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	Jan Czochralski - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jan Czochralski (pronounced cho-HRAL-skee) (October 23, 1885 - April 22, 1953) was a Polish chemist who discovered the Czochralski process, which is used to grow single crystals and is used in the production of semiconductor wafers.
		He discovered the Czochralski method in 1916, when he accidentally dipped his pen into a crucible of molten tin rather than his inkwell.
		The experiments of Czochralski produced single crystals that were a millimeter in diameter and up to 150 centimeters long.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jan_Czochralski (370 words)

	Jan Czochralski -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Czochralski was born in Kcynia, (A republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 started World War II) Poland.
		He discovered the Czochralski method in 1916, when he accidentally dipped his pen into a crucible of molten tin rather than his (A small well holding writing ink into which a pen can be dipped) inkwell.
		The experiments of Czochralski produced single crystals that were a (A metric unit of length equal to one thousandth of a meter) millimeter in diameter and up to 150 (A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a meter) centimeters long.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/ja/jan_czochralski.htm (383 words)

	[No title]
		Jan Czochralski belonged to a generation actively participating in the exciting progress of science and technology at the beginning of the 20th century.
		Jan Czochralski was born on 23 October 1885 in Kcynia in the Paluki region which was then under the Prussian domination.
		Jan Czochralski took about ten years of research of source materials and numerous interviews and would not have been completed without the enormous assistance of many persons, offices, archives and museums in Poland and abroad.
	www.ptwk.org.pl /eng/patron.html (2783 words)

	Insulating-containing ring-shaped heat shields and support members for Czochralski pullers - Patent 6409833 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A Czochralski puller according to claim 1 wherein the inner and outer heat shield walls are vertical inner and outer heat shield walls and wherein the heat shield housing roof is an oblique heat shield housing roof.
		Czochralski pullers according to the present invention may include an enclosure, a crucible in the enclosure that holds a silicon melt, a seed holder in the enclosure adjacent the crucible and a heater in the enclosure surrounding the crucible.
		Czochralski pullers also include means for pulling the seed holder away from the crucible, to thereby pull a monocrystalline silicon ingot from the silicon melt.
	www.freepatentsonline.com:9003 /6409833.html (5292 words)

	J. Czochralski Golden Medal Information Center - Biography
		In 1917 Jan Czochralski organized the well-equipped research laboratory of Metallbank und Metallurgische Gesellschaft syndicate in Frankfurt am Main and he was its director, till 1928.
		Professor Jan Czochralski carried out his scientific research, which concerned a wide range of subjects (light alloys, metal corrosion and inclusions, diagrams of recrystallization, anisotropy of mechanical properties of monocrystals, X-ray methods in metal sciences).
		The Czochralski method of pulling crystals and of the melts still up-to-date and belongs today to the simplest and commonly used crystal growth methods in the semiconductor industry.
	riad.usk.pk.edu.pl /~rciach/en/cgm/biography.htm (462 words)

	Czochralski's contribution: 50 years on (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It should be noted that Jan Czochralski invented his method during his stay and work in Berlin for the AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft) company (Fig.
		The mature Jan Czochralski (professor), second from left, in a Warsaw University of Technology lab in the nineteen thirties (courtesy of Z. ochralska); Polish State President, I. Mo´scicki - first from right.
		Czochralski died in 1953 at the age of 68, up until the end of his life being constantly watched by the Polish secret police, following some denunciations by a few people, unfortunately those coming also from the circle of his university colleagues.
	www.europhysicsnews.com /full/25/article10/article10.html (989 words)

	ITME
		Professor Jan Czochralski was born on October 23, 1885, in Kcynia, a small town situated in the central part of Poland in a triangle between Poznan-Gdansk-Warsaw.
		Czochralski completed his secondary school near Kcynia and from his earliest years he liked chemistry experiments up to dangerous explosions.
		During his stay in Germany, Czochralski wrote several papers, patents and books and was a member of several scientific societies.
	www.itme.edu.pl /czochralski.htm (533 words)

	Jan Czochralski
		"Czochralski grown crystals" are a cornerstone of modern material science, and J. ochralski will be remembered for his insights leading to this method.
		But like many scientists, he was also interested in literature, music and painting and not afraid of branching out, as witnessed by his activities after the war.
		Jan Czochralski Gold Medal for achievements in materials science.
	www.tf.uni-kiel.de /matwis/amat/elmat_en/kap_6/advanced/t6_1_4.html (503 words)

	Polen.nu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although an application for this method was found only in the 1950s, today's electronics would be impossible without it, which would mean there would be none of the equipment we have all come to rely on in our daily lives which requires silicon chips-such as televisions, computers, telephones, robots, microwave ovens and quartz watches.
		Czochralski discovered great and small things-even today, the liquid used for "hot" permanent waves at the hairdresser's is based on his recipe.
		In 1664, Jan Heweliusz was inducted the Royal Society in London, the most important scientific institution in Europe at the time, as a recognition of his accomplishments, which had made him famous throughout Europe.
	www.polen.nu /nauka-en.html (6000 words)

	Jan Chryzostom Pasek - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Jan Chryzostom Pasek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Jan Chryzostom Pasek (1636-1701) was a nobleman (szlachcic) and writer in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		He relates the tales of the 17th-century Swedish and Muscovite wars, the catastrophic last years of the reign of King John II Casimir (1648-68), the incompetent rule of King Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki (1669-73), and he concludes his narrative with the splendid reign of King Jan III Sobieski (1674-96).
		In the first part of the diary (1656 - 66), Pasek depicts the military life, showing soldiers primary motivations, like curiosity, desire of fame and loot, and disregard for deep religious messages.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Jan-Chryzostom-Pasek.html (410 words)

	Czochralski, - Czochralski Silicon - a radiation hard material? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		andnbspJan Czochralski was born on 23 October 1885 in Kcynia, which was then under the Prussian He was eihght child of Franciszek and Marta Czochralski.
		Although the advantages of Czochralski silicon had been known for some Radiation hardness of Czochralski silicon studied by 10 MeV and 20 MeV protons.
		Germanium in Czochralski Silicon Deren Yang and Jiahe Chen
	love-in-it.com /l/czochralski.html (117 words)

	Technology Education \| History of Solar Energy Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Jan Czochralski discovers a way to grow single crystal silicon by accident but with careful observation.
		Later that evening, instead of dipping his pen in the inkpot, he dipped it in the crucible and withdrew it quickly observing a thin thread of solidified metal hanging at the tip of the pen.
		His method was forgotten for years until 1950 when an increasing demand for semiconductor electronic materials forced Bell Labs to apply the "Czochralski method" for growing large single crystals on an industrial scale.
	www.newton.mec.edu /Brown/te/HOT/TIMELINES/SOLAR/solar_timeline.html (514 words)

	Wiley-VCH Print Out (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Jan Czochralski nearly 50 years ago, crystals grown by the Czochralski method have increased remarkably in size and perfection, resulting today in the industrial production of silicon crystals about 30 cm in diameter and two meters in length.
		The Czochralski method is of great technological and economic importance for semiconductors and optical crystals.
		The range of the lattice parameters variation and the high melting point indicate that these crystals may be used as substrates for HTSc, manganites or GaN epitaxial layers because of their high thermal and chemical stability.
	www.wiley-vch.de /contents/pr.php?opfi=./jc_2223/20054-5.html (5692 words)

	INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEATH OF PROF. DR. JAN CZOCHRALSKI (1953-2003)
		Jan Czochralski (1953-2003) Toruń and Kcynia, April 26-27, 2003
		Homage Ceremony at Jan Czochralski's grave in the Old Cemetery in Kcynia
		Unveiling of the Statue of Czochralski; lecture "Jan Czochralski - Kcynian, the son of Pałuki land"; concert of Brass Band
	www.ptwk.org.pl /cz-symposium03/schedule.html (299 words)

	Saint-Gobain Quartz - - - Crystal Growth
		The ingots, are usually made using a method called CZ (short for its inventor, the Polish scientist Jan Czochralski, who pioneered single crystal growth of metals from 1916).
		During this process, high purity polysilicon chunks are melted in a quartz crucible, a single crystal seed of silicon is lowered to just touch the melt and drawn up slowly.
		Saint-Gobain Quartz is a supplier of quartz crucibles for single-crystal silicon ingot growth by the Czochralski method, of diameter up to 24 inches.
	www.quartz.saint-gobain.com /Data/Element/Node/Application/Application_edit.asp?ele_ch_id=A0000000000000001250 (158 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.3337: Language Description: Bartens (2003)
		Consequently, applied CGs are by and large unidirectional, simultaneously descriptive-contrastive and selective in their approach to the observed linguistic phenomena (ibid.; Czochralski, op.
		Bartens further comments on the concept of tertium comparationis, central to CL. It is pointed out that different types of tertium comparationis are necessary in order to contrast different levels of the observed languages.
		Finally, an intermediate type d) is found in CGs in which the descriptive and contrastive approach is applied to a particular area of grammar at a time (e.g.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/14/14-3337.html (1271 words)

	Jan Czochralski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
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		Jan Czochralski (pronounced choh-KRAL-skee) (October 23, 1885 - April 22, 1953) was a chemist who discovered the Czochralski process, which is used to grow single crystals and is used in the production of semiconductor wafers.
		Czochralski was born in Kcynia, West Prussia (now in Poland).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/jan_czochralski (397 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1999 Foundation for Materials Science Development established the Professor Jan Czochralski Gold Medal for achievements in materials science.
		Czochralski is best remembered for inventing the method of growing single crystals in the early part of XX century which has proved to be the method by which crystals are grown for modern electronic applications.
		The original documentary reference for the award of the J. ochralski Memorial Medal is given below:
	frnm.republika.pl /en/cgm/intro/intro.htm (163 words)

	High Purity BASF Chemicals Help Microchip Manufacturers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The much cleaner silicon emerging from this process is ready for the next step, in which specialists use the Czochralski method (see info box) to grow impressive shiny silver crystals up to two meters tall with a perfect interior structure.
		The Czochralski method is the technology used to grow the large crystals required in the chip industry.
		The method was named after the Polish scientist Jan Czochralski who discovered it by serendipity in 1916 after accidentally dipping his quill into a tub of molten metal instead of an inkpot.
	www.azom.com /news.asp?newsID=2524 (1883 words)

	Warsaw Voice - Modern Materials Engineering from Nanoscale to Macroscopic Objects
		One of the leading academic centres in Poland conducting research on new materials is the Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering at the Warsaw University of Technology which employs over 50 professors and is supported by qualified technicians and administration.
		The Faculty which continues materials research traditions at WUT marked with such names as Professor Jan Czochralski (inventor of a method for growing monocrystals), is located in a new building on WoŠŠoska Street.
		The extensive research program carried out at the Faculty is financed by the State Committee for Scientific Research, EU and NATO funds and industrial partners.
	www.warsawvoice.pl /view/5507 (1699 words)

	Articles - 1916 in science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sydney Chapman and David Enskog systematically develop a kinetic theory of gases
		Jan Czochralski invents a method for growing single crystals of metals.
		Albert Einstein shows that the field equations of general relativity admit wavelike solutions
	www.findize.com /articles/1916_in_science (139 words)

	News and Stock Market Commentary about Finance, News and Wall Street
		Jan worked in a drugstore in his hometown of
		One day in 1916, Czochralski was experimenting with tin and
		Teal knew of Czochralski’s work and by the end of the bus ride,
	www.stocksandnews.com /searchresults.asp?Id=1758&adate=9/15/2004 (1140 words)

	MRS eMatters - May 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Jan Czochralski and His Method of Pulling Crystals
		About the discoverer of the Czochralski crystal growth process and his contributions to the art and science of crystal growth.
		Boston Museum of Science, Boston, MA Oct. 2, 2004 - Jan. 3, 2005 (6,000 sq.
	www.mrs.org /geninfo/enews/enews200405.html (1445 words)

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