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Topic: Jamahiriya

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	CAT Report - Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1999)
		The Jamahiriya is very much concerned to prevent the politicization of human rights and freedoms or their use as an instrument to exert pressure or as a pretext for interfering in the internal affairs of States.
		The Jamahiriya has made considerable progress in incorporating human rights and the prohibition against torture in educational curricula and the media so that all public officials who are involved in custody, interrogation and other matters are aware of how they must treat individuals in the performance of their duties.
		The Jamahiriya, as a party to the Convention against Torture, ensures that its competent authorities proceed to a prompt and impartial investigation where there are grounds to believe that an act of torture has been committed within the area of its jurisdiction.
	www.law.wits.ac.za /humanrts/cat/libya1999.html (8113 words)

	Jamahiriya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word was derived from jumhuriya, which is the usual Arabic translation of the English republic.
		The Libyan government states that Libya is a direct democracy without political parties, governed by its populace through local councils.
		Because this system is ostensibly unique to Libya, the term jamahiriya was coined to describe it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jamahiriya (150 words)

	CERD/C/299/Add.13 - State Party Report - Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
		Principle 16: "The society of the Jamahiriya holds humanitarian standards and values sacred and aspires to a humane society without aggression, without wars, without exploitation and without terrorism, a society in which no one is regarded as being great or unimportant.
		The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has also participated in the international conferences to combat racism and racial discrimination, particularly the first conference held at Geneva in 1978 under the auspices of the United Nations and the second conference likewise held at Geneva in 1983 under the auspices of the United Nations.
		The Jamahiriya regarded itself as one of the African States which opposed and endeavoured to eliminate that system of racial discrimination in order to free the African continent from that odious policy that flouted human rights.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord1998/documentation/tbodies/cerd-c-299-add13.htm (5033 words)

	This is Jamahiriya
		jamahiriya lies in the northern part of africa.
		The population of the jamahiriya is nearly 5,000,000.
		As the projects of industry spreaded all over the jamahiriya, the density of population in the interior towns increased, e.g.
	www.tripolifair.org /jamahiriya.htm (371 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		The Committee notes that the embargo on air travel, imposed by the Security Council on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya since April 1992, is considered by the Libyan Government as creating economic difficulties and affecting the implementation of certain provisions of the Covenant.
		Furthermore, the Committee recalls that flogging, which is recognized in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya as a penalty for criminal offences, is incompatible with article 7 of the Covenant.
		The Committee fixes the date for the submission of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya's fourth periodic report to be October 2002.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/hrcommittee/libya1998.html (1722 words)

	CAT Report - Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1994)
		The Jamahiriya announced its accession to the Convention on 25 April 1989 and submitted a report on 12 April 1991 concerning the measures that it had taken at the national level to apply the provisions of that Convention.
		This question is governed by the status of international conventions vis-à-vis national legislation in the Jamahiriya and also by the existence of national legislative texts that are consistent with the provisions of the Convention against Torture.
		Furthermore, following its ratification by the people's congresses in the Jamahiriya and its publication in the Official Gazette, the Convention against Torture became a domestic legislative enactment the provisions of which are binding on the national courts in all matters not covered by the provisions of domestic legislation.
	www.law.wits.ac.za /humanrts/cat/libya1994.html (6198 words)

	The Islamic and Secular Calandars of the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Jamahiriya solar calendar is thus similar to the many other solar calendars that have been used in Muslim communities since the early days of Islam for planning seasonal activities such as agriculture and tax-collecting that depend on the annual rhythm of the Sun.
		The year count of the Jamahiriya solar calendar is unique in the sense that the date on which the change occurs follows the lunar year and slowly shifts through the calendar.
		A consequence of this peculiar mode of year reckoning in the Jamahiriya calendars is that the date of the death of the prophet Muhammad occurs both in the Jamahiriya lunar year 0 AJ as in the Jamahiriya solar year –42 DP.
	www.phys.uu.nl /~vgent/islam/libya/jamahiriya.htm (1286 words)

	Human Rights Committee, Comments on Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.45 (1994).
		The Committee notes with satisfaction that the Covenant is part of the domestic law of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and that certain aspects of the Covenant have been included in the Great Green Charter of Human Rights of the Jamahiriyan Era (1988), in the Promotion of Freedom Act of 1991 and in the draft Constitution.
		The Committee also notes with satisfaction the measures taken in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to overcome discriminatory attitudes against women and the initiatives introduced in the country to advance women's rights, to ensure their greater involvement in public life, and to improve women's equality in employment and in marriage.
		The Committee is also concerned at certain restrictions imposed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to the rights of opinion, the freedom of expression, the right of assembly and the right to freedom of association, which are not in conformity with articles 19, 21 and 22 of the Covenant.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/hrcommittee/LIBYA.htm (1154 words)

	SUMMARY: Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Application for Permission to Intervene) Judgment - 14 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In its Judgment in respect of Malta's application for permission to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute in the case concerning the Continental Shelf between Tunisia and Libya, the Court found unanimously that Malta's request for permission to intervene could not be granted.
		The Memorials of the Parties were filed and exchanged on 30 May 1960; the Counter-Memorial of Tunisia and that of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya were filed respectively on 1 December 1980 and 2 February 1981, and were exchanged on the latter date.
		Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya submitted written observations on this Application on 26 February 1981, the date fixed as the time-limit for that purpose.
	www.lawschool.cornell.edu /Lawlibrary/cijwww/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/itlsummary810414.htm (1565 words)

	New Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When armed workers march proudly through the Green Square on the 25th anniversary of the revolution, it symbolises the way in which real power was transferred to the people.
		It is a unique experiment in direct democracy that was launched at the highest levels in March 1977, with the declaration of the establishment of popular authority and the rise of the age of the Jamahiriya - the state of the masses.
		None of Libya's outstanding achievements in the fields of education, health, housing, industry and agriculture could have been won without this fight to encourage the masses to become the masters of their own destiny.
	www.qadhafi.org /Libya/POWER_WEALTH_&_ARMS_IN_THE_HANDS_OF_THE_PEOPLE.html (869 words)

	Statement by Libyan Arab Jamahiriya at the Special Session for Children
		We have in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya put in place a concrete plan of action for the development of the educational system which takes into consideration the requirements of our time, a system that takes into account the advances in information and communication technologies to insure our full participation and involvement in the new millennium.
		The percentage of HIV infected persons in the continent is 70% of the world rate of infection, and 90% of children orphaned by this epidemic are found in Africa.
		We in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, out of our belief in defending the right of African children and African people to health and well being, have declared in a statement made by the Leader of the Revolution in the Abuja summit held last year, the establishment of the African Research Center for Disease Control.
	www.un.org /ga/children/lajE.htm (1892 words)

	Breast-feeding and weaning patterns in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
		ABSTRACT An interview survey of 200 mothers attending the emergency service of Al-Fateh Paediatric Hospital, Benghazi, showed that prelacteal feed was given to 18.5% of babies and breast-feeding was ever initiated in 90.5%.
		A downward trend in breast-feeding has been noted in widely differing countries of the Middle East, especially in urban areas where mothers with raised socioeconomic status resort to bottle-feeding quite early [6-8].
		Over the past three decades, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has undergone such a rapid socioeconomic transformation that the practice of breast-feeding was likely to be influenced.
	www.emro.who.int /Publications/emhj/0302/07.htm (2067 words)

	...:::The Great Libyan Jamahiriya:::... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is situated in North Africa, stretching along the Mediterranean shoreline for nearly 2,000 kilometres.
		The administrative system in Libya is summed up in the word Jamahiriya, which literally means the state of the masses.
		The country is run by complete popular authority with no place for the traditional structures.
	www.qadhafi.org /Libya (273 words)

	Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1, Major congenital anomalies at birth in Benghazi, Libyan Arab ...
		ABSTRACT A study was conducted to investigate the magnitude, nature and associated risk factors of major congenital anomalies (MCAs) at birth in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 1995.
		It is reasonable to hypothesize that such a high consanguinity rate might have increased the frequency of autosomal recessive conditions in this population, although genetic data were not available for this study.
		Trends and factors of infant mortality in Benghazi and the Libyan Jamahiriya.
	www.emro.who.int /Publications/EMHJ/0601/08.htm (3445 words)

	World Heritage Newsletter, No. 9 (December 1995)
		or the Medina of Tripoli (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya).
		They say an appeal to the international community could be launched by the Government of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya as soon as possible to prevent the city from disappearing completely.
		With the prospect oFopening up the country to cultural tourism to encourage sustainable development and to make its cultural sites better known, a concentrated and concerted effort by the various national bodies responsible for this heritage is needed to make it possible to appeal effectively for expertise and resources from the international community.
	www.unesco.org /whc/news/9newseng.htm (8591 words)

	Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol. 6 No. 4, Health for all in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
		SUMMARY The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is committed to the goal of health for all through primary health care.
		This review outlines the evolution of health services, and looks at the achievements, analyses current challenges and predicts future prospects for health for all in the country.
		• The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is financially self-sufficient as it is one of the main surplus oil-exporting countries.
	www.emro.who.int /publications/emhj/0604/26.htm (2263 words)

	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Risk Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Based on the below indicators, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya could limit the risk of a polio importation or outbreak due to importation, by addressing the identified gaps below.
		If Libyan Arab Jamahiriya does not have an emergency plan in place, or this information is not known, then Libyan Arab Jamahiriya may not be able to effectively respond to polio re-infection.
		Remember - if Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has not completed the containment process, it is unnecessarily at increased risk of polio re-introduction from either a research laboratory or a vaccine manufacturing site.
	www.polioeradication.org /features/countryprofiles/LBY6.asp (360 words)

	1.62: Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		On 3 September 1990, Chad filed an Application instituting proceedings against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya that was based upon the aforementioned Agreement and, subsidiarily, on the Franco-Libyan Treaty of Friendship and Good Neighbourliness of 10 August 1995.
		It was clear to the Court that — contrary to what was contended by the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya — the Parties had agreed to consider the instruments listed as being in force for the purpose of Article 3, since otherwise they would not have included them in the Annex.
		Considering the attitudes adopted subsequently by the Parties with regard to their frontiers, it reached the conclusion that the existence of a determined frontier had been accepted and acted upon by the Parties.
	www.icj-cij.org /icjwww/igeneralinformation/ibbook/Bbook8-1.62.htm (478 words)

	Haiat amn al Jamahiriya / Jamahiriya Security Organization / External Security Organization
		The Libyan External Security Organization, a/k/a Jamahiriya Security Organization (hereinafter "JSO") is an intelligence and operational entity which operates separately from, but is an agency, instrumentality and/or organ of the Libyan government.
		As of 1993 the Jamahiriya's Security Organization (Haiat amn al Jamahiriya) was led by Lieutenant Colonel Abdallah Senussi, brother in law of Colonel Kadhafi.
		Senussi, along with five Libyan agents and diplomats, was condemned in absentia to life in prison by a Paris court in March 1999 for his involvement in the bombing of a French UTA airliner over Nigeria in 1989, killing 170 people.
	www.globalsecurity.org /intell/world/libya/jso.htm (519 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
		The author of the communication is Abdelaziz Ibrahim Elwezah, an Egyptian citizen born in 1949 in Menofia, Egypt, currently residing in Marseille, France.
		He claims to be a victim of violations by the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of his rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, without, however, specifying which provisions of the Covenant he considers to have been violated.
		The Optional Protocol entered into force for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 16 August 1989.
	www.unhchr.ch /tbs/doc.nsf/MasterFrameView/43d18a3654e157b9c1256af80048e7e1?Opendocument (466 words)

	WIPO/UPD/2005/252: The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Accedes to WIPO's Patent Cooperation Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Contracting State of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) when it deposited its instrument of accession at WIPO on June 15, 2005.
		Also, as of that date, nationals and residents of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya will themselves be able to file PCT applications.
		With the accession of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the 127 Contracting States of the PCT are the following:
	www.wipo.int /edocs/prdocs/en/2005/wipo_upd_2005_252.html (893 words)

	Concluding Observations/Comments - Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
		Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, U.N. Doc.
		The Committee considered the initial report of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (CRC/C/28/Add.6) at its 432nd to 434th meetings (CRC/C/SR.432-434) on 8 and 9 January 1998, and adopted* the following concluding observations:
		The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its report, which has been prepared in conformity with the Committee's guidelines, and for the submission of written replies to its list of issues (CRC/C/Q/LIBYA.1).
	heiwww.unige.ch /humanrts/crc/libya1998.html (1595 words)

	Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the IMF -- Page 1 of 1
		The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya joined the IMF on September 17, 1958.
		Listed below are items related to The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in reverse chronological order (you can also view items by category).
		March 08, 2005 -- Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 2004 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion.
	www.imf.org /external/country/LBY (803 words)

	FACT SHEET: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For most of their history, the peoples of Libya have been subjected to varying degrees of foreign control.
		The Libyan Government asserts that Qadhafi currently holds no official position, although he is referred to in government statements and the official press as the "Brother Leaderer and Guide of the Revolution." "Jamahiriya," is a term Qadhafi coined and which he defines as a "state of the masses" governed by the populace through local councils.
		Since he took power Qadhafi has espoused his own political system - a combination of socialism and Islam - which he calls the Third International Theory.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/africa/libya/index.shtml (1313 words)

	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
		Official visit to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (6-7 May 2005) Tripoli, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 06 May 2005 - 07 May 2005
		06-07/05/2005 — Tripoli, LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA — At the ocassion of the 3rd session of the UNESCO Committee for the NEPAD, in Tripoli, the Director General of UNESCO, Mr.
		Koïchiro MATSUURA, has paid official visit to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 6 to 7 May 2005.
	portal.unesco.org /en/ev.php-URL_ID=1269&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=-277.html (210 words)

	WTO \| Accession status: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
		The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya's application was received on 10 June 2004.
		The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has not yet submitted a Memorandum on the Foreign Trade Regime.
		All unrestricted documents on accession of Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
	www.wto.org /English/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_libyan_arab_jamahiriya_e.htm (109 words)

	Libya (11/05)
		Type: "Jamahiriya" is a term Col. Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi coined and which he defines as a "state of the masses" governed by the populace through local councils.
		In 1973, he announced the start of a "cultural revolution" in schools, businesses, industries, and public institutions to oversee administration of those organizations in the public interest.
		On March 2, 1977, Qadhafi convened a General People's Congress (GPC) to proclaim the establishment of "people's power," change the country's name to the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and to vest, theoretically, primary authority in the GPC.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/5425.htm (4549 words)

	Motholo Ambassador Designate to Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		King Letsie III has commissioned Mr Paul Khoashane Motholo as the Ambassador designate of Lesotho to the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
		Announcing the appointment on February 3, 2005, the King said he was confident Ambassador Mr Motholo will be able to discharge his mission in a meritorious manner that will meet with the approval of Colonel Muammar Al-Gaddafi and prove himself worthy of the confidence the country has placed in him.
		He would endeavour to discharge the duties with which he had been entrusted by the King's government with dedication and devotion.
	www.lesotho.gov.ls /articles/2005/Motholo%20Ambassador%20Designate%20to%20Libyan%20Arab%20Jamahiriya.html (120 words)

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