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	Kanawha Canal@Everything2.com
		The James River and Kanawha Canal was a canal built in Virginia to link the western reaches of the James River with the eastern portion of the Kanawha River.
		The canal was to be used for the transport of freight and passengers.
		On the Rappahannock grew Fredericksburg, on the Potomac was Alexandria, on the James was Richmond, and on the Appomattox was Petersburg.
	everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=1862604 (988 words)

	Batteau Festival
		The James River Tobacco bateau was a unique vessel, designed primarily for the transportation of tobacco on the upland reaches of the James River in eighteenth and nineteenth century Virginia.
		Between the development of the James River bateau in the late eighteenth century and the completion of the main line of the James River and Kanawha Canal in 1840, the bateau was the main freight carrier on most of the navigable upland Virginia rivers.
		As members of the Virginia Canal and Navigation Society and other local historians realized that important historical resources were in danger of being destroyed, they quickly attempted to negotiate with CSX Corporation and the contractors to obtain permission to maintain a watch in the excavation pit as the earthmovers turned the dirt.
	www.batteaufestival.com /river/tobacco2.asp (3194 words)

	10. The Canal to the West
		For months in 1983, the water gates were clamped shut, holding back the river to expose several miles of an earthen ditch, remnant of a dream called the James River and Kanawha Canal.
		By 1840, the canal, at a safe remove from most of the river and now accommodating the mule-pulled packet boats, had been completed to Lynchburg, and in 1851 all 197 miles of canal (with 37 miles of slackwater river) were completed to Buchanan.
		The canal, forty to fifty feet wide and five feet deep, had proved to be a massive venture, requiring 90 locks lifting 728 feet, 23 feeder dams, 12 aqueducts, 198 culverts, and 135 bridges.
	www.vcu.edu /engweb/Rivertime/chp10.htm (2477 words)

	James Center Currents - History
		Situated on the falls of the James, the area of the James Center was associated with the early canal of the James River Company (which was established at the prompting of George Washington) and the later James River and Kanawha Canal systems, providing a series of canal locks to enable barges to bypass the rapids.
		The Canal and Basin were the transportation focus of the city, and clustered near the edge of these features were tobacco warehouses, flour mills and iron works.
		The James Center streetscape is where the developer's commitment to building on the history of the city and the site in the context of a modern downtown really show through.
	www.thejamescenter.com /history.html (719 words)

	Historic Richmond Foundation \| Historic Areas: The Canal
		The canal was originally constructed to bypass the James River rapids.
		In 1835, the James River and Kanawha Canal Company was formed with the plan to connect the James River to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
		The power of the river was harnessed for grist mills, and Richmond became a major flour producer.
	www.historicrichmond.com /canal.html (324 words)

	Sherpa Guides \| Virginia \| Mountains \| River Valleys \| The James River
		The James is not only one of the longest rivers in America lying completely within the borders of a single state, but its drainage base takes in nearly one-fourth of Virginia's total land mass.
		Eventually there would be 23 low-level wing dams to divert river water into the canal system, a total of 98 locks to lift and lower boats at rapids and falls, 12 stone aqueducts, and 199 stone culverts to handle creeks and rivers flowing into the James.
		The canal that snaked alongside the James River and into the mountains was Virginia's largest public works project at the time and one of the most ambitious undertakings in the country.
	www.sherpaguides.com /virginia/mountains/long_trails_valleys/james_river.html (1391 words)

	Canal was carved with slave labor / Waterway's construction was a demanding task
		Eventually the canal boom, which sparked an outpouring of capital and man-power from New York to New Orleans through the mid-1800s, was humbled by a newer form of technology: railroads.
		According to a history of the James River and Kanawha Co. published in 1922 by Wayland Fuller Dunaway of Columbia University, the economics of leasing slaves for canal work shows how strong the inducement was for slave owners.
		Gibson said his research has not shown whether canal workers on the James River were housed in tents or shanty housing, although he said George Washington preferred tents.
	www.vcu.edu /engweb/Rivertime/canal0926.htm (1291 words)

	Canals
		James River Canal is enlarged to permit the passage of freight boats.
		River (in Pennsylvania) with the Ohio and Erie Canal at Bolivar, Ohio.
		Seneca and Clyde rivers to Cayuga Lake (Cayuga Canal); the Cayuga Canal to
	home.eznet.net /~dminor/Canals.html (7512 words)

	Canals of Virginia
		The upstream residents of the James River valley, and especially the citizens of Richmond, would be the primary beneficiaries of a canal around the falls at Richmond.
		The main rivalry in Virginia was between the Potomac River and the James River watersheds.
		In New York, the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River valley with the Great Lakes in 1825, and by 1840 New York was the preeminent state in population and economic power.
	www.virginiaplaces.org /transportation/canals.html (1504 words)

	Getting Started Up the James
		Governor Spottswood had proposed connecting the James and Ohio Rivers way back in 1716, but that was long before the colony could realistically finance or construct such a project.
		There he studied the foundry business as well as canal construction, since his original business proposition was to use the canal's waterpower for industrial operations as well as for transportation.
		The leaders in the colony knew that a canal at Richmond would be insufficient to open the James, and an initiative in 1774 had proposed removing obstructions in Buckingham County at Seven Islands, near the mouth of the Hardware River.
	www.virginiaplaces.org /transportation/canalsjames.html (1021 words)

	Venture Richmond - River District Canal Cruises
		Join Richmond Canal Cruises for an informative 40-minute historically narrated tour or private charter of the James River and Kanawha Canal along Richmond’s Historic Canal Walk in one of our covered boats, which accommodates up to 38 passengers and departs on the hour from the Turning Basin, between 14th and Dock streets on Virginia Street.
		Richmond’s canal system first started in 1789 after George Washington lobbied the General Assembly to proceed with his vision of a canal and turnpike system that would connect the harbors of the east to the trade and market opportunities west, all the way to the Rocky Mountains.
		By linking the James River with the Kanawha River in western Virginia, which in turn flowed into Ohio, he hoped to improve transportation and trade with the west.
	www.venturerichmond.com /experiences/canalcruises.html (1451 words)

	World Canals 1840=1849 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Richmond-to-Lynchburg section of Virginia's James River and Kanawha Canal is inaugurated by the William Henry Harrison.
		The Alexandria Canal, running between Georgetown, District of Columbia, and Rosslyn, Virginia, is completed with the construction of a 1000-foot aqueduct across the Potomac River.
		The canal is to be used only to supply water power to local mills.
	www.home.eznet.net /~dminor/Canal1840.html (1439 words)

	World Canals 1840=1849
		The Richmond-to-Lynchburg section of Virginia's James River and Kanawha Canal is inaugurated by the William Henry Harrison.
		The Alexandria Canal, running between Georgetown, District of Columbia, and Rosslyn, Virginia, is completed with the construction of a 1000-foot aqueduct across the Potomac River.
		The canal is to be used only to supply water power to local mills.
	home.eznet.net /~dminor/Canal1840.html (1439 words)

	Virginia Museum of Fine Arts: Edward Beyer: James River Canal Near the Mouth of the North River
		James River Canal Near the Mouth of the North River
		In the foreground a canal boat being towed by two mules is approaching lock 18 which will lower the boat into the James River to be towed from shore around the point at the center of the scene, across the North River and then, through lock 17 back into the canal to continue to Lynchburg.
		Unfortunately for the canal and it's investors the railroads spreading throughout the state would doom the canals to oblivion.
	www.vmfa.state.va.us /beyer/canal.html (442 words)

	Bellows Falls--Canal Historic Marker
		The James River Canal is claimed as the "first canal system in the nation" on the City of Richmond, Virginia website and the "first operating canal system with locks in the U.S." by the James River Batteau Festival (in 2002).
		It was also known as the James River and Kanawha Canal, with the hope of connecting to the Kanawha River on the west side of the Alleghenies and then to the Ohio River.
		It was the first navigation canal perhaps in the sense that it created a new navigation route (as opposed to the Mohawk's "neck diged through", which was a shortcut on an already-navigable route).
	www.sover.net /~daxtell/bf/bfcanal2.html (1406 words)

	Parkway in Virginia
		Although originally planned to provide a navigable waterway from Great Falls at Richmond to the Ohio River, the James River and Kanawha Canal was destined to extend no further west than Buchanan.
		But civil war, floods, and railroads spelled disaster for the canal, causing it to fail within the next thirty years.
		The James River/Otter Creek recreation area has a campground, restaurant, picnic area, and fishing in Otter Lake.
	www.nps.gov /blri/vamap.htm (885 words)

	Town of Scottsville, Virginia :: Tourism
		Canal Basin Square is a recently-completed outdoor transportation history park.
		Exhibits explain river and canal travel in the 18th and 19th centuries and how different means of transportation affected Scottsville.
		Canal Basin Square adjoins the original site of Scottsville's canal basin on the James River and Kanawha Canal, and the park is also a Virginia Civil War Trails Site.
	www.scottsville.org /tourism.htm (408 words)

	Inventory of the James River and Kanawha Company 1834-1868 James River and Kanawha Company; 1746-1880. Mss. 2002.5
		The James River and Kanawha CompanyThe creation of Virginia's canal system was begun in 1746, spurred on by the support of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.
		To achieve this, existing rivers were widened, dams were created to control water levels, bridges and aqueducts were erected, and a lock system established.
		The state intended to further improve the Kanawha River and to connect the existing canal to the western part of the country, via the Ohio River.
	swem.wm.edu /ead/display.cfm?file=viw00092.xml (1050 words)

	Guide to Historic Central Virginia \| Richmond
		The Canal Walk stretches a mile and a quarter from the Tredegar Iron Works and Belle Isle east along the Haxall Canal to a point on Dock Street just north of the James River and Kanawha Canal.
		Near the Slip, the Tidewater Connection Locks of the James River and Kanawha Canal are located at the south end of 12th Street near Byrd Street.
		Originally situated on the James River east of Richmond, Wilton was moved in 1934 to its present location.
	www.cvco.org /tourism/histrich/richmond.html (3102 words)

	JAMES RIVER PARK HISTORY
		Raw sewage and industrial waste dumped into the river, there were few fish and public access was prohibited due to the many health hazards.
		The river bottom is sand and the water is flat.
		This complex includes the first operatingl canal system in the United States - opened in 1789, as well as a beautiful stone building that looks like a church on the outside, a castle on the inside and has a public ballroom on the second floor.
	www.jamesriverpark.org /history.htm (798 words)

	Welcome to the Department of Parks and Recreation
		James River Park offers opportunities for canoeing, kayaking, jogging, swimming, hiking, rock-climbing, fishing, boating, sunning, bird -watching, and nature study, many within a few blocks of the City’s downtown residential, business and financial district.
		The James River's main channel is the longest in Virginia, stretching 340 from its headwaters at the junction of the Jackson and Cowpasture rivers in Botetourt County.
		The James River watershed is 10,099 square miles, 25 percent of the total area in Virginia.
	www.ci.richmond.va.us /departments/parks/james.aspx (1228 words)

	Transportation
		Although the canal remained in operation until 1881, the poorly-kept roads leading to Scottsville hampered wagon traffic that carried freight for the canal.
		As it teetered on the brink of financial failure, the James River and Kanawha Company deeded the canal to the Richmond and Allegheny Railroad in 1880, which began building their track on the old canal towpath.
		Comments: The James River Division of the Chesapeake and Ohio, built in 1881, was of great importance to Scottsville as it hauled freight, passengers, and the daily mail to town.
	scottsvillemuseum.com /transportation/home.html (1591 words)

	Canals - UrbanPlanet.org
		The James River and Kanawha Canal, which was George Washington's idea to connect the James River with the Kanawha River in then western Virginia.
		The James River and Kanawha Canal was eclipsed by the railroads and was eventually bought by one.
		During the 1980s plans were made to rebuild the Kanawha Canal (as we call it for short), from the Richmond Dock to a link with the Haxall Millrace (named after its creator), which would then be connected to the original bed to the west.
	www.urbanplanet.org /forums/index.php?showtopic=31099&&view=findpost&&p=574042 (1011 words)

	WebRoots Library U.S. History
		Arrived in Lynchburg, the effect of the canal was soon seen in the array of freight boats, the activity and bustle at the packet landing.
		And now the canal, after a fair and costly trial, is to give place to the rail, and I, in common with the great body of Virginians, am heartily glad of it.
		It is this: If the James river does not behave better hereafter than it has done of late, the railroad will have to be suspended in mid-heaven by means of a series of stationary balloons; travelling then may be a little wabbly, but at all events, it won't be wet.
	www.webroots.org /library/usahist/cr000000.html (4744 words)

	River District : Richmond, Virginia
		The re-built James River and Kanawha Canal âCanal Walkâ allows visitors easy access to the only metropolitan whitewater river in the country.
		Buildings in the River District date from the 1700âs to 2007, designed by such architects as Thomas Jefferson, John Russell Pope, Minoru Yamasaki, and Robert Stern.
		The Canal Walk has generated new retail and office opportunities along the James River, as well as further encouraged the emergence of apartment and condominium units in the River District.
	www.richmondriverdistrict.com /main.cfm?action=history (289 words)

	Daguerreotype of Charles Ellet, Jr.
		This portrait is a daguerreotype made about 1846, one of 27 in a set entitled "James River and Kanawha Company Directors and Employees." The sitter is the American engineer Charles Ellet, Jr.
		He first came to Virginia in 1834 as an engineer on the James River and Kanawha Canal and served as chief engineer from 1836 to 1839, in charge of building the canal from Lynchburg to Tye River.
		His 1850–51 studies of flood control in the Mississippi River Valley called for a comprehensive approach of reservoirs, floodplains, and levees, a view that did not become accepted practice until a century later.
	www.vahistorical.org /charlesellet.htm (706 words)

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