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Topic: Jamaican Creole

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Patois

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	CREOLE IN BRITAIN
		Speakers of individual creole languages have a right to use the individual name of their language (for example, "Patois" or "Patwa" is the popular name for what linguists would call Jamaican Creole).
		The English-lexicon Creoles, by which I mean those Creoles which are sometimes considered to be dialects of English, have a special problem, because of the overwhelming power of English as a national and international language.
		Even where Creole is recognised as having a role to play in national life, as it was for a short time in Grenada, the effect of this is often to leave Creole where it always was - playing second fiddle in education and politics to Standard English.
	www.ling.lancs.ac.uk /staff/mark/resource/keynote.htm (2669 words)

	Jamaican Creole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jamaican Creole, also known to foreigners as Patois/(Patwa) or simply Jamaican, is an English/African-based language --not to be confused with Jamaican English nor with the Rastafarian use of English-- used primarily on the island of Jamaica.
		Jamaican is the descendant of a 17th century creolization process which, simply put, consisted of West and Central Africans acquiring and nativizing the vernacular and dialectal British Englishes (including significant exposure to Irish and Scottish varieties), with which their enslavement brought them in contact.
		Mesolectal forms are similar to Basilectal Belizean Creole, and a mutually intelligible variety is found in San Andres Islands, Colombia, brought to the island by descendants of Jamaican maroons in the 18th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jamaican_Creole (1307 words)

	History of Patois (wi dialect) - Jamaica Talk - Jamaican Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Creole refers to a mixed African/European language as well as Europeans born in the West Indies; therefore it is inappropriate to refer to the language of Africans in Jamaica as Creole.
		The similarity of Creole to English has led Creole speakers to be labeled as socially and linguistically inferior, although Jamaica Creole is increasingly showing up in newspapers, once known for their old-fashioned Standard English, on the radio, and in songs (Sebba 1, 1996 and Freed, 1993).
		Creole is similar to English in terms of vocabulary and most speakers are inferior in socioeconomic terms, so it is easy to assume Creole is a poor form of English.
	www.everytingjamaican.com /jamaicatalk/t1797 (1565 words)

	Creoles
		For instance, there is indication that Jamaican Creole has merged with Standard Jamaican English, and that Hawai'ian Creole at its highest level has merged with Hawai'ian English.
		Creole people were held in low esteem by European colonizers and their languages were regarded as rudimentary, unrefined, and even primitive.
		In the past, orthographies for creole languages were mostly developed by missionaries or Western educational groups who applied the orthographic traditions of their own languages to represent the sounds of the creole languages.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/january2005/creoles.html (1544 words)

	Maroon Societies and Creole Languages
		Creoles are not dialects of the various languages from which they took most of their vocabularies--English, Spanish, Portuguese, etc--and the long-standing supposition that they are has caused serious problems in the classroom.
		The Jamaican Maroons also remember their own creole, which is now used only to communicate with ancestral spirits, but which was probably their everyday speech until the early part of this century.
		Jamaican Maroon Creole is extremely conservative in its English component, which comes so close to that of the creoles of Suriname as to suggest strongly an actual historical connection with them.
	www.folklife.si.edu /resources/maroon/educational_guide/37.htm (1469 words)

	Jamaican Patois and the Power of
		Creole refers to a mixed African/European language as well as Europeans born in the West Indies; therefore it is inappropriate to refer to the language of Africans in Jamaica as Creole.
		Jamaican patois continues to be considered an unacceptable official language and an informal language not to be used for any formal purpose.
		Creole is similar to English in terms of vocabulary and most speakers are inferior in socioeconomic terms, so it is easy to assume Creole is a poor form of English.
	debate.uvm.edu /dreadlibrary/herbold.html (4352 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Jamaican (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Born in Boston, Mass., to Jamaican parents of Lebanese and Scottish descent, he was a record producer before entering politics.
		The technical term for an English-based CREOLE or group of creoles in the Commonwealth Caribbean, the Samaná peninsula of the Dominican Republic, the coastal areas of...
		Rastafarian A sect of Jamaican origin believing that African Americans are the chosen people, that the late Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia was God Incarnate, and that he will secure their repatriation to their homeland in Africa.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Jamaican&StartAt=11 (870 words)

	Global Exchange : language
		A Creole is, to put it simply, a language developed over time through the mixing of other languages, which eventually becomes more than, or independent from, the sum of its parts.
		Today Jamaican is spoken throughout the country, as well as in neighborhoods of the Jamaican Diaspora in New York, London, Toronto, etc. It is important to note, however, that English is still the so-called "official" language of Jamaica.
		Jamaican writer and researcher Velma Pollard (see suggested reading)explains in her book Dread Talk, three main categories in which rastas use language as a vehicle for mental and spiritual emancipation.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/americas/jamaica/language.html (1417 words)

	Creole Translations
		Creole is a language spoken by the entire population of Haiti (estimated at seven million people).
		Unfortunately article 5 of the 1987 constitution proclaiming that Creole is the sole language uniting all Haitians and one of the two official languages of the country is not yet seriously implemented in government offices.
		But this is not due to the Creole language itself, but to a long tradition of violation of human and constitutional rights of farmers, workers, ordinary people, women, children, poor people etc...
	www.creoletrans.com /faq.htm (1564 words)

	Jamaican Creole Texts
		Here are collected a few texts of various sorts, at various levels of the Jamaican creole continuum.
		The Harder They Come (an excellent film in terms of displaying Jamaican urban life at the start of the 1970s), and some tapes recorded by other linguists in Jamaica, e.g.
		Shootout in the Barbershop: a danger-of-death narrative set in the political violence of Jamaica's 1980 election year; recorded November 12, 1989, by Peter L. Patrick in a working-class 'yard' in East Kingston.
	privatewww.essex.ac.uk /~patrickp/JCtexts.html (314 words)

	Jamaican English - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jamaican English or Jamaican Standard English is a dialect of English encompassing in a unique way, parts and mergers of both American English and British English dialects.
		Creole is used by most people for everyday, informal situations - it's the language most Jamaicans use at home and are most familiar with (and is closest to their hearts); it's also the language of most local popular music.
		Written Creole appears mostly in literature, especially in folkloristic "dialect poems"; in humoristic newspaper columns; and most recently, on internet chat sites frequented by younger Jamaicans, who seem to have a more positive attitude toward their own language use than their parents.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jamaican_English (1208 words)

	Jumieka Langwij: Kwuot/Jamaican Language: Quotes
		It is a point deliberately missed by a school of thought that would seek to deny to Jamaicans the capacity to exercise their creative imagination and intellect in ways that produce things of value distinctive and different from what was regarded as 'high culture' coming from the imperial metropole.
		The refusal to recognise Jamaican as a tool through which our children may gain information about the world is tragic, not only because it devalues their primary means of accessing information, but also because it fails to appreciate the role of that language in the successful acquisition of their second, English.
		Jamaican language versions of public documents could be prepared, not for direct use by the public but for public officials to read to members of the public with limited understanding of English.
	www.geocities.com /yotaino/wademase.html (3109 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Creole linguists have for more than 3 decades emphasized the contributions of the various contact languages to the Creole, the systematic nature of the code, etc. However, the impact of the work of linguists on public opinion is unclear.
		Morgan (1983) found that positive attitudes of secondary school principals toward Creole usage in schools were positively correlated to that school's mean success rate in the Standard English sections of Common Entrance and CXC exams.
		In 1989, The National Association of Teachers of English in Jamaica stated that "...in linguistic terms the Jamaican Creole is a perfectly autonomous...language system", adopted the position that Jamaicans are bilingual, and called for an end to the denigration of JC in the schools.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /~nagy/nwav/WWWabs/Beckford.html (672 words)

	Review of Peter Patrick's Urban Jamaican Creole
		Patrick addresses several interrelated questions about the creole mesolect which he summarizes in the conclusions of the book as follows: 1) what is ìthe nature of mesolectal grammar?î and 2) what is ìthe sociolinguistic structure of variation in the creole continuum?î (292).
		However, one must also remember that ìcreole continuaî are partly a consequence of the fact that different dialects of their lexifiers came to coexist and presented conflicting models in the colonies.
		He correctly states that mesolectal Jamaican speech is structurally heterogeneous, dissociates the continuum from ìdecreolization,î and argues that a multidimensional characterization of this linguistic situation is preferable to a unidimensional oneóa position he proves well in the chapters where he discusses variables other than ìphonolexicalî KYA (see below).
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/mufw_patrick.html (2058 words)

	Jamaican Creole - Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Jamaican Creole, also known as Patois/(Patwa) or simply Jamaican, is an English/African-based language --not to be confused with Jamaican English nor with the Rastafarian use of English-- used primarily on the island of Jamaica.
		Jamaican Creole is the descendant of a 17th century creolization process which, simply put, consisted of West and Central Africans acquiring and nativizing the vernacular and dialectal British Englishes (including significant exposure to Irish and Scottish varieties), with which their forced labor brought them in contact.
		This is due to the fact that many Jamaican words have their origin in various African languages and the language syntax is mostly derived from the various African languages.
	www.jamaicantips.com /index.php?pg=13 (310 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:jam
		Creole is the dominant language and gaining in prestige.
		Creole is not considered proper for literary purposes.
		Jamaican migrants settled in Limón about the middle of the 19th century, as they also did in Panama, so those varieties are close.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=jam (343 words)

	Patois
		Jamaican, just plain Jamaican or, Creole, is a language that has been until quite recently referred to as "ungrammatical English." (Adams, 199 1, p.
		Creole languages are actually not unique to Jamaica, they are found on every continent although their speakers often do not realize what they are.
		Creoles are languages that usually form as the result of some human upheaval which makes it impossible for people to use their own languages to communicate.
	www.reggaemovement.com /History/patois.htm (3725 words)

	Jamaican Creole Part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		His conclusion showed that Jamaican Creole functions just as well as any other language in the world and that it is equal in creativity and resourcefulness.
		They are both as "efficient" (in their own ways) to use the language and this shows that the two different versions of Jamaican Creole compensate each other, none of the groups has an advantage over the other.
		Jamaican Creole was created when cultures from Africa and Europe met on the Jamaican island.
	www.eng.umu.se /city/Jonas/jamaican2.htm (800 words)

	15 Reasons Why Jamaican "Patois" is a Language! (Jamaica)
		Creole languages are in effect the modern languages of the world; and have evolved and developed with varying degrees of automaticity over the last 400 years.
		The Creole languages of the Caribbean Basin are essentially syntactically more alike than they are different in their underlying or deep structure, despite their surface phonological, morphological, and lexical differences.
		Creole is not the name of a language, but the family name of several distinct languages which include Jamaican, Haitian, Garifuna, Sranan Tongo -- and, yes, Afrikaans (in South Africa) and Yiddish (in Israel and other countries around the world).
	www.jamaicans.com /speakja/patois_language_15points-2.shtml (766 words)

	The Creole Origins of AAVE: Evidence from copula absence
		A creole, in the classical sense of Hall (1966), is a pidgin that has acquired native speakers, usually, the descendants of pidgin speakers who grow up using the pidgin as their first language.
		Although linguists who address the creole issue typically concentrate on one kind of evidence, or at most two, there are at least seven different kinds of evidence which could be brought to bear on the primary question of whether AAVE was once a creole, each of them involving secondary questions of their own.
		By contrast, in three of the creole data sets (Barbadian, 1980s, Jamaican, and plural NPs vs pronouns in LSE), the ordering is reversed, with a nominal subject favoring copula absence more than a pronoun subject; in the case of the LSE and Barbadian 1980s data sets, the margins are substantial (.38,.65).
	www.stanford.edu /~rickford/papers/CreoleOriginsOfAAVE.html (12684 words)

	BBC - Radio4 - Routes of English - Series4 - Caribbean
		There is controversy whether Creole can be linked to a simplified English spoken between sailors and slaves on the ships that brought the Africans to the plantations.
		He believes that English and Creole are of equal importance, although he does admit that he generally thinks in English.
		Creole developed primarily as English words were used by the African slaves.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme4_3.shtml (393 words)

	Jamaican English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The aim of this study is to describe some of the variations of Jamaican English and see to what extent it differs from the Standard West Indian English described by Crystal (1995) and by Roberts (1988).
		This study includes a brief summary of Jamaican history with especial emphasis on the linguistic aspects, a description of West Indies English and of the Jamaican suprasegmental features, and an analysis of an interview with Bob and Rita Marley.
		The only characteristics of Jamaican creole in the interview are those related to morphology and syntax.
	www.tinet.org /~apym/students/jamaica.html (2907 words)

	Is Jamaica Patois a Language ? (Jamaica)
		This new language became known generically as 'Creole' to identify its genesis from multilinguistic sources (involving, as a requirement, three or more languages to contribute to the development of the new language.
		Jamaican educator and linguist Karl Folkes gives 15 points on why Jamaican Patois is a language.
		Jamaican educator and linguist Karl Folkes gives his perspective why the language referred to as "Patois/Patwa" should be officially labeled as "Jamaican Creole", or even better as simply "Jamaican".
	www.jamaicans.com /speakja/patois_language.shtml (852 words)

	The Jamaican 'Language'
		These examples demonstrate that Jamaicans have a language all their own, a language partially based on, but very different from English.
		Jamaican writer and researcher Velma Pollard (see suggested reading)explains in her book Dread Talk, three main categories in which rastas use language as a vehicle for mental and spiritual emancipation.
		Any English speaker confronted with real Jamaican for the first time will know --mostly because he or she has no idea what the Jamaican speaker just said --that this is not English they are dealing with.
	www.alumbo.com /article/15060-The-Jamaican-Language.html (1573 words)

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