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Topic: James III of England

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	James Francis Edward Stuart - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prince James Francis Edward Stuart or Stewart (June 10, 1688 – January 1, 1766) was a claimant of the thrones of Scotland and England (September 16, 1701 – January 1, 1766) and is commonly referred to as The Old Pretender.
		On his father's death in 1701, he was declared King, with the title of James III of England and VIII of Scotland and recognised as such by France; Spain; the Papal States and Modena.
		James died in Rome on January 1, 1766, and is buried in St.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/James_III_of_England (708 words)

	James II of England - British Royalty
		James II of England and VII of Scotland (14 October 1633—16 September 1701) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685.
		James II was the last monarch of Scotland to use the title King of Scots, which had been in use since the first monarch of a united Scotland, Kenneth I of Scotland in 843; his successors, Mary II, William III and Anne I used the style "of Scotland" rather than "of Scots".
		James, the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St. James's Palace in 1633 and created Duke of York in 1644.
	www.webasyst.net /wbs/QP/html/scripts/book.php?DB_KEY=V0VCQVNZU1Q=&BookID=britishroyalty&PageID=james2 (624 words)

	William III (of England, Scotland, and Ireland) - MSN Encarta
		William III (of England, Scotland, and Ireland), called William of Orange (1650-1702), King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1702), and stadtholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702), who helped form the Grand Alliance and led England in its so-called Glorious Revolution.
		Born on November 14, 1650, in The Hague, Holland, William was the posthumous son of William II, prince of Orange and stadtholder of the Netherlands, and Mary, eldest daughter of the English King Charles I.
		As a result of William's superior diplomacy, however, which also included the strengthening of ties with England by his marriage (1677) to the English princess Mary (eldest daughter of his uncle, James, Duke of York, later King James II), Louis XIV agreed to terminate the war on terms favourable to the Dutch.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572363/William_III_(of_England_Scotland_and_Ireland).html (541 words)

	James III
		James III was born in 1451 and so was a child of 9 years when he came to the throne.
		James married Margaret of Denmark in 1469, whose father was the King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
		James was interested in many things, trade, currency, ships and artillery, music and building, and could have brought about a new age within Scotland but he was lacking one basic thing, and that was any element of force in his personality.
	www.sos.net /~scotlass/jamesiii.htm (856 words)

	Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
		James II was born in 1633, the third son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria.
		James was deposed in 1688, and died from a cerebral hemorrhage in 1701.
		James stood in dark contrast to his predecessor, Charles: James, although valiant in battle until his later years, lacked his brother's good nature, and remained a staunch adherent to the Roman Catholic faith.
	www.britannia.com /history/monarchs/mon50.html (525 words)

	Royalty.nu - Royal History - King James VI and I
		James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots and her second husband, Lord Darnley.
		James I: The Masque of Monarchy by James Travers.
		King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom by W.B. Patterson focuses on the king's peace-making and diplomacy in Europe.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/England/Stuart/JamesI.html (1219 words)

	History of SCOTLAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		For England, engaged in lengthy wars with the French (who are sympathetic to the exiled Stuart dynasty), it is attractive to remove the danger of any threat from the country's only land border.
		James is the older of two pretenders because the Jacobite cause remains a passionate theme in British history long enough to support another.
		James first embarks from France to lead an uprising in Scotland in 1708, but he is prevented from landing in the Firth of Forth by the arrival of a British fleet.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2900 (1986 words)

	English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - James Francis Edward Stuart. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		James Francis Edward grew to maturity in France, at the opulent Baroque Chateau of St.Germaine-en-Laye, which had been presented to the ex-King James by his cousin and benefactor Louis XIV of France.
		On the death of James II in September, 1701, Louis XIV officially recognised his son as James III of England and VIII of Scotland.
		James' marriage to Clementina Sobieski, to the delight of the Jacobites, was to produce two sons, Charles Edward Stuart, better known to history as Bonnie Prince Charlie, born in 1720 and Henry Benedict Stuart, born in March, 1725.
	www.englishmonarchs.co.uk /stuart_10.htm (1424 words)

	Wikinfo \| William III of England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		James was reported to be Catholic, and his wife certainly was.
		Throughout the reign of William and Mary, and of Queen Anne, the presence of James II on the continent cast doubts and sowed dissent.
		James II (known later as "The Old Pretender" in contrast to his son, Charles (or "Bonny Prince Charlie")) attempted to exploit this dissent.
	wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=William_III_of_England (1071 words)

	Wikinfo \| James II of England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		James II of England (James VII of Scotland), James Stuart, (October 14, 1633 - September 16, 1701), was a King of England, Scotland and Ireland.
		In 1688 William landed in England (at Torquay) with a large Dutch army, the English army deserted to his side, and James was left with no supporters.On December 11, 1688 he was forced to flee Britain, an event that effectively ended his reign there.
		James was responsible for the last major redevelopments at the Palace of Whitehall prior to its destruction by fire.
	wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=James_II_of_England (1207 words)

	GO BRITANNIA! Scotland: Great Scots of Note
		James, King of Scots from 1406 to 1437, was the son of the poor disabled cripple Robert III, who had left the governing of his country to his brother, the Duke of Albany.
		James II acceded to the throne at the age of six, and it seemed as if most of his father's restoration of a strong, central authority was lost during the struggles of various Scottish nobles to assert their own authority over the new king.
		England was ruled by the ambitious and ruthless Henry VIII (James's father-in-law), who had entered into an alliance against France with the Pope, the King of Spain and the Doge of Venice.
	www.britannia.com /celtic/scotland/greatscots/ij1.html (3592 words)

	English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - James II. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		James' younger daughter Anne left him accompanied by Sarah Churchill and escorted by the Bishop of London.
		James deteriorated both mentally and physically after his flight from England and was now only a pale shadow of his former self, he looked weary and aged.
		Louis XIV officially recognised James' son as King James III of England and VIII of Scotland after his death.
	www.englishmonarchs.co.uk /stuart_5.htm (795 words)

	Stuart, James Francis Edward - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		STUART, JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD [Stuart, James Francis Edward] 1688-1766, claimant to the British throne, son of James II and Mary of Modena ; called the Old Pretender.
		His restoration to the British throne was the object of numerous plots and rebellions by the Jacobites.
		After an abortive invasion of Scotland in 1708, James served in the French army at the battles of Oudenarde and Malplaquet, but in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) Louis XIV was obliged to recognize the succession of the house of Hanover to the English throne, and James was forced to leave France.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/StuartJFE.asp (425 words)

	History: The Jacobite Rebellion.
		In March 1713, France and England signed the Treaty of Utrecht, a codicil of which forbid the French from continuing to harbor James Stuart III (James VIII in Scotland), the current leader of the Jacobite cause and a claimant for the throne of England.
		The Battle of the Boyne was a turning point in the Williamite war in Ireland between the deposed King James II of England and VII of Scotland and his son-in-law and successor, William, for the English, Scottish and Irish thrones.
		James was a seasoned general who had proven his bravery when fighting for his brother — King Charles II — in Europe, notably at the battle of the Dunes in 1658.
	www.canadiancontent.net /forums/post-165544.html (5499 words)

	James III and VIII
		He was baptised according to the rites of the Catholic Church in the Chapel Royal, St. James' Palace, October 15, 1688; his godparents were the Queen Dowager (Catherine of Braganza, widow of King Charles II) and Pope Innocent XI (for whom the papal nuncio Ferdinando d'Adda stood as proxy).
		James continued to reside in France until 1713 when, in response to the Congress of Utrecht he moved to Bar-le-Duc, at that time in the independent Duchy of Lorraine.
		James died in the Palazzo Muti (now Palazzo Balestra) in Rome, January 1, 1766, when he was succeeded in all his British rights by his elder son Charles.
	www.jacobite.ca /kings/james3.htm (723 words)

	History of the Monarchy > The Stuarts > James II
		Born in 1633 and named after his grandfather James I, James II grew up in exile after the Civil War (he served in the armies of Louis XIV) and, after his brother's restoration, commanded the Royal Navy from 1660 to 1673.
		James attempted to promote the Roman Catholic cause by dismissing judges and Lord Lieutenants who refused to support the withdrawal of laws penalising religious dissidents, appointing Catholics to important academic posts, and to senior military and political positions.
		In 1687 James issued the Declaration of Indulgence aiming at religious toleration; seven bishops who asked James to reconsider were charged with seditious libel, but later acquitted to popular Anglican acclaim.
	www.royal.gov.uk /output/Page97.asp (505 words)

	William III (of England) - MSN Encarta
		William III (of England), called William of Orange (1650-1702), king of England (1689-1702), and stadtholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702), who helped form the Grand Alliance and led England in its so-called Glorious Revolution.
		As a result of William’s superior diplomacy, however, which also included the strengthening of ties with England by his marriage (1677) to the English princess Mary (eldest daughter of his uncle, James, duke of York, later King James II), Louis XIV agreed to terminate the war on terms favorable to the Dutch.
		In 1690 William led the army that defeated James and his Irish partisans at the Battle of the Boyne (see Boyne, Battle of the).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572363/William_III_(of_England).html (553 words)

	William III of England - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		William III of England or William III of Orange, the son of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary Stuart, was born in The Hague.
		England joined the League of Augsburg, which then became known as the "Grand Alliance." Whilst William was away fighting, his wife, Mary II, governed the realm for him, but acted on his advice.
		The Scottish Jacobites— those who believed that James II was the legitimate monarch — won a stunning victory on 27 July 1689 at the Battle of Killiecrankie, but were nevertheless subdued within a month.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/William_III_of_Orange (3819 words)

	The Stuart Restoration - Part 1
		The aged James Stuart sets foot in England for the first time in well over fifty years, and is hailed as "King James" as he makes his way to London.
		James Stuart is crowned in Westminster Abbey as King James III of England and James VIII of Scotland.
		France, the ally of Spain yet friends with England, is reluctant to fight the English, and spares few of its forces for the American theater of the war, though it gives financial help to Spain.
	www.tateville.com /althistory/Stuart-1.html (1589 words)

	BookRags: James, III Biography
		James III (1451-1488) was king of Scotland from 1460 to 1488.
		James III came to the throne suddenly in 1460, when his father, James II, was killed by the back-firing of a siege gun.
		His eldest son, who was the nominal head of the rebels, succeeded him on the throne as James IV and in his reign did much to reverse the unfortunate characteristics which had marred that of his father.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/james-iii (472 words)

	History of the Monarchy > The Stuarts > James I
		James I, son of Mary, Queen of Scots (and descended from Henry VII's daughter Margaret), had been King of Scotland for 36 years when he became King of England.
		James himself was fairly tolerant in terms of religious faith, but the Gunpowder Plot (an attempt by Guy Fawkes and other Roman Catholic conspirators to blow up the Houses of Parliament) in 1605 resulted in the reimposition of strict penalties on Roman Catholics.
		As an arts patron, James employed the architect Inigo Jones to build the present Banqueting House in Whitehall, and drama in particular flourished at his court.
	www.royal.gov.uk /output/Page75.asp (336 words)

	Royalty.nu - King George III and Regency England
		George III was far from being the intellectual mediocrity of legend.
		Medicine in England During the Reign of George III by Arnold Chaplin.
		The Architect King: George III and the Culture of the Enlightenment by David Watkin.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/England/Hanover/GeorgeIII.html (1678 words)

	New England Historic Genealogical Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Pope Paul III was the founder, through an illegitimate son, of the ducal house of Parma, which reigned there from 1545 to 1731; its eventual heiress, Elisabetta Farnese, married Philip V, King of Spain, and was also an ancestress of numerous later Catholic sovereigns.
		Thus Pope Paul III, known for his nepotism, is a contributing figure to Anglicanism, the Renaissance, the Counter-Reformation, and the Jesuits.
		James Kinloch of South Carolina, son of a Scottish baronet and also descended from an illegitimate son of James V of Scots, was an ancestor of Kinlochs, Hugers, and Middletons among the “rice planters” of Charleston, and of Nelsons of Virginia.
	www.newenglandancestors.org /education/articles/NEXUS/nexus_9_5_3.asp?print=1 (3716 words)

	King George III of England
		George III, king of England during the American Revolution, was the longest reigning of male British monarchs.
		After 1801 George III was increasingly incapacitated by an illness, sometimes identified as porphyria, that caused blindness and senility.
		George III was bitterly criticized by Whig historians of his own and later days.
	www.americanrevwar.homestead.com /files/GEORGE.HTM (509 words)

	History and Biography of James Francis Edward
		Birth of James Francis Edward, eldest son of James II of England
		Louis XIV recognizes James Frances Edward as James III of England & VIII of Scotland
		James Edward is forced to return to France
	www.badley.info /history/James-Francis-Edward-Scotland.biog.html (180 words)

	FIFTEENTH GENERATION
		James Francis Edward STUART was born in 1688 in England (aka James the Old Pretender).
		Maria Clementina SOBIESKI Princess was born in 1702 in Poland - - grdtr King of Poland.
		HENRY BENEDICT Cardinal STUART Duke of York was born in 1725 in England (Cardinal York) - son of James III.
	home.att.net /~hamiltonclan/hamilton/gilbert/d6010.htm (103 words)

	A Jacobite Gazetteer - Rome - Palazzo Balestra
		This palace was part of the complex provided in 1719 by Pope Clement XI to King James III and VIII as his Roman residence.
		One of the adjoining palaces is the Muti-Papazurri palace which fronts on Piazza della Pilotta and now houses the Pontificio Istituto Biblico; it was in fact this palace which was the centre of the Stuart court.
		Here Queen Clementina gave birth to her sons: King Charles III December 31, 1720, and King Henry IX and I March 21, 1725.
	jacobite.ca /gazetteer/Rome/PalazzoBalestra.htm (842 words)

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