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| | burckhardt |
 | | Burckhardt's work assembles what he sees as the significant elements of Italian national character, and answers why, as a whole, they adopted individualism as a way of thinking and living earlier than their European counterparts. |
 | | Burckhardt begins with the Italian state as a work of art, or in other words, "the state as the outcome of reflection and calculation." (2) The financial support of most states were derived from land taxes, taxes on consumption, duties on imports and exports, the personal wealth of the ruler, and "well-planned" confiscations.(4). |
 | | Burckhardt argues that since most rulers were men of violence, who had seized power by illegitimate means, they surrounded themselves with men of talent, not birth: capable poets, scholars and condottieri served to legitimate a ruler. |
| www.lehigh.edu /~cmp8/worksinprogress/summary/burckhardt.html (687 words) |
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