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	Roman Jakobson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roman Osipovich Jakobson (October 11, 1896 - July 18, 1982) was a Russian thinker who became one of the most influential linguists of the 20th century by pioneering the development of structural analysis of language, poetry, and art.
		Jakobson was born to a well-to-do family in Russia of Scandinavian descent, where he developed a fascination with language at a very young age.
		Jakobson's universalizing structural-functional theory of phonology, based on a markedness hierarchy of distinctive features, was the first successful solution of a plane of linguistic analysis according to the Saussurean hypotheses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_Jakobson (677 words)

	Style: Jakobson, method, and metaphor: a Wittgensteinian critique
		Jakobson's theory is brief and concise, and is very much in accord with the concept of a definition prevalent in the natural sciences.
		Jakobson then makes the larger claim that the same is true of other semiotic systems and suggests that collaborative, interdisciplinary research be undertaken to explore the implications of his discovery fully.
		Jakobson contends that Uspenskij's writings constitute a case in point of the predominance of metonymy in Realist literature.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2342/is_4_37/ai_n6254115 (1288 words)

	HS Culture 25.9.2001 - Max Jakobson memoirs Part II: Using pen and intellect to get to the top (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Jakobson is a thinker with a flawless command of foreign policy questions and an ability to present his case.
		Jakobson makes an even more interesting observation when he rejects the doctrine that tension between East and West was always dangerous for Finland, and that the easing of tension would be obviously beneficial.
		Jakobson openly describes the shadier aspects of Finnish-Soviet relations, and the role of the KGB is also assessed.
	www2.hs.fi /english/archive/news.asp?id=20010925IE13 (1647 words)

	CSI: Geo2
		Further, one of the peculiarities of Jakobson's statement is that it may be read as an elaborate reflection on a single example given the heavy labour performed by the rhetorical figure of paronomasia.
		Jakobson's Poetic function is suggestive of delicate problems of rank; problems that cannot be adequately analyzed alone within the limits of the perception of verse shape in which rank order is determined by meter, for instance, or sound shape gives prominence to stressed and unstressed elements, peaks and valleys, lows and highs.
		It was Julia Kristeva who saw in Jakobson's turn to the poetic the foundation of the "linguistic ethics" which would have as its object poetic language, understood as the swelling of a heterogeneous process, a rhythm inassimilable to structure; nothing less than the struggles of the Kristevan subject-in-process.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /epc/srb/cyber/geo2.html (3297 words)

	Jakobson's Linguistic Poles and Hyper-Text
		By studying aphasia, Roman Jakobson found that he was able to corroborate on a physiological level what was essentially a Saussurean proposition: language functions according to two poles, that of selection, and that of combination.
		Jakobson also observed that "in the combination of linguistic units there is an ascending scale of freedom", so that the speaker has no freedom to create new phonemes, marginal freedom to create new words, greater freedom to create new sentences, and the most freedom to combine sentences into new utterances.
		Jakobson's study of aphasias is an attempt to understand the structure of language along Saussurean lines, by examining the relationships between linguistic units.
	www.moock.org /nostalgia/hyptext.html (1477 words)

	Roman Jakobson, "Selections"
		[Jakobson (1896 - 1982) was a founder-member of the Moscow Linguistic Circle; in 1920 he moved to Czechoslovakia and helped found the Prague Linguistic Circle, the source of foundational work in Structuralist Linguistics and Poetics.
		To be sure, the metonymical style in Uspenskij is obviously prompted by the prevailing literary canon of his time, late nineteenth-century 'realism'; but the personal stamp of Gleb Ivanovic made his pen particularly suitable for this artistic trend in its extreme manifestations and finally left its mark upon the verbal aspect of his mental illness.
		Jakobson mentions that these functions often coexist in the same aural or verbal text.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /wyrick/debclass/Jakob.htm (2164 words)

	Semiotics for Beginners: Rhetorical Tropes
		Jakobson argues that whereas a metaphorical term is connected with with that for which it is substituted on the basis of similarity, metonymy is based on contiguity or closeness (Jakobson & Halle 1956, 91, 95).
		Jakobson suggested that the metonymic mode tends to be foregrounded in prose whereas the metaphoric mode tends to be foregrounded in poetry (Jakobson & Halle 1956, 95-96).
		Roman Jakobson argues that whilst both metonymy and synecdoche involve a part standing for a whole, in metonymy the relation is internal (sail for ship) whereas in synecdoche the relation is external (pen for writer) (see Lechte 1994, 63).
	www.aber.ac.uk /media/Documents/S4B/sem07.html (7484 words)

	Chapter 4 of "Seeing Power" by Harry Polkinhorn
		Jakobson, as I have indicated, acknowledges his debts, a doubly ironic move that pulls both ways, since the "tradition" to which he binds himself explodes a connection to tradition.[13] Jakobson's debts fall into two distinct categories: intellectual in a conventional sense (Saussure, Peirce, Sapir, among others), and aesthetic/artistic.
		Jakobson finds this unique but displaces its unacceptable implications by moving immediately into a discussion of what he called "poetic language," that which acknowledges the irrational but subsumes it through repatterning.
		Jakobson was unable to evolve a semiotic or any other theory of the image sufficiently flexible to account not only for the new artists' books as presumed aesthetic objects with formal laws and structures of their own but also for their embeddedness in a social context.
	www.concentric.net /~lndb/hp/hpsp04.htm (4408 words)

	AllRefer.com - Roman Jakobson (Language And Linguistics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		His early work was grounded in structural linguistics and stressed that the aim of historical linguistics is the study not of isolated changes within a language but of systematic change.
		As a professor of Russian in Moscow in the 1920s, Jakobson and a few colleagues, most notably N. Trubetskoi, developed what came to be known as the Prague school of linguistics.
		They argued that synchronic phonology, the study of speech sounds in a language at a given time, should be considered in light of diachronic phonology, the study of speech sounds as they have changed over the course of the language's history.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/J/Jakobson.html (244 words)

	Jakobson, Roman on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		JAKOBSON, ROMAN [Jakobson, Roman], 1896-1982, Russian-American linguist and literary critic, b.
		In Czechoslovakia in the late 1920s and the 30s, Jakobson and a few colleagues, most notably N. Trubetzkoy, developed what came to be known as the Prague school of linguistics.
		They argued that synchronic phonology, the study of speech sounds in a language at a given time, must be considered in light of diachronic phonology, the study of speech sounds as they have changed over the course of the language's history.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/J/Jakobson.asp (293 words)

	Arts & Humanities \| Estonian Literature \| Times and Literature of the National Awakening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Jakobson was especially good in natural sciences; thus interest defined his future life.
		Jakobson was not able to keep quiet, seeing unjustify, by which his Estonian mates were treated.
		Jakobson applied to the paper for six times, writing 50 letters for it but getting no answer, even if he presented the list of the subscribers who were on place already.
	www.ibs.ee /ibs/culture/estonian_literature/national_awakening4.html (1970 words)

	Ling Links--People, I-M
		Jakobson grew up in pre-revolutionary Russia, beginning his high school studies at the Lazarev Institute of Languages at age ten and going on to teach at the University of Moscow.
		Jakobson was well known for his anti-Fascist feelings, and with the Fascist invasion of Czechoslovakia, Jakobson hid for several months and then fled to Denmark.
		Jakobson was a Structuralist in his viewpoints; however, he differed from the structuralism of Bloomfield and his colleagues in America and from Saussure, in that he integrated all aspects of linguistics as being important to the field.
	www.ttt.org /linglinks/i_m.html (1390 words)

	Harvard University Press: On Language
		One measure of Roman Jakobson's towering role in linguistics is that his work has defined the field itself.
		The breadth of Jakobson's engagement in linguistics is captured by the editors' informative introduction and by their perspicacious presentation of topics.
		Roman Jakobson (1896-1982) was at the time of his death Professor Emeritus at Harvard University and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/JAKONL.html (336 words)

	Roman Jakobson Biography
		Roman Osipovich Jakobson (1896-1982) was a famous Russian linguist who emigrated to the Czech Republic and the United States.
		Jakobson was one of the most influential intellectuals of the 20th century, with his contributions to linguistics, structuralist anthropology (he was an inspiration to Claude Levi-Strauss), literary theory and semiotics, among others.
		Jakobson's three major ideas in linguistics play a major role in the field to this day: linguistic typology, markedness and linguistic universals.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Jakobson_Roman.html (129 words)

	Helsingin Sanomat - International Edition - Foreign
		Jakobson also lamented that the only Presidential candidate to have taken a positive stand on NATO is Henrik Lax of the Swedish People’s Party.
		Jakobson said that he hopes that the government of Matti Vanhanen (Centre) would follow in the footsteps of former Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa (SDP) and implement a programme of economic revitalisation.
		In the book Jakobson does not explain why all of the seven people he proposes are men; not even President Tarja Halonen is included in the group.
	www.hs.fi /english/article/1101980808527 (380 words)

	Jakobson, Fant, and Halle features (from phonetics) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		As a result of studying the phonemic contrasts within a number of languages, Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle concluded in 1951 that segmental phonemes could be characterized in terms of 12 distinctive features.
		Jakobson extended the theoretical and practical concerns of the school into new areas of study.
		It is situated on a sandy plain on the right bank of the Saale River, which there divides into several arms, 21 miles (34 km) north of Leipzig.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-69034 (797 words)

	Russian Formalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Moscow Linguistic Circle, whose principal members were R. Jakobson, P. Bogatyrev, and G. Vinokur, tended to see problems of literature as an extension of linguistic theory.
		Jakobson's "Khlebnikov's Poetic Language" and Shklovskii's "On Poetry and Trans-Sense Language").
		But, in addition, the isolated study of the literary system and its evolution, or of the succession of literary series is correlated with adjacent cultural, behavioral, and social series which are indirectly, through the intermediary of language, related to it.
	www.pitt.edu /~petrov/formalism.html (2265 words)

	Models of Written Communication
		Jakobson's model is often represented in a diagram.
		Jakobson's model is limited in that it doesn't represent the discovery processes that writers engage in nor does it indicate the recursiveness of both writing and reading.
		Often, a simplified version of Jakobson's model is used, diagramed as a triangle with writer, reader, and text at the angles.
	web.umr.edu /~gdoty/classes/concepts-practices/models.html (920 words)

	Department of Maths & Stats - Dimitry Jakobson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		D. Jakobson and N. Nadirashvili Quasi-symmetry of L^p norms of eigenfunctions Communications in Analysis and Geometry 10(2), 397-408.
		Jakobson, D., Nadirashvili, N. and Toth, J. Geometric properties of eigenfunctions.
		D. Jakobson, S. Miller, I. Rivin and Z. Rudnick Level spacings for regular graphs IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications 109 (1999), 317-329.
	www.math.mcgill.ca /department/display_people.php?id=24 (224 words)

	Roman Jakobson -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		died July 18, 1982, Boston, Mass., U.S. Russian Roman Osipovich Jakobson Russian born American linguist and Slavic-language scholar, a principal founder of the European movement in structural linguistics known as the Prague school.
		Influenced by Ferdinand de Saussure and in turn influencing Roman Jakobson, Trubetskoy redefined the phoneme functionally as the smallest distinctive unit within the structure of a given...
		It included among its most prominent members the Russian linguist Nikolay Trubetskoy and the Russian-born American linguist Roman Jakobson; the school was most active during the 1920s and '30s.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9043266 (748 words)

	jakobson - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Chomsky, Noam--Contributions In Markedness, Jakobson, Roman--1896---Contributions In Markedness, Markedness (Linguistics)
		Jakobson, Roman, 1896- --Contributions in markedness...here appeared as an article titled "Jakobson and Chomsky on Markedness" in the...I gratefully acknowledge the Roman Jakobson Trust for permission to cite materials...
		Jakobson was certain that in culture as in language...
	www.questia.com /SM.qst?act=search&keywordsSearchType=1000&keywords=jakobson (1378 words)

	Alibris: Roman Jakobson
		Born in Moscow in 1896, Roman Jakobson brought an extraordinary poetic sensibility to his exploration of language.
		This volume, which fills a major gap in the literature of the Russian avant-garde, is a lively collection of letters, memoirs, poetry, prose, and essays.
		These conversations between two linguistic scholars who were also husband and wife cover such topics as the characterization of the phoneme, symbolist poetry, the genetic basis of language, linguistic universals, semiotic systems, and aphasia and the process of language acquisition by children.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/author/Jakobson,Roman (331 words)

	Dmitry Jakobson's Publications
		D. Jakobson, S. Miller, I. Rivin and Z. Rudnick.
		D. Jakobson, M. Levitin, N. Nadirashvili and I. Polterovich.
		D. Jakobson, M. Levitin, N. Nadirashvili, N. Nigam and I. Polterovich.
	www.math.mcgill.ca /jakobson/mypapers.html (237 words)

	Glossary of People: Ja (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As Professor of Russian at the Higher Dramatic School in Moscow, together with his colleagues of the Prague school, Trubetzkoy and Karcevskij, Jakobson announced in 1928 their criticism of the classical structuralist position of Ferdinand de Saussure.
		Jakobson also held that Saussure's key insight that sounds had an essentially arbitrary relation to meaning, meaning being determined by their stuctural relations with other sounds which differed in this or that way, was an overstatement.
		From 1949 till 1967, Jakobson held the position of Professor of Slavic languages and Linguistics at Harvard.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/people/j/a.htm (1912 words)

	Roman Jakobson
		Jakobson was also a founder of the Prague School of Linguistic Theory.
		It is hard to sum up Roman Jakobson’s work in just a few words as he studied many areas and worked with wide variety of people throughout many years of his work.
		Roman Jakobson's life came to an end on July 18, 1982 in Boston, Massachusetts, when he was 86 years old.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/fghij/jakobson_roman.html (355 words)

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