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	James Croll - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		James Croll (2 January 1821 – 15 December 1890) was a 19th century Scottish scientist who developed a theory of climate change based on changes in the earth's orbit.
		James Croll was born in 1821 on the farm of Little Whitefield, near Wolfhill in Perthshire, Scotland(NO1733).
		Croll's work was widely discussed, but by the end of the 19th century, his theory was generally disbelieved.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/James_Croll (628 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: James Croll
		James Croll (2 January 1821 – 15 December 1890) was a 19th century Scottish scientist who developed a theory of climate change based on changes in the earth's orbit.
		James Croll was born in 1821 on the farm of Little Whitefield, near Wolfhill in Perthshire, Scotland (NO1733).
		Croll considers astronomical causes to be the most important and effective agents in modifying climate, while Sir Charles Lyell maintains that the distribution of land and water, with their action on each other by influencing marine and aerial currents, are of prepondering importance.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/James-Croll (2006 words)

	James Croll - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		JAMES CROLL (1821-1890), Scottish man of science, was born of a peasant family at Little Whitefield, in the parish of Cargill, in Perthshire, on the 2nd of January 1821.
		The soundness of Croll's astronomical theory regarding the glacial period has since been criticized by E. Culverwell in the Geological Magazine for 1895, and by others; and it is now generally abandoned.
		An Autobiographical Sketch of James Croll, with Memoir of his Life and Work, was prepared by J. Irons, and published in 1896.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /James_Croll (315 words)

	JAMES CROLL (1821-1890) - Online Information article about JAMES CROLL (1821-1890)
		Croll's replies to his opponents are collected in his Climate and Cosmology (1885).
		The soundness of Croll's astronomical theory regarding the glacial.
		James Croll, with Memoir of his See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CRE_DAH/CROLL_JAMES_1821_1890_.html (692 words)

	The Measurement of Geological Time, by Alfred Russel Wallace
		Croll shows that, from the known laws of heat in reference to air and water, winter in aphelion will lead to an accumulation of snow, in the polar regions, which the summer will not be able to melt.
		Croll's reasoning and from the tables of excentricity with which he has furnished us; but, as he very justly argues, we cannot expect to find geological evidence of all these changes of climate.
		Croll's view, that, during a time of great excentricity, there will be in each hemisphere alternately a glacial epoch for about 10,500 years, and a perpetual spring or summer for about an equal period.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/wallace/S159.htm (3730 words)

	James Croll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		James Croll was born in 1821 on the; farm of Little Whitefield, near Wolfhill in Perthshire, Scotland (NO1733).
		Croll's theory predicted multiple ice ages, asynchronous in northern and southern hemispheres, and that the last ice ages should have ended about 80,000 years ago.
		Croll's work was widely discussed, but by the end of the 19th century, his theory was generally disbelieved.
	www.zdnet.co.za /j/a/m/James_Croll_eb2c.html (550 words)

	Glacial Epochs and Warm Polar Climates, by Alfred Russel Wallace
		Croll thinks, that almost the whole of it might be diverted southward, owing to the peculiar form of the east coast of South America, and would go to swell the Brazilian current and ameliorate the climate of the southern hemisphere.
		Croll believes were mainly due to a shifting of the earth's centre of gravity owing to a transfer of the ice-cap from one pole to the other, thereby causing an accumulation of water around the heavier pole.
		Croll, that during the mild periods caused by high eccentricity there would be a great diminution of wind, owing to the much greater uniformity of temperature over wide areas and to the weakness of the trades and anti-trades of the northern hemisphere.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/wallace/S313.htm (10391 words)

	Ockham's Razor - 15 February 2004 - The Ice Age Janitor
		Croll was born in 1821 in a village on the banks of the River Tay, in Scotland.
		James' formal education, such as it was, came to an end when he was 13, and he left school to work on the couple of acres of ground where the family kept the cow; but he became a voracious reader, fascinated by books on philosophy and theology, and soon moving on to science and technology.
		Stubbornly, Croll persevered with the work until his wife became seriously ill, and they had to move to Glasgow where she could be looked after by her sisters (she actually spent more than a year in bed).
	abc.net.au /rn/ockhamsrazor/stories/2004/1043368.htm (2569 words)

	Paleoclimate change- Orbital forcing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		First, Croll argued that while the total amount of insolation received at a given latitude did not vary from year to year, the amount received in a given season for a given latitude could vary significantly from year to year because of changes in the earth's orbit.
		Croll's calculations predicted that the end of the last glacial period occurred some 80,000 years ago and yet reasonable estimates placed the age of two North American waterfalls that had formed after the great ice sheets retreated at 6,000-32,000 years (Niagara on the U.S.-Canada border) and 6,000-10,000 years (the Falls of St. Anthony in Minnesota).
		Croll had argued that winter insolation was the key factor in understanding the ice ages, but Milankovitch thought that summer insolation was more important.
	www.geo.umn.edu /courses/1001/summer2004/notes/13_paleoclimate_change.htm (1452 words)

	James Croll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In James Croll regte sich aber das Interesse an der Wissenschaft.
		Croll bekam Einsitz im Geological Survey of Scotland, dem er von 1867 bis 1881 angehörte.
		Heute sind Croll's Thesen unter dem Begriff Milanković-Zyklen bekannt, die nach einem 1879 geborenen serbischen Wissenschafter benannt sind.
	www.wissens-quiz.de /wissen/bildung/wikipedia/j/ja/james_croll.html (220 words)

	Alexander James Croll, 'K' Force, winner of Korean Gold Cross of Valor, KGCV
		Mr Croll lived the life of a solitary artist in Rivervale after returning from Korea in 1950.
		Mr Croll was born in Scotland and arrived in WA at the age of seven.
		Croll was Australia!s recipient and bequesthed the medal to the Korea and South East Asian Veterans Association, of which he was a founding member.
	www.kmike.com /oz/snow/snow4.htm (502 words)

	[No title]
		He had been compelled by ill-health to withdraw from the public service in 188o; yet, working under the greatest difficulties, and harassed by the inadequacy of his retiring pension, he managed to produce Stellar Evolution, discussing, among other things, the age of the.
		The soundness of Croll's astronomical theory regarding the glacial.period has since been criticized by E. Culverwell in the Geological Magazine for 1895, and by others; and it is now generally abandoned.
		Nevertheless it must be admitted that his character as a scientific worker under great discouragements was nothing less than heroic.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=18417&locale=en (395 words)

	UNBF honours three with emeritus designations -- May 30, 2005 - News@UNB
		James Croll was named professor emeritus in education, Gordon Mason was named professor emeritus in mathematics and statistics, and Douglas Ruthven became professor emeritus in chemical engineering during UNB’s 176th Encaenia celebrations.
		James Croll is known for his contributions to the field of education in New Brunswick.
		Although he retired in 2002, Dr. Croll continues to serve on graduate committees, and teaches courses in the faculty of education and in the faculty of kinesiology, where he is an honorary research associate.
	www.unb.ca /news/view.cgi?id=784 (498 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		James Croll was 19th century Scottish scientist who developed a theory of climate change based on changes in the earths orbit.
		Croll corresponded with Sir Charles Lyell [http:/www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/c/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0321/], on links between ice ages and variations in the earth's orbit.
		Croll's theory predicted multiple ice ages, asynchronous in northern and southern hemispheres, and that the last ice ages should have occurred about 80,000 years ago.
	simple.seowaste.com /james_croll (422 words)

	Brian's Education Blog • James Croll and the ages of ice
		Croll was the first to suggest that cyclical changes in the shape of the Earth's orbit, from elliptical (which is to say, slightly oval) to nearly circular to elliptical again, might explain the onset and retreat of ice ages.
		Thanks almost entirely to Croll's persuasive theory, people in Britain began to become more responsive to the notion that at some former time parts of the Earth had been in the grip of ice.
		When his ingenuity and aptitude were recognized, Croll was given a job at the Geological Survey of Scotland and widely honoured: he was made a fellow of the Royal Society in London and of the New York Academy of Science, and given an honorary degree from the University of St Andrews, among much else.
	www.brianmicklethwait.com /education/archives/001380.htm (491 words)

	Overview of James Croll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Croll corresponded with Sir Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875), sending his ideas of links between ice ages and variations in the earth's orbit.
		This gained Croll a clerical position in the Geological Survey of Scotland (1867-81), where he was encouraged by Archibald Geikie (1835 - 1924).
		Croll was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1876 and awarded an honorary degree by the University of St. Andrews in the same year.
	www.geo.ed.ac.uk:81 /scotgaz/people/famousfirst1577.html (277 words)

	… Ice Age Theories
		He believed that the 26,000 year precession cycle was the cause, and he suggested that it was the direct gravitational attraction of the sun and moon on the ice caps, a result that many scientists at the time correctly rejected as absurd.
		Croll was a carpenter who became disabled from an accident, and was forced to take a menial job as a janitor.
		The insolation theory of Croll was revived in the early 1900s by Milutin Milankovitch, a Serbian originally employed as an engineer, but who had become a professor at the University of Belgrade where he taught physics, mathematics, and astronomy.
	muller.lbl.gov /pages/IceAgeBook/IceAgeTheories.html (3044 words)

	b33 The Milankovitch insolation hypothesis for climatic cycles
		Croll’s hypothesis takes into account the precession of the equinoxes cycle and variations in the shape of Earth’s orbit.
		James Dana’s textbook, Manual of Geology, 1894, summation was that "there is no evidence yet reported that the Glacial periods of the two hemispheres were not essentially simultaneous in their epochs."
		What is missing in Croll’s analysis, insolation theory (developed in the 1940s by Milutin Milankovitch) already had in its prediction of the observed periodicity (but not the magnitude of the temperature variations).
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/b33.htm (2181 words)

	Bambooweb: James Croll
		Born on the farm of Little Whitefield, near Wolfhill (Perth and Kinross), James Croll was largely self-educated.
		Croll corresponded with Sir Charles Lyell, on links between ice ages and variations in the earth's orbit.
		Using formulae for orbital variations developed by Leverrier (whish had lead to the discovery of Neptune), Croll developed a theory of the effects of variations of the earths orbit on climate cycles.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/j/a/James_Croll.html (361 words)

	James Croll - Suchergebnis zu James Croll - Definition zu James Croll - Deutsches Bedeutungswörterbuch - ...
		Seit 1864 korrespondierte er mit Sir Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875) über seine Idee, dass ein Zusammenhang bestünde zwischen dem Auftreten von Eiszeiten und Veränderungen in der Erdumlaufbahn.
		Croll bekam daraufhin eine Anstellung im Geological Survey of Scotland, dem er von 1867 bis 1881 angehörte.
		Croll, James Croll, James Croll, James Kategorie:Geboren 1821 Kategorie:Gestorben 1890 {{Personendaten
	www.bedeutungswoerterbuch.de /James_Croll.html (244 words)

	Theories of the Ice Age
		James Croll proposed that changes in eccentricity of the earth's orbit caused ice ages.
		Flint stated Croll's theory is not confirmed by geologic evidence, since there is no indication of alternation of glacial activity between the hemispheres.
		Croll's theory was modified by Milutin Milankovitch in 1938, so that it avoided some serious objections to the original theory.
	www.sentex.net /~tcc/iceage.html (1359 words)

	EXPLAINING THE ICE AGES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Croll reasoned that little sunlight during winter was crucial for determining ice formation.
		Croll's theory fell out of favor when geological evidence showed that the last glaciation ended about 10.000 years ago, not 80.000 years ago, as his theory would have it.
		Even though Croll's theory was not correct, we are now familiar with the three elements necessary for a successful astronomical theory of the Ice Ages.
	www.vedur.is /~folk/halldor/HB/205Bold/Lecture2.html (845 words)

	MozartForum - View Single Post - Mozart the man - more thoughts
		Croll was the first person to propose that some changes in the accentricity of the earth's orbit caused ice ages.
		However, Croll's work may not be a good example in comparison with Mozart's merit of musical composition as Croll's theory was not fully accepted by the scientific community and has been modified sevaral times to avoid some serious objections to his original theory.
		Furthermore, Croll's astronomical theory was not confirmed by geologic evidence.
	www.mozartforum.com /VB_forum/showpost.php?p=3992&postcount=5 (218 words)

	Croll Family Genealogy Forum
		Ninian McKay CROLL and Sarah Jane GIBNEY of Belfast, Northern Ireland (abt.
		Crolls of Kansas-particularly Neodesha - Joan Acridge 7/12/01
		Re: Crolls of Kansas-particularly Neodesha - Joan Acridge 7/31/01
	genforum.genealogy.com /croll (900 words)

	Burness Genealogy and Family History - Person Page 873
		She was the daughter of Alexander Croll and Margaret Burness.
		Elizabeth Croll was born in 1881 in Marykirk, Kincardineshire, Scotland.
		She was the daughter of Alexander James and Mary Ann Burness.
	www.burness.ca /p873.htm (267 words)

	Croll, James (Nuttall Encyclopædia)
		/ · 1907 Nuttall Encyclopædia of General Knowledge · C · Croll, James
		Croll, James, a geologist, born near Coupar-Angus; contributed materially to geology by his study of the connection between alterations of climate and geological changes1821‒1890.
		The Nuttall Encyclopædia, edited by the Reverend James Wood (1907)
	www.fromoldbooks.org /Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/c/crolljames.html (73 words)

	Tidal correspondents of the nineteenth
		Croll, James (1821-1890), physical geologist, was born Little Whitefield, Perthshire.
		The last subject is discussed at length in ‘Climate and Time,’ Croll maintaining that the low temperature occurred when the eccentricity of the earth's orbit had a high value, but was modified by the precessional movement of the earth's axis.
		Croll's advocacy of this hypothesis, whatever be its ultimate fate, was characterised by patient research and acute reasoning, and will give his name an honourable place in the history of geology.
	www.airmynyorks.co.uk /lbch.htm (3048 words)

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