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Topic: Jallianwala Bagh

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	Jallianwala Bagh Massacre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, was named after the Jallianwala Bagh (Garden) in Amritsar, where, on April 13, 1919, British Indian Army soldiers opened fire on an unarmed gathering of men, women and children.
		On April 13, thousands of Punjabi Indians gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh in the heart of Amritsar, one of the major cultural, religious and commercial towns of Punjab state.
		Jallianwala Bagh Massacre A description of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amritsar_Massacre (1985 words)

	Michael O'Dwyer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was during O'Dwyer's tenure as Punjab Governor that the massacre occurred at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, on April 13, 1919.
		Jallian Wala Bagh Massacre and its Impact on Udham Singh, Proceedings of Punjab History Conference, 21st session, March 27-29, 1987, Punjab University Patiala.
		Jallainwala Bagh and the Raj, Jallian Wala Bagh, Commemoration Vol, Patiala.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Michael_O'Dwyer (1078 words)

	Amritsarnet -> Jallianwala Bagh - A Saga of Sacrifice
		A public meeting was announced to be held at Jallianwala Bagh Maidan close to the Golden Temple premises on the afternoon of April 13.
		Situated in the heart of town, Jallianwala Bagh was more or less an open enclosure with tall buildings on all the four sides with a narrow passage which led into it.
		Jallianwala Bagh has become a place of pilgrimage, a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity, a hallowed spot where Indians shed their blood fighting for the freedom of their Motherland.
	www.amritsarnet.net /jallianwala.html (1230 words)

	Historical Sikh Events at Gateway to Sikhism:Massacre of Jallianwala Bagh
		Jallianwala Bagh radicalised an entire generation and laid the foundation for Punjab's vigorous secular political traditions.
		Jallianwala Bagh was only the beginning of a prolonged phase of appalling brutality.
		News of the Jallianwala Bagh killings reached the town, leading students and migrant labourers from Kashmir to set ablaze the Kachi bridge, the tehsil headquarters, the dak bungalow, the local courts, and the railway station.
	www.allaboutsikhs.com /events/jwbagh.htm (3687 words)

	Jalian Wala Bagh
		On 13 April, 1919 a large unarmed crowd gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to peacefully protest against the arrest of their popular leaders, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satya Pal, both members of the Congress party.
		Jallianwala Bagh was a large open space enclosed on three sides by buildings with only one exit.
		The Jallianwala Bagh massacre also impacted on Jawaharlal Nehru's orientation-travelling down from Shimla after the incident, Nehru overheard some British soldiers agreeing that the killings would 'teach the bloody browns a lesson'.
	www.eaglespace.com /jalianwalabagh.html (634 words)

	Jallianwala Bagh Massacre - Kamboj Society
		JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE, involved the killing of hundreds of unarmed, defenseless Indians by a senior British military officer, took place on 13 April 1919 in the heart of Amritsar, the holiest city of the Sikhs, on a day sacred to them as the birth anniversary of the Khalsa.
		The Bagh was acquired by the nation on 1 August 1920 at a cost of 5,60,472 rupees but the actual construction of the memorial had to wait until after Independence.
		A semi-circular verandah skirting a children's swimming pool near the main entrance to the Bagh marks the spot where General Dyer's soldiers took position to fire at the gathering.
	www.kambojsociety.com /udham_jallianwala.asp (1492 words)

	News Headings
		However, Jallianwala Bagh, the principal memorial and point pilgrimage for the citizens of independent India, seems to have been abandoned by the Government of India.
		Mr Rao agreed to earmark funds for a light and sound programme at the Jallianwala memorial on the pattern of the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
		The condition of Jallianwala Bagh is made clear in a letter of Mr S.K. Mukherji, Secretary Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust which reads: "A meeting of the trust held on March 22, 1999, pointed out that the trust was facing immense problems in maintaining the sanctity of the memorial".
	www.tribuneindia.com /1999/99apr14/head5.htm (903 words)

	Jallianwala Bagh Massacre - Word Power
		The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy: a catalyst of Indian consciousness/Kamlesh Mohan.
		The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy: its prelude and aftermath/Hari Singh.
		Jallianwala Bagh: the construction of a nationalist symbol/Surjit Hans.
	www.word-power.co.uk /catalogue/8173070695 (549 words)

	Dyer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Dyer positioned his men at the sole, narrow passageway of the Bagh, which was otherwise entirely enclosed by the backs of abutted brick buildings.
		Giving no word of warning, he ordered 50 soldiers to fire into the gathering, and for 10 to 15 minutes 1,650 rounds of ammunition were unloaded into the screaming, terrified crowd, some of whom were trampled by those desperately trying to escape.
		However, General Dyer admitted in his deposition that the gathering at the Bagh was not a concentration only of rebels, but people who had covered long distances to participate in the Baisakhi fair.
	www.hinduholocaust.com /shame/dyer.htm (1055 words)

	rediff.com: BJP aims to get Sonia out of Jallianwala Bagh Trust
		Since Mrs Gandhi, in her capacity as the chairperson of the Indian National Congress, is also a ex-officio member of the trust, she was unanimously elected chairperson of the trust," member of Parliament R L Bhatia told rediff.com.
		Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and BJP leaders feel that Sonia Gandhi's election to the post of the chairperson of this historical trust is an insult to the national heroes who sacrificed their lives for the freedom of the country.
		The trust is governed by the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act, 1951.
	www.rediff.com /news/2000/feb/24onkar.htm (672 words)

	Rediff On The NeT: Kanchan Gupta on the Jallianwala Bagh controversy
		The walls of Jallianwala Bagh, pockmarked by bullet holes, bear mute testimony to unbridled British cruelty and inhumanity at its worst.
		If those organising her proposed visit want an alternative site as a substitute for Jallianwala Bagh, a place that is not on the usual tourist's itinerary, and should be visited during the 50th year of India's independence, it exists in Uttar Pradesh, a short distance from Ayodhya.
		By the time it is Jallianwala Bagh's turn, India would be celebrating the first centenary of freedom from British rule.
	www.indiaabroad.com /news/aug/30jbag.htm (1182 words)

	The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Amritsar PLUS
		Bapu Shingara Singh, an eyewitness to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, is honoured at Sri Guru Gobind Singh Public School, Mukerian, in Amritsar on Wednesday.
		However, the Jallianwala Bagh memorial that stands today as a mute testimony to what Winston Churchill later described as a “monstrous event,” was more or less an open enclosure with tall buildings on all four sides with a narrow passage.
		The memories about the holocaust of Jallianwala Bagh are still fresh in the mind of the 113-year-old Bapu Shingara Singh, the sole survivor of the massacre.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2006/20060413/aplus.htm (4097 words)

	[No title]
		His concern, like that of his Liberal contemporaries, was not with the dead of Jallianwala Bagh but with the vanishing of the imagined moral authority of the Empire.
		That the solitary comment Prince Philip had to offer after his visit to Jallianwala Bagh was on this issue made clear that the living symbols of New Labour's imperial heritage were wholly unreconstructed.
		Memories of resistance to imperialism are still alive, particularly among an older generation of immigrants, and the visit to Jallianwala Bagh was essential if a burial of the past was to be signalled.
	www.hindu.com /fline/fl1422/14220460.htm (1929 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Look (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This was not the case; the records in Persia and Amritsar reveal a man capable of deception, out for his own advancement, frightened of revealing what he had done to his superiors, and, at times, one who blamed his inferiors for his own mistakes.
		The noise in the Bagh was a cacophony of rifle crack, bullets thumping into flesh and walls, ricochets screeching off the brickwork, the screams of 25,000 people in terror and the cries of the wounded.
		Dyer was later to explain that his action at the Jallianwala Bagh stopped the spread of insurrection in the Punjab.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1050605/asp/look/story_4823931.asp (1652 words)

	BEGINNING OF THE GANDHI ERA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A peaceful public meeting was organised on April 13 – the day of the Vaisakhi festival – at the ground known as the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.
		The ghastly and repulsive excesses at the Jallianwala Bagh and later during the draconian regime of the martial law administration in Punjab changed the whole tenor of the nationalist movement and the course of Indian history.
		Besides the Jallianwala tragedy another matter agitating the minds of the people was the question of Khilafat.
	www.careera1.com /Projects/summary/gandhiera.htm (4460 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, British India
		The ground by the entrance stood at a slightly higher level than the rest of the bagh: from this elevated platform the troops could survey the entire bagh, and it was from here that, at the orders of Dyer, and without any warning to the crowd to disperse, the troops commenced firing.
		The Jallianwala Bagh massacre has since been characterized as the turning point in the history of British India, the event that lost Britain her 'jewel in the crown' and eventually her empire.
		Dyer claimed that he had fired at the Jallianwala Bagh to save lives, and if the way to save lives is to kill people, then surely it is not inconceivable that the way to the sacred is through the treacherous path of the profane.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/British/Crawling.html (6342 words)

	The Sikh Times - News and Analysis - Let's Not Forget Jallianwala Bagh
		I was surprised to find that Jallianwala Bagh is a small park with only one narrow entry.
		It was early in the morning and some people were in the Bagh for the morning exercise and walk.
		"The immediate background to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the disappointment of Indians with the colonial government's failure to introduce democratic reforms after World War I as had been expected.
	www.sikhtimes.com /news_041303a.html (1023 words)

	Amritsar city of Punjab - India
		The Golden Temple, Durgiana Mandir, Jallianwala Bagh, Company Bagh, Gobindgarh Fort, Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Deep Singh, Sarai Amanat Khan, Museum of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Guru Nanak Dev University, Khalsa College in the city.
		Durgiana Temple, outside the Lohagarh gate of the old city, is dedicated to Goddess Durga, and is a centre of pilgrimage for devout Hindus.
		Other attractions are Ram Bagh Garden, encircling the palace of the Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh; Fort Gobind Garh, which was built by Ranjit Singh in 1805-09; Baba Atal Rai Tower; Baba Bakale, a gurudwara dedicated to Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of Sikhs and Taran Taran, a gurudwara in the memory of Guru Ram Das.
	punjab.bharatheritage.in /amritsar.htm (879 words)

	Queen Elizabeth pays homage at site of 1919 Indian massacre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The queen removed her shoes and laid a wreath of white and gold marigolds at a pink granite memorial at Jallianwala Bagh, the walled garden where Brig.
		After Jallianwala Bagh, Gandhi's formula of nonviolent resistance caught fire across India, sidelining conservatives who had argued for pragmatic cooperation with the British.
		This tour of India and Pakistan, planned months ago to mark the 50th anniversary of the two nations' independence, is the queen's first public engagement since the funeral.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/world/97/10/15/india-britain.2-0.html (561 words)

	Jallianwala Bagh
		"The immense crowd that passed through Anarkali was estimated to be around 20,000." In Amritsar, over 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh.
		No effort, Dyer later admitted, had been made to prevent the gathering from taking place, a fact which, coupled with rally organiser Hans Raj's somewhat murky background, led some contemporary observers, including Madam Mohan Malaviya, to speculate that the dusty maidan had been deliberately chosen as a killing field.
		The armoured cars were left on the road outside the maidan, for the sole entrance was too narrow to accommodate them.
	www.punjabilok.com /misc/freedom/jallianwala_bagh.htm (2348 words)

	Indian Express: Sonia Gandhi's appointment breaks convention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mukherjee said when in 1919, the Congress Party session was held in Amritsar, a resolution was passed to purchase the Jallianwala Bagh massacre land.
		Now when the celebrations for the 50th year of Independence is concluding tomorrow, the Jallianwala Bagh stands mute spectator to the ``tall promises'' made by various Central governments to provide adequate funds to protect and develop it.
		When Rao visited Jallianwala Bagh during his visit of Amritsar in 1994, he was shocked to see the plight of national freedom monument and had announced a special grant of Rs.2 crore.
	www.expressindia.com /ie/daily/19980815/22751464p.html (587 words)

	Britain India Massacre 1919
		The British military commander, Brigadier Reginald E.H. Dyer, ordered his soldiers to fire at point-blank range into an unarmed and unsuspecting crowd of some 10,000 men, women, and children.
		They had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, a walled garden, to celebrate a Hindu festival without prior knowledge of the imposition of martial law.
		A total of 1,650 rounds were fired, killing 379 persons and wounding 1,137 in the episode, which dispelled wartime hopes and goodwill in a frenzy of postwar reaction.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/india/india1919.htm (569 words)

	Poor Queenie...
		The "Jallianwala" controversy as well as the unfavourable reaction to Her Majesty's mediation offer on Kashmir marred her visit.
		The history of the "Jallianwala Massacre" is not a pleasant one.
		On Apr. 13, 1919, British General Dyer ordered his platoon of infantry to fire into the citizens assembled at Jallianwala Bagh as part of the Baisakhi celebrations.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/south_asian_politics/3785 (494 words)

	Rediff On The NeT Travel: A travel feature on Amritsar in Punjab, India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Jallianwala Bagh is a small green memorial park tucked behind some tall buildings that can be accessed by a tiny path.
		While there is not that much to see at the park, it is a chance to stand on one of the most historical spots of India and one of-the most-debated-upon spots of 1997.
		On a fine spring day in 1919, April 13, the day of the Sikh festival of Baisakhi, crowds — 20,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to peacefully protest the Rowlatt Act, legislation put in place to allow British authorities to arrest any Indian without a trial, even on a suspicion of sedition.
	indiabroad.rediff.com /travel/oct/13amrit1.htm (1120 words)

	No apology from Queen for Jallianwala Bagh massacre
		LONDON, OCT 1: Queen Elizabeth will not apologise for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre during her visit to Amritsar later this month.
		British troops, under the command of General Reginald Dyer, had shot dead 379 Sikhs and wounded another 1,200 after a peaceful demonstration in the city in 1919.
		The Queen will lay a wreath on October 14 at the Jallianwala Bagh memorial to honour the dead, but there will be no apology, despite demands from relatives of the massacre victims.
	www.expressindia.com /ie/daily/19971002/27550283.html (288 words)

	Nepalese Maoists might sneak in, Uri blast, Good Friday observed, Jallianwala Bagh survivor, Advani's Rath Yatra enters ...
		Amritsar: The lone survivor of the tragic Jallianwala Bagh incident of 1919 is a disillusioned man today, as he is yet to get government help promised to him by none other than President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam himself.
		One of the worst crimes of the British colonial government was committed in Punjab on April 13, 1919, when General Michael O'Dyer, who was Punjab Lt. Governor of Punjab then, ordered his troops to fire on the peaceful and hapless crowd who had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh, a ground enclosed on all sides.
		About a thousand people were estimated to have been killed in the attack.
	www.indiatraveltimes.com /news/news2004/apr04/apr0904_news.html (1278 words)

	Fein (1977) Imperial crime and punishment: The massacre at Jallianwala Bagh and British judgment, 1919-1920
		Fein (1977) Imperial crime and punishment: The massacre at Jallianwala Bagh and British judgment, 1919-1920
		Imperial crime and punishment: The massacre at Jallianwala Bagh and British judgment, 1919-1920
		To view the the latter's ratings, click on Chapters/Papers/Articles in the STATISTICS box, select a publication from the list that appears, and then click on either Quality or Interest in that publication's STATISTICS box.
	www.getcited.org /?PUB=101760255&showStat=Ratings (93 words)

	Rediff On The NeT: Remorseful British accounts in the Jallianwala Bagh visitors book
		While a controversy is brewing about an apology from Queen Elizabeth for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the visitor's book at the Jallianwala Bagh memorial is a redressal of sorts.
		When British Prime Minister Tony Blair visited Jallianwala Bagh as head of a British parliamentary delegation on April 11, 1990, he said it was a reminder of the worst aspects of colonialism.
		David Gore-Booth, the British high commissioner to India, who visited the spot on June 22, wrote, "I feel touched to have had the opportunity to visit the Jallianwala Bagh and I pay my respects at this beautiful monument."
	www.rediff.com /news/aug/23jbag.htm (347 words)

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