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	ESA - Science - Home - JWST overview
		JWST is the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, and it will be almost three times the size of Hubble.
		The sharpness of images from both Hubble and JWST is due to the absence of any atmosphere between the astronomical objects and the telescope.
		JWST is a partnership between ESA, NASA, and the Canadian Space Agency.
	www.esa.int /export/esaSC/120370_index_0_m.html (654 words)

	SPACE.com -- James Webb Space Telescope: Diving Deep into the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In putting JWST to work, scientists hope to shed light on such intriguing questions as dark matter - that mysterious, non-luminous matter, whose existence is suggested because of the effects of its gravity on the rotation rate of galaxies and the presence of clusters of galaxies.
		JWST is also outfitted with a huge shield that blocks the light from the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
		Space agency chief, Sean O'Keefe, however, quickly gave the observatory an "all in the family" moniker - the James Webb Space Telescope.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/webb_ngst_030108.html (1530 words)

	James Webb Space Telescope -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a planned orbital (The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum; electromagnetic wave frequencies below the visible range) infrared observatory, intended (in part) to replace the aging (Click link for more info and facts about Hubble Space Telescope) Hubble Space Telescope.
		Formerly called the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), it was renamed after (An independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight) NASA's second administrator, (Click link for more info and facts about James E. Webb) James E. Webb, in 2002.
		The JWST's primary mission is to examine the infrared remnants of the ((cosmology) the cosmic explosion that is hypothesized to have marked the origin of the universe) big bang, and thus to make observations of an earlier state of the universe than is possible today.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/J/Ja/James_Webb_Space_Telescope.htm (538 words)

	James Webb Space Telescope Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a planned orbital infrared observatory, intended (in part) to replace the aging Hubble Space Telescope.
		The JWST's primary mission is to examine the infrared remnants of the big bang, and thus to make observations of an earlier state of the universe than is possible today.
		Funding difficulties caused partly by the increased cost of JWST and of other NASA missions such as for Mars exploration and potential servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope mean that the JWST mission is likely to be reduced in scope.
	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/James_Webb_Space_Telescope (679 words)

	James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Plans for a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) follow-on mission - The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) - were motivated by continued interest in the formation of stars and galaxies in the early history of our universe.
		The individual mirror segments are phased in space using computer-controlled actuators that can adjust the position and shape of the mirrors to give the telescope a high quality, sharp image.
		Because JWST is an infra-red telescope, the mirrors and actuators must function at temperatures as low as –400 degrees Fahrenheit (33 K).
	www.ballaerospace.com /jwst.html (291 words)

	Hubble vs. Webb: How Far Will They See?
		But the James E. Webb space telescope, currently under construction, and scheduled to be launched in 2011, will be able to see even further and catch phenomena which happened 13.5 billion light-years ago.
		The astronomers think the Webb telescope might even be able to see up to 13.7 billion light-years ago, when our universe was just 200 or 300 million years old.
		Space telescopes act like time machines because the objects they look at are so far away that the light has taken billions of years just to get to the telescope, even though that light has been traveling at the speed of, well, light.
	radio.weblogs.com /0105910/2004/05/19.html (681 words)

	How Do Stars & Planetary Systems Form and Evolve? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Hubble Space Telescope finds stars being born in the constellation of Orion,and Eagle nebula (figure 1) but they are hidden inside dusty cocoons.
		The JWST spectrum of a galaxy at a high redshift shows the mix of hot young stars and cool older stars as they were at an early time.
		The JWST can observe evidence of the formation of planetary systems (some of which may be similar to our own Solar system) by mapping the light from the clouds of dust grains orbiting stars.
	ngst.gsfc.nasa.gov /science/Starsandplanets.html (975 words)

	SPACE.com -- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Tests Mirror James Webb Space Telescope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) will look back to an extremely important period in the early history of the universe -- a time when the first stars and galaxies began to form -- and a point in cosmological history that could be called the Dark Age.
		The Webb Telescope -- named for the NASA administrator during the Apollo lunar exploration program -- is managed by Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, with Northrop Grumman Space Technology as the lead contractor.
		To stay cold, the telescope has to be sent some 940,000 miles from the Earth -- four times farther away than the moon is. Astronauts can't travel that far into space, so NASA will have limited ability to correct problems with the mirrors once the telescope is in orbit, Stahl said.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/jwst_mirror_030715.html (1248 words)

	NASA Announces Selection of Prime Contractor for James Webb Space Telescope (formerly NGST). (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		While Webb is best known for leading Apollo and a series of lunar exploration programs that landed the first humans on the Moon, he also initiated a vigorous space science program, responsible for more than 75 launches during his tenure, including America's first interplanetary explorers.
		The James Webb Space Telescope will be able to look deeper into the universe than Hubble because of the increased light-collecting power of its larger mirror and the extraordinary sensitivity of its instruments to infrared light.
		The telescope's infrared capabilities are required to help astronomers understand how galaxies first emerged out of the darkness that followed the rapid expansion and cooling of the universe just a few hundred million years after the big bang.
	ngst.gsfc.nasa.gov /PrimeAnn.html (715 words)

	ITT Industries - Welcome to Space Systems Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, the JWST is slated for launch in 2011 and will take three months to travel 940,000 miles to a point in space where it will be balanced between the gravity of the Earth and the sun.
		The JWST is a large, infrared-optimized telescope designed to study the formation of the first stars and galaxies, the evolution of galaxies, the production of elements by stars, and the process of star and planet formation.
		JWST will have a much larger primary mirror than Hubble - 2.5 times larger in diameter, or about six times larger in area - and will be 1,000 times more sensitive in the infrared than Hubble.
	ssd.itt.com /heritage/jwst.shtml (364 words)

	NASA - The James Webb Space Telescope Model
		NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center is managing the JWST project, and the Space Telescope Science Institute is responsible for JWST science and mission operations, as well as ground station development.
		The James Webb Space Telescope, previously called the Next Generation Space Telescope, was renamed in late 2002 in honor of the famed NASA administrator from the Apollo era.
		JWST is an extremely important program; it will build on the discoveries of earlier space telescopes and open doors to new understanding of the Universe.
	www.nasa.gov /lb/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/jwst_model.html (888 words)

	Proposed Orbit for JWST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		JWST will observe primarily the infrared light from faint and very distant objects.
		To avoid swamping the very faint astronomical signals with radiation from the telescope, the telescope and its instruments must be very cold.
		Therefore, JWST has a large shield that blocks the light from the Sun, Earth, and Moon, which otherwise would heat up the telescope, and interfere with the observations.
	www.jwst.nasa.gov /project/text/orbits.html (418 words)

	Space Today Online - Deep Space Astronomy -- James Webb Space Telescope
		The James Webb Space Telescope — formerly known as NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope — is named for the space agency's second administrator, remembered for his leadership of lunar exploration programs and the the Apollo missions that landed the first humans on the Moon.
		The Webb telescope's primary mirror will be at least 20 feet in diameter, providing much more light gathering capability than the Hubble's eight-foot primary mirror.
		The Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope project for NASA's Office of Space Science in Washington, D.C. The European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency are involved in the Webb telescope project along with several industry, academic and U.S. government partners.
	www.spacetoday.org /DeepSpace/Telescopes/WebbTelescope/JamesWebbSpaceTelescope.html (578 words)

	A New Type of Mirror, A New Type of Telescope, part 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The mirror segment is cooled down to the temperature JWST will expericence in deep space, -220° Celsius (-430° F) and the shape of the mirror surface is checked again, using a laser and interferometer like before.
		Once the telescope is built and the scientific instruments are added, the completed observatory will go through another round of testing to make sure that the JWST is ready to survive the heat, vibration and shock of riding into space on a rocket and the cold and vacuum of outer space.
		Once the JWST team agrees that the James Webb Space Telescope is fully operational and ready to go, the mirror and the rest of the observatory will take one more trip.
	www.jwst.nasa.gov /Telescope/mirrortale/part3 (796 words)

	AWST STORY
		It was popularly regarded as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope.
		The JWST is an international partnership between NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.
		Since the telescope's optics are exposed (Hubble's are in a tube), the only way to control their thermal environment is with a sunshield to ward off solar radiation.
	www.aviationnow.com /avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news/07073top.xml (2301 words)

	James Webb Space Telescope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		James Webb Space Telescope This image shows the James Webb Space Telescope (formerly known as the Next Generation Space Telescope) as it will be built by Northrop Grumman Space Technology (formerly TRW) for NASA, ESA, and CSA.
		JWST development is led by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
		Download the report to NASA recommending addition or optimization of the James Webb Space Telescope capabilities to maximize astrobiology science return.
	www.stsci.edu /jwst (383 words)

	The Hunt for Exoplanets - James Webb Space Telescope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Webb initiated a vigorous space science program, responsible for more than 75 launches during his tenure, including those of the Apollo program.
		The JWST will be launched in 2010 and will travel for three months before reaching its orbit.
		Among its busy workload of observations, JWST will hunt for young solar systems and may be able to photograph Jupiter-sized planets around other suns.
	museumofscience.org /cst/article/4830/7.html (153 words)

	james webb space telescope Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		James Webb Space Telescope This image shows the James Webb Space Telescope (formerly known as the Next Generation Space Telescope) as it will be
		Credit: Northrop Grumman Space Technology The James Webb Space Telescope is a large, infrared-optimized space telescope scheduled for launch in August, 2011.
		Plans for a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) follow-on mission - The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) - were motivated by continued interest in the formation of stars and galaxies in the early...
	www.telescopes-directory.com /james-webb-space-telescope.html (268 words)

	TRW Selected as Prime Contractor To Build NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		TRW artist's concept of the James Webb Space Telescope shows the spacecraft's primary mirror populated, with 36 semi-rigid hexagonal segments, and its deployable, multi-layer sun-shield.
		James Webb Space Telescope will peer into the infrared at great distances to see the first stars and galaxies formed in the universe billions of years ago.
		The James Webb Space Telescope program is led by NASA Goddard for NASA Headquarters Office of Space Science and consists of an international team involving NASA, the European Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, industry and academia.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/09-10-2002/0001797780&EDATE= (416 words)

	The James Webb Space Telescope
		The James Webb Space Telescope is a large, infrared-optimized space telescope scheduled for launch no earlier than June 2013.
		JWST is designed to study the earliest galaxies and some of the first stars formed after the Big Bang.
		JWST's instruments will be designed to work primarily in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum, with some capability in the visible range.
	www.jwst.nasa.gov (242 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Mirror for James Webb Space Telescope approved
		NASA today announced a major milestone in the development of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the selection of a beryllium-based mirror technology for the telescope's 6.5-meter primary mirror.
		The JWST prime contractor, Northrop Grumman, Redondo Beach, Calif., recommended to NASA the mirror technology, supplied by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation, Boulder, Colo., be selected for the JWST primary mirror.
		The telescope will be 2.5 times the diameter, yet weigh only one-third as much, as the mirror on the Hubble Space Telescope.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0309/10jwstmirror (763 words)

	ESA Portal - European agreement on James Webb Space Telescope’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) signed
		The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), is a partnership between ESA, NASA and the Canadian Space Agency.
		Formerly known as the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), it is due to be launched in August 2011, and it is considered the successor of the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.
		MIRI (Mid-Infrared Camera-Spectrograph) is essential for the study of the old and distant stellar population; regions of obscured star formation; hydrogen emission from previously unthinkable distances; the physics of protostars; and the sizes of ‘Kuiper belt’ objects and faint comets.
	www.esa.int /export/esaCP/SEMYWW2VQUD_index_0.html (684 words)

	James Web Space Telescope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The James Webb Space Telescope NASA's next-generation successor to the Hubble Space Telescope,is named in honor of the man who led NASA in the early days of the fledgling aerospace agency...
		The James Webb Space Telescope is a large, infrared-optimized space telescope...
		James Webb Space Telescope [Space Telescope Science Institute site] A key part of the NASA Origins Program, is designed to be the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope.
	www.webspace-finder.info /web-space/james-web-space-telescope.html (460 words)

	JWST Science Goals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Simply put, a goal of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is to observe the first stars and galaxies in the Universe.
		Such objects have their radiation greatly redshifted when observed in the current epoch, meaning that observations are best performed in the infrared portion of the spectrum.
		The JWST will be capable of detecting radiation whose wavelength lies in the range 0.6 to 28 microns (and be optimized for the 1 to 5 micron region).
	www.ngst.nasa.gov /science/ScienceGoals.htm (581 words)

	The James Webb Space Telescope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A short introduction to the JWST observatory and its goals is given in the JWST Primer.
		The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) is responsible for the Science and Operations Center (S&OC) for the JWST (in a similar fashion as for HST) and as such plays an important role in the development of the JWST.
		Once the JWST is in orbit, the STScI will be responsible for Planning and Scheduling (selecting proposals and making sure that the observations are scheduled safely and efficiently), Flight Operations (operating the telescope and taking care of emergencies), and Data Release (calibration pipeline, data archive).
	www.stsci.edu:8082 /jwst/overview (286 words)

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