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Topic: James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician)

	james gregory mathematician
		James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician) (1638â“1675), Scottish mathematician
		The mathematician James Gregory was born at the Manse of Drumoak, Aberdeenshire,
		James Gregory was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer.
	www.imaths.info /james-gregory-mathematician.html (243 words)

	James Gregory
		James Gregory (November 1638 - October 1675), was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer.
		James Gregory, born at Drumoak near Aberdeen in 1638, and died at Edinburgh in October 1675, was successively professor at St.
		Later, Gregory, who was and enthusiastic supporter of Newton, carried on much friendly correspondence with him and incorporated his ideas into his own teaching, ideas which at that time were controversial and considered quite revolutionary.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ja/James_Gregory.html (365 words)

	Significant Scots - James Gregory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		GREGORY, JAMES, whose valuable discoveries served so much to accelerate the progress of the mathematical and physical science in the seventeenth century, was born in 1638, at Drumoak in Aberdeenshire, where his father, the reverend John Gregory, was minister.
		Gregory’s attention was once more drawn to the squaring of curves, by the method of converging series, on account of receiving an instance of the case of the circle in a letter from his friend Collins, who informed him that Newton had discovered a general method for all curves, mechanical and geometrical.
		The son, James, was grandfather of Dr Gregory, author of the "Theoretiem Medicinae," and professor of the theory of medicine in the university of Edinburgh.
	www.electricscotland.com /History/other/gregory_james2.htm (1473 words)

	James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician) Summary
		Gregory was a sickly child, and his mother guided his early education at home; she must have been an unusual woman for the 17th century, because she included geometry among the subjects she taught her son.
		Gregory was born in Drumoak, Scotland, the son of John, a minister, and Janet Anderson Gregory.
		Gregory was away in London at the time, hoping to secure support for his plan to establish the first public observatory in Britain at St. Andrew's; nonetheless, the administration found him a convenient scapegoat for the uprising, and punished him by withholding his salary.
	www.bookrags.com /James_Gregory_(astronomer_and_mathematician) (2023 words)

	Telescope - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Telescopes are the fundamental research instruments that enable astronomers to tackle scientific questions about the birth of the universe (see Big Bang Theory; Cosmology); the emergence of structure in the early universe; the formation and evolution of stars, galaxies, and planetary systems; and the conditions for the emergence of life itself.
		Astronomical telescopes today come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, dictated largely by the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum the telescope is designed to view.
		Astronomers use computers to analyze the blurring created by the atmosphere and compensate for it by rapidly distorting the mirrors in a reflecting telescope.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761557777__1/Telescope.html (3713 words)

	Gregory biography
		James Gregory was born in the Manse of Drumoak.
		The dispute had another unfortunate consequence, namely that Gregory became much less keen to announce the methods by which he made his mathematical discoveries and, as a consequence, it was not until Turnbull examined Gregory's papers in the library in St Andrews in the 1930s that the full brilliance of Gregory's discoveries became known.
		The Tercentenary of the birth of James Gregory
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Gregory.html (2724 words)

	James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		James Gregory (November 1638 – October 1675), was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer.
		Nevertheless Gregory was effectively among the first to speculate about the existence of what are now termed transcendental numbers.
		James Gregory discovered the diffraction grating by passing sunlight through a bird feather and observing the diffraction pattern produced.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/James_Gregory_(astronomer_and_mathematician) (605 words)

	James Gregory, Scottish Mathematician
		Gregory described these clocks in a letter dated 19th July, 1673 from Gregory to John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal at Greenwich.
		Support for the connection between Gregory and the Elizabethian instruments is provided by the fact that the great planispheric astrolabe has a plate which was produced specially for it by John Marke, a London instrument maker of Gregory's period, which enables the astrolabe to be used at a Scottish latitude.
		Gregory was a friend of John Collins, a leading London mathematician, who had studied at Cambridge and kept him abreast of recent discoveries.
	www.visitrannoch.com /james-gregory.htm (418 words)

	Astronomers
		English astronomer and mathematician, was born at Laneast, Cornwall, June 5, 1819.
		Dutch astronomer and proponent of the relativity theory, was born at Sneek, the Netherlands, on May 6, 1872.
		In 1916 and 1917, de Sitter presented three papers to the Royal Astronomical Society (London), giving a complete exposition of the mathematical theory of relativity and details of its astronomical consequences, with an attempt to calculate the radius of the universe from observation of the mean density of matter.
	members.tripod.com /~worldsite/astronomy/astronom.html (15807 words)

	Astronomers-Zoom Astronomy Glossary
		D'ARREST, H.L. Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (1822-1875) was a Danish astronomer and the co-discoverer of Neptune (in 1846), with Galle.
		James Gregory (1638-1675), a Scottish mathematician, invented the first reflecting telescope in 1663.
		Sir William Herschel (1738-1822) was a British astronomer and organist who built an improved reflecting telescope and used it to discover the planet Uranus (March 13, 1781) and moons of Uranus and of Saturn.
	www.allaboutspace.com /subjects/astronomy/glossary/Astronomers.shtml (6026 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		The English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton constructed the first reflecting telescope in 1668, but viewing was difficult in this type of telescope because the eyepiece and the head of the observer cut off a large portion of the incident rays.
		Gregory removed this difficulty in his design by interposing a second concave mirror, which reflected the rays to the eyepiece.
		In England, telescopes were mounted by having the polar axis supported at each end, but the German system, in which the mounting is in the center and the weight of the telescope is balanced by counterpoises, is not generally used for large refractors, and a modified form is employed for reflectors.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/telescope.html (1180 words)

	The Major World -Telescopes
		In advanced astronomical work, the human eye plays little role-the image is reflected to a location where it can be analyzed by photographic cameras or electronic detectors.
		Because of the difficulties caused by spherical aberration, astronomical telescopes had to be of considerable focal length-some of them up to 200 ft (61 m).
		In this type of telescope the light reflected by the concave mirror must somehow be brought to a convenient viewing position to the side of the instrument or below it-otherwise the eyepiece and the head of the observer cut off a large portion of the incident rays.
	library.thinkquest.org /C001124/gather/stelescopes.html (1632 words)

	Portal de matematica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		James was given Euclid 's Elements to study and he found this quite an easy task.
		Gregory shows how to transform an integral by a change of variable and introduces the x x - 0(x) idea which is the basis of Newton 's fluxions.
		Collins sent Barrow 's book to Gregory and, within a month of receiving it, Gregory was extending the ideas in it and sending Collins results of major importance.
	www.learn-math.info /historyDetail.do?id=Gregory (2543 words)

	pi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The following is attributed to the English mathematician John Wallis in 1655.
		This one by the Scottish mathematician and astronomer James Gregory in 1671
		And this one by the Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler.
	astronomy.swin.edu.au /~pbourke/other/pi (237 words)

	Flash Movie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Astronomers use a modified version of this principle.
		To find the distance to a planet or other astronomical object, instead of measuring the base angles A and B which is what a surveyor would do, you measure the vertex angle, P. For the transit of Venus, observers on the Earth at A and B will be separated by thousands of miles.
		In 1663, Rev. James Gregory who was an astronomer and mathematician considered, suggested that a more accurate measurement of the Earth-Sun distance could be made.
	sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov /sunearthday/2004/vt_edu2004_venus_back_math.htm (583 words)

	ESA - Space Science - 6 November
		1638: On 6 November 1638, Scottish mathematician, astronomer and inventor of the reflecting telescope, James Gregory was born in Aberdeen.
		Gregory was the first to investigate converging number series, which have an infinite number of terms but a finite sum.
		Gregory also introduced estimation of stellar distances by photometric methods.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMEG11A90E_index_0.html (218 words)

	Electricity 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This catadioptric telescope, which is characterized by an azimuth mounting and by an unusual design, is based on the principle of functioning invented in 1663 by the Scottish mathematician and astronomer James Gregory (1638-1675).
		This was the first telescope to combine lenses and mirrors and it inspired Newton in the creation of his famous telescope.
		The rays are then reflected from the secondary mirror to the eyepiece which is fitted with a screw in the hole of the primary mirror.
	www.uniurb.it /PhysLab/strumenti/o2.html (754 words)

	Evolution of the Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope by John F. Gills, Ph.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In 1663 a Scottish mathematician named James Gregory designed the first reflecting telescope, envisioning a small secondary mirror that reflected light through a hole drilled in the main mirror.
		The main differences between Cassegrain's design and that of Gregory was that Cassegrain used a convex secondary mirror and moved it inside the focal point of the main mirror.
		This was in 1930 when an Estonian astronomer, lens and mirror maker, Bernard Schmidt, developed a lens called a 'corrector plate' that would compensate for the Cassegrain's optical distortion - specifically it corrected for spherical aberration.
	www.weasner.com /etx/guests/mak/MAKSTO.HTM (414 words)

	German Astronomer Ssel \| Astronomer Tycho Brahe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It took a huge amount of resources and effort to compile this information on hipparchus astronomer and sift out the best sites so we could point you in the right direction.
		The web grows and expands so what is the definition for the word astronomer successful e-commerce merchants better understand the value of the Internet The biggest benefit that the web astronomer stepladder traders have over street front stores german astronomer ssel dealer is that capital cost of doing business will always be considerably lower.
		Our what does it take to become an astronomer web presence is pretty new so we have not yet managed to provide lots of data, but what we have done so far is researched the very best cassini astronomer sites on the net.
	clye.info /german-astronomer-ssel.htm (241 words)

	Scottish Blog - James Gregory
		Firstly educated by his mother, James Gregory soon went to Aberdeen to join grammar school and subsequently Marischal College.
		For those with an interest in the field, James Gregory propositioned the use of infinite convergent series for the areas of such shapes.
		James Gregory also created the first proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and some groundbreaking work on the Taylor Series.
	scottish-heirloom.com /scottish-blog/index.php/2006/07/14/james_gregory (420 words)

	Rock Cycle - Dictionary
		(1738-1822) was a British astronomer and organist who built an improved reflecting telescope and used it to discover the planet Uranus (March 13, 1781) and moons of Uranus and of Saturn.
		Newton, Sir Isaac (1642 - 1727) was an English mathematician and physicist who invented calculus (simultaneously, but independently of Leibniz), formulated the laws of gravitation and mechanics, investigated the nature of light (he discovered that sunlight is made of light of different colors).
		(1900-1992) was a Dutch astronomer who calculated the distance to the middle of the Milky Way galaxy, mapped our galaxy, proved that the areas around the center of a galaxy revolves, and proposed the existence of the Oort Cloud in the 1950's.
	www.msnucleus.org /membership/html/jh/earth/dictionary/spacedict.html (4774 words)

	M408D Jeopardy
		In honor of this Irish mathematician, the bold letter H is often used in mathematics to represent the quaternions.
		This Greek mathematician and Philosopher of the fifth century B.C.E. posed four problems that came to be famous paradoxes bearing his name.
		This French mathematician is credited with the idea of realizing the slope of a curve as the limit of slopes of secant lines.
	math.la.asu.edu /~oehrtman/jeopardy/QA.html (991 words)

	Gregory (print-only)
		In London Gregory also met Robert Moray, president of the Royal Society, and Moray attempted to arrange a meeting between Gregory and Huygens in Paris.
		Also during his time in London in the summer of 1668 Gregory attended meetings of the Royal Society and he was elected a fellow of the Society on 11 June of that year.
		We have already mentioned that Robert Moray was a member of the Royal Society with whom Gregory was friendly.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Printonly/Gregory.html (2571 words)

	Optics 3
		Variations of the Newtonian reflector in which the light was reflected back through a hole in the primary mirror were invented by James Gregory in 1663 and by Cassegrain in 1672.
		A lens design which resolved the problem of chromatic aberration for refractor telescope was discovered in 1733 by Hall but kept secret until it was uncovered and used commercially in 1759 by John Dolland and his son.
		It uses a spherical mirror, not a paraboidal reflector, and employs a correcting plate at the telescope aperture to compensate for spherical aberration, thus it is a combination reflector-refractor system.
	www.ee.umd.edu /~taylor/optics3.htm (999 words)

	Chasing Venus: Observing the Transits of Venus 1631-2004
		In 1676 the English astronomer Halley traveled to the remote South Atlantic island of St. Helena for one year to observe stars in the southern skies that were not visible in England.
		These astronomical tables allowed astronomers to compute the positions of the planets, and Kepler used them to predict the 1631 transit of Venus.
		They purchased astronomical instruments with money from the Pennsylvania governor and provincial assembly, and published their observations in the first volume of their Societyâs journal.
	www.sil.si.edu /exhibitions/chasing-venus/cf/venus_allBooks.cfm (4246 words)

	Mathematical Symbols
		This symbol for pi was used by the early English mathematicians William Oughtred (1574 -1660), Isaac Barrow (1630-1677), and David Gregory (1661-1701) to designate the circumference, or periphery, of a circle.
		David Gregory used pi in an expression to represent the ratio of the circumference to the radius in 1697.
		David Gregory, nephew of Scottish mathematician James Gregory (1638-1675), used this symbol on the left for the ratio of circumference to radius in 1697.
	www.roma.unisa.edu.au /07305/symbols.htm (5941 words)

	Zoom Astronomy Glossary: R
		The first reflecting telescope was first described by James Gregory in 1663.
		Sojuner rover was the first robotic explorer to explore Mars; this 25-pound, six-wheeled microrover explored an ancient Martian flood plain (Ares Vallis) in 1997.
		The Royal Greenwich Observatory is athe national astronomical observatory of England.
	www.allaboutspace.com /subjects/astronomy/glossary/indexr.shtml (2336 words)

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