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	Lind J (1753). Biography
		James Lind: bicentenary of the publication of the first edition of his treatise on scurvy.
		James Lind's discovery of the causes of scurvy.
		James Lind (1716-94) of Edinburgh and the treatment of scurvy.
	www.jameslindlibrary.org /trial_records/17th_18th_Century/lind/lind_biog.php (898 words)

	James Lind Biography \| scit_0412_package.xml
		James Lind is associated with the elimination of scurvy, proving through an early clinical trial that citrus fruits were immediately effective in curing the symptoms of this disease, whereas other common remedies were not.
		James Lind was born in 1716 in Edinburgh, Scotland.
		Lind received training in both Latin and Greek as a youth and was apprenticed to a local physician at age 15.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/james-lind-scit-0412 (602 words)

	LIND, JAMES. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Considered the founder of naval hygiene in England, Lind observed on a ten-week cruise (1746) that 80 seamen of 350 came down with scurvy.
		In his Treatise of the Scurvy (1753) he emphasized the preventive effect of ingesting fresh fruit or lemon juice, thus reviving a practice of Dutch and English seafarers of the 16th cent.
		Lind also improved sanitary conditions aboard ships of the line, advocated the distilling of seawater for drinking purposes on long journeys, and, through his writings on tropical diseases, helped prevent much unnecessary loss of life during British campaigns.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/li/Lind-Jam.html (123 words)

	James Lind Biography \| World of Health
		James Lind, an English physician, proved through his experimentation that citrus fruits like oranges and limes could prevent scurvy, a deadly disease caused by a vitamin C deficiency.
		Lind was born on October 4, 1716, in Edinburgh, Scotland, to Margaret (Smelum) and James Lind, a prosperous merchant.
		In 1758, Lind was appointed the chief physician of the Royal Naval Hospital at Gosport in the south of England.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/james-lind-woh (578 words)

	BBC - History - James Lind (1716 - 1794)
		Lind demonstrated that the burnt taste quickly disappeared on exposure to air, dispensing the need for any additives to the distillation process.
		In 1763, Lind published Two Papers on Fevers and Infections that covered the medical history of the Seven Years War, describing typhus fever in ships and recommending the smoke of wood and gunpowder for disinfecting on board.
		Although the importance of Lind's findings on scurvy were recognised soon after the publication of A Treatise on Scurvy, it was not until more than 40 years later that an official Admiralty order was issued on the supply of lemon juice to ships.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/lind_james.shtml (678 words)

	Lind, James Information on Healthline
		James Lind (1716-1794) was an Edinburgh Scot, apprenticed to a surgeon at the age of fifteen, who entered the Royal Navy as a ship's surgeon at age twenty-three, serving for nine years.
		Lind is remembered mainly for his work on scurvy, the vitamin C deficiency disease.
		Lind wrote several works on naval hygiene, including an Essay on the Most Effectual Means of Preserving the Health of Seamen in the Royal Navy (1757); his best known work is A Treatise of the Scurvy (1753).
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/lind-james (402 words)

	Special Collections Digital Library - Journeys of Discovery
		James Lind wrote in his Treatise of the Scurvy: "On the 20th of May, 1747, I took twelve patients in the scurvy on board the Salisbury at sea.
		James Lind was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, the son of a merchant.
		At age 15 he was apprenticed to a physician and in 1739 passed the examination for surgeon's mate in the Royal Navy.
	www.mc.vanderbilt.edu /biolib/hc/journeys/book9.html (164 words)

	The James Lind Alliance - Mailing List Application
		A brief statement of background and reasons for interest in the James* Lind Alliance
		The information you provide will only be used to provide you with information on the work of the James Lind Alliance or other relevant information.
		Patricia Atkinson, Administrator, James Lind Alliance, Secretariat, James Lind Initiative, Summertown Pavilion, Middle Way, Oxford OX2 7LG.
	www.lindalliance.org /Affiliate_application_online.asp (255 words)

	lind
		There were two famous Scots physicians called James Lind in the eighteenth century, one of whom was twenty years younger than the other.
		The elder James Lind, who is the one commemorated on the frieze, was born in Edinburgh and apprenticed to a surgeon there.
		Lind recommended prevention by including fresh fruit and vegetables in the diet of seafarers and insisted that there should be an issue of fresh lime juice when these were unobtainable - thereby earning all British seamen the nickname of 'Limeys'.
	www.lshtm.ac.uk /library/archives/lind.html (373 words)

	Sportscience History Makers - Lind
		Lind sailed on the HMS Salisbury in 1747.
		Lind's landmark emphasis on the crucial importance of dietary supplements antedates modern practices.
		Lind's work defeated scurvy from the treatment regimen he discovered, but fifty years had to pass and many more lives lost before the British Admiralty required fresh citrus fruit on all ships.
	www.sportsci.org /news/history/lind/lind_sp.html (962 words)

	Lind, James - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		LIND, JAMES [Lind, James] 1716-94, English naval surgeon.
		James Lind joins Kingston Communications, Scotland and Ireland.
		James, Blazek team for shutout: LEXINGTON SCORES ON THREE HITS, HELPED BY LAKE COUNTY ERRORS.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-lind-jam.html (296 words)

	James lind - definition from Biology-Online.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Lind became physician to the Haslar Naval hospital near Portsmouth where he had 300 to 1,000 cases of scurvy under his care at all times (for 25 years).
		He published three important texts: Treatise of the scurvy (1753), An essay on the most effectual means of Preserving the health of Seamen in the royal Navy (1757), and An essay on the diseases incidental to Europeans in hot Climates.
		james lind, the British naval surgeon, is spoken of as the father of Nautical medicine largely because of his accomplishment in preventing scurvy in the British navy by using limes.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/James_lind (294 words)

	James Lind, Scottish Naval Surgeon
		Born and trained in Edinburgh, James Lind entered the British Navy as a surgeon's mate in 1739.
		So that thus the acid, the virtues of 12 dozens of lemons or oranges, may be put into a quart bottle, and preserved for several years.
		Lind published two books: An Essay on Preserving the Health of Seamen in the Royal Navy (1757); Essay on Diseases Incidental to Europeans in Hot Climates (1768).
	www.visitrannoch.com /james-lind.htm (872 words)

	James F. Lind - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		James Francis Lind (October 17, 1900–April 11, 1975) was a Democrat member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
		James F. Lind was born in York, PA.
		Lind was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-first and Eighty-second Congresses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/James_F._Lind (224 words)

	COMMENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		James Lind was born in Edinburgh in 1716 - the son of a merchant.
		The effect of the Admiralty Order was substantial; almost immediately scurvy disappeared from the Fleets and Naval hospitals, and the numbers of sick sailors sent to the hospitals was halved.
		Odette Lind is the coordinator of this surname resource center.
	www.lind.org.zw /GEN/james_lind.htm (371 words)

	News Release: EVMS Appoints James F. Lind Jr. Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs
		Lind has held a number of administrative positions at EVMS since joining the medical school 19 years ago.
		Lind earned a bachelor of science degree at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, a bachelor's in education at the same university and a master's in business administration at Old Dominion University.
		He became assistant dean for alumni affairs in 1985 and was named director of administration in the department of family and community medicine the same year.
	www.evms.edu /about/news/02-15-02.html (416 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Lind,
		Lind, James LIND, JAMES [Lind, James] 1716-94, English naval surgeon.
		Lind, Jenny LIND, JENNY [Lind, Jenny] 1820-87, Swedish soprano.
		Interview: Robert Lind discusses his vigilante bumper sticker campaign against sport utility vehicles
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Lind, (666 words)

	First International Clinical trials day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		May 20 was the date in 1747 when James Lind started comparing six treatments for scurvy, in what is recognised to be the first known example of a clinical trial.
		Lind divided them into six groups of two patients each: two patients were given cider, two elixir vitriol, two vinegar, two sea water, two a concoction of spices, garlic, and mustard seeds, and two oranges and lemons.
		Although understanding the efficacy of oranges and lemons in scurvy had to wait until the discovery of vitamins, James Lind had established the foundations of evidence-based medicine, now a cornerstone of health services.
	www.medilexicon.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=24879 (447 words)

	The James Lind Alliance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The James Lind Alliance (JLA) has been convened jointly by INVOLVE (formerly Consumers in NHS Research), The Royal Society of Medicine, and The James Lind Library.
		The James Lind Alliance has been established to bring patients and clinicians together in 'Working Partnerships' to identify and prioritise the most important unanswered questions.
		The James Lind Alliance is formed from a gradually increasing number of partnerships between organisations representing patients and organisations representing clinicians, working together to confront important uncertainties about the effects of treatments.
	www.roysocmed.ac.uk /academ/jameslind.htm (272 words)

	James Lind's Treatise of the Scurvy (1753) -- Bartholomew 78 (925): 695 -- Postgraduate Medical Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Lind is revered as the first doctor to conduct systematic clinical
		Lind conceived of scurvy not as a disease of dietary deficiency,
		Lind goes on to apply this theory to outbreaks of scurvy at
	pmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/78/925/695 (1786 words)

	BBC News \| SCOTLAND \| Scot's monster role played up
		Dr James Lind's scientific work was hugely admired by Percy Shelley, whose wife Mary wrote the story at the age of 18 during the summer of 1816.
		Mr Goulding said that without the influence of Lind, the novel would have been "very different and possibly wouldn't have had quite as much of an impact as it did".
		Lind, who was born in Edinburgh in 1736 and died at the age of 76, was a widower living in semi-retirement at Windsor, near Eton, and was a mentor to Eton schoolboys.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/scotland/1959374.stm (540 words)

	James Gurevich (1988 - 2005) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This memorial website was created in the memory of our loved one, James Gurevich who was born in Simi Valley, California, on June 19, 1988 and passed away on November 24, 2005 at the age of 17.
		James was not alone and passed with his 2 cousins, Dave and Joseph.
		James was born on Father's Day and what a day that was.
	james-gurevich.memory-of.com /About.aspx (877 words)

	ASU-Ask A Biologist - Why Are English Sailors Called Limeys?
		Lind wants to discover what is causing you so much pain that you can't work.
		Lind hypothesized that something was missing from the diet of all the sailors who were sick.
		James Lind discovered, the Royal Navy made sure that all sailors had lemon juice to drink when they were at sea for longer than one month.
	askabiologist.asu.edu /research/scurvy (806 words)

	CJ Online \| Obituaries - Northeast Kansas \| Fred Lind 10/07/00
		Lind operated heavy equipment most his life, and he later worked for the Pottawatomie County Road and Bridge Department from 1985 to 1999.
		Lind was a member of Hoisting and Portable Engineers Local No. 101.
		Other survivors include three sons, James A. Lind, West Chicago, Ill., and Richard E. Lind and Rollin C. Lind, both of Wamego; a brother, Robert R. Lind, Hutchinson; two grandchildren; three stepgrandchildren; and nine stepgreat-grandchildren.
	www.cjonline.com /stories/100700/obn_lind.shtml (227 words)

	The James Lind Alliance - tackling treatment uncertainties together.
		The James Lind Alliance has been established to bring patients and clinicians together in 'Working Partnerships' to identify and prioritise the unanswered questions that they agree are most important.
		The Database of Uncertainties about the Effects of Treatments (DUETs) has been established to identify and publish those patients' and clincians' questions about the effects of treatments which cannot be answered by referring to up-to-date systematic reviews of existing research evidence.
		The James Lind Alliance is a non-profit making initiative, being developed under the direction of a broadly-based Strategy and Development Group.
	www.lindalliance.org (225 words)

	Vitamin C Molecule
		Lind wrote up his work and published it in
		Lind's work was slow to be noticed, partly because he gave conflicting evidence within the book and partly because of social inertia in some elements at the British admiralty who saw care for the well being of ships' crew as a sign of weakness.
		James Cook relied on sauerkraut to prevent the disease on his voyages of exploration.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /antioxidants/vitaminc.htm (1289 words)

	Documenting the evolution of fair tests
		The James Lind Library has been created to help people understand fair tests of treatments in health care by illustrating how fair tests have developed over the centuries.
		The James Lind Library is dedicated to patients and professionals who have contributed evidence about the effects of treatments in health care.
		The James Lind Alliance is promoting partnerships between patients and professionals to identify important continuing uncertainties about treatment effects.
	www.jameslindlibrary.org (109 words)

	2nd Lt. James F. Lind—Bombardier
		2nd Lt. James F. Lind was the Bombardier on my uncles plane when it was shoot down on 25 June 1944.
		James F. Lind is the officer standing on the far right of the second row in the crew picure.
		James F. Lind graduated from the Demings, NM bombardier class 43-13 on 11 Sept 1943.
	www.missingaircrew.com /crew/lind (327 words)

	James Lind joins Kingston Communications Scotland and Ireland
		James Lind, formerly sales director for Nortel Networks in Scotland, has joined Kingston Communications as Director for Scotland and Northern Ireland from Nortel Networks.
		Glasgow born Lind joins Kingston from Nortel Networks, where he increased Scottish sales almost tenfold inside a four year period, winning some landmark business in the Scottish market-place.
		Prior to Nortel, he was with Cisco Systems where he grew the business in the Education sector, having started his career at Xerox.
	www.emediawire.com /releases/2004/9/emw162173.htm (536 words)

	AllRefer.com - James Lind (Medicine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - James Lind (Medicine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
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		More articles from AllRefer Reference on James Lind
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/Lind-Jam.html (233 words)

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