deep Space Network and delivered immediately to ESA's European Space Operation Centre in Darmstadt, Germany, where the scientific analysis is currently taking place.
		One of the main reasons for sending Huygens to Titan is that its nitrogen atmosphere, rich in methane, and its surface may contain many chemicals of the kind that existed on the young Earth.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=530 (592 words)

	Richard & Sharon Werner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The area around Paris was the first to be surveyed by Cassini.
		French astronomer and geodesist, who continued surveying work undertaken by his father, Jacques Cassini, and began construction of a great topographical map of France in 1744.
		Cassini used a method of triangulation to acheive a high degree of accuracy in his maps.
	home.att.net /~rnwerner/mapreg4.html (415 words)

	18th century AD UNESCO Courier - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Through Cassini and his successors France became the first country to produce a detailed and accurate map of its national territory in multiple sheets, based on triangulation, and using uniform symbols for roads, settlements, forests, rivers, and other features.
		After the death of his father, the survey of France was continued by Jacques Cassini (1677-1756) under whose direction the triangulation network was greatly extended.
		Thus it took the dedicated work of four generations of the Cassini family over more than a century to produce the 182 map sheets on the large scale of 1:86,400 which constituted the first true, topographic map of a country.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1991_June/ai_10940851 (940 words)

	Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625-1712)
		Cassini became Professor of Astronomy at Bologna (1650) and later the first director of the Paris Observatory (1669), found the rotational periods of Mars and Jupiter, one of the polar caps of Mars (1666), and the distance to Mars (1672) by triangulation with the help of observations by Jean Richer.
		His refinement of the scale of the solar system led to a value of the astronomical unit only 7% short of that accepted today.
		Cassini’s son, Jacques (1677-1756), grandson Cesar Francois (1714-1784), and great-grandson Jean Dominique IV (1748-1845) all became successful astronomers, the first two succeeding the elder Cassini as director of the Paris Observatory.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/CassiniG.html (236 words)

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