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	Constitution of Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Constitution of the Empire of Japan of 1889, more commonly known as the Imperial or Meiji Constitution, was the first modern constitution of Japan.
		Thus the 1946 constitution was adopted as an amendment to the Meiji Constitution in accordance with the provisions of Article 73 of that document.
		Instead, the proposed constitution conformed to the British model of parliamentary government, which was seen by the liberals as the most viable alternative to the European absolutism of the Meiji Constitution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitution_of_Japan (3091 words)

	Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Soon after the adoption of the constitution of Japan in 1947, there was a desire on the part of the United States occupation forces for Japan to take a more active military role in the struggle against communism.
		Shigesaburo Suzuki, a leader of the Japan Socialist Party, brought suit in the Supreme Court of Japan to have the NPR declared unconstitutional: however, his case was dismissed by the Grand Bench for lack of standing.
		By 1990 Japan was ranked third, behind the then-Soviet Union and the United States, in total defense expenditures, and the United States urged Japan to assume a larger share of the burden of defense of the western Pacific.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Article_9_of_the_Constitution_of_Japan (1150 words)

	Emperor of Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the constitution of 1889, the emperor of Japan transferred a large part of his former powers as absolute monarch to the representatives of the people, but remained head of the empire.
		The emperor's role is defined in Chapter I of the 1947 Constitution of Japan.
		Although the emperor currently performs many of the roles of a ceremonial sovereign as head of state, there has been persistent controversy within Japan as to whether the emperor is in fact a true monarch in a political sense or merely a hereditary pretender holding such office within a constitutional parliamentary republic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_of_Japan (4711 words)

	Constitution - Government - Japan - Asia
		The Constitution of Japan became effective in 1947 as an amendment to the 1889 Constitution of the Empire of Japan (also called the Meiji constitution for the emperor Meiji, who promulgated it).
		By its provisions, Japan renounces war or the threat of war as a means of settling international disputes and is prohibited from maintaining military forces.
		Japan’s constitution has not been amended since 1947, although from time to time proposals are introduced to revise some of its provisions, particularly those on demilitarization and the status of the emperor.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/japan/government/constitution.htm (737 words)

	Constitution of Japan - Wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Constitution of Japan was adopted in 1947 during the American occupation after the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II.
		The Constitution was heavily influenced by American occupation forces under the leadership of Douglas MacArthur.
		Notably parts of the Constitution are the designation of the Emperor of Japan as symbol of state subject to popular sovereign, Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan which forbids Japan from having an army or a navy, and the establishment of judicial review.
	www.web-dictionary.org /encyclopedia/ja/JapanConstitution___PreFace.html (145 words)

	The Constitution of Japan and Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Constitution, which was established just after World War Second and during the occupation by the Allied Forces, and has been unchanged, guaranteed the fundamental human rights to the people of Japan as well as the sovereignty of the people and renunciation of war.
		In addition, the Judiciary in Japan, which is vested the power to determine the constitutionality of any law, order, regulation or official act under the Constitution, as remained so weak and passive that it failed to keep the Executive and the Legislature from abusing their power against people.
		Although Japan is a party of Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, it is reported that the average wage of women workers is about half that of men, and discrimination in both hiring and promotion grows worse under recent economic recession.
	www.ahrchk.net /charter/mainfile.php/east/3 (2852 words)

	Asia Times
		The House of Representatives Research Commission on the Constitution was established in 2000 in an effort to revise the constitution to authorize the military to defend Japan's security at home and abroad.
		"Japan is asked to take a leading role in forming international order even if the use of force is part of that assignment," reads the report, suggesting getting rid of the self-imposed ban on executing the right to collective self-defense once and for all.
		While changing the fundamentals of Japan's defense policy, the "national emergency laws", a package of three laws instructing the armed forces what to do in the case of an attack on Japan, were put back on the agenda.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Japan/EE14Dh01.html (1243 words)

	The Constitution of Japan; Article 9: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To most examining this situation, it is quite clear that Japan completely moved away from Article Nine by maintaining an armed force on both land and sea and in the air, known as the Self-Defense Force (SDF), and by using military strength as a means to maintain the peace of Iraq.
		Prime Minister of Japan: The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of the Cabinet of Ministers, which are appointed by him/her from the members of the Diet.
		Article Nine: Article Nine of the Constitution of Japan forbids Japan from maintaining a military force and using war as a means of settling international disputes.
	www.andrews.edu /~tkarr/JapanUSRelations.htm (5631 words)

	Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution \| National Clearinghouse for U.S.-Japan Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		During the American occupation of Japan after World War II, the Japanese were unable or unwilling to complete a new constitution which satisfied General Douglas MacArthur.
		With only minor changes, the constitution was accepted by the Japanese government and went into effect on May 3, 1947.
		The advice and approval of the Cabinet shall be required for all acts of the Emperor in matters of state, and the Cabinet shall be responsible therefor.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/LP/LS36.html (708 words)

	THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN
		This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
		This Constitution shall be enforced as from the day when the period of six months will have elapsed counting from the day of its promulgation.
		The enactment of laws necessary for the enforcement of this Constitution, the election of members of the House of Councillors and the procedure for the convocation of the Diet and other preparatory procedures necessary for the enforcement of this Constitution may be executed before the day prescribed in the preceding paragraph.
	www.kantei.go.jp /foreign/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html (4181 words)

	ICL - Japan - Constitution
		The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolable.
		(1) This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
		If the House of Councilors is not constituted before the effective date of this Constitution, the House of Representatives shall function as the Diet until such time as the House of Councilors shall be constituted.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/ja00000_.html (4316 words)

	PUREPOLITICS.COM - The Japan Constitution "Have Fun"
		The freedoms and rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be maintained by the constant endeavor of the people, who shall refrain from any abuse of these freedoms and rights and shall always be responsible for utilizing them for the public welfare.
		(1) This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial re-script or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
		(2) The enactment of laws necessary for the enforcement of this Constitution, the election of members of the House of Councilors and the procedure for the convocation of the Diet and other preparatory procedures necessary for the enforcement of this Constitution may be executed before the day prescribed in the preceding paragraph.
	www.purepolitics.com /edu/fdocs/japan.htm (4334 words)

	East Asian History Sourcebook: THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN, November 3, 1946
		Article 12: The freedoms and rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be maintained by the constant endeavor of the people, who shall refrain from any abuse of these freedoms and rights and shall always be responsible for utilizing them for the public welfare.
		Article 97: The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate.
		Article 98: This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/eastasia/1946ConstitutionJapan.html (4418 words)

	Japan - THE POSTWAR CONSTITUTION
		The new document was approved by the Privy Council, the House of Peers, and the House of Representatives, the major organs of government in the 1889 constitution, and promulgated on November 3, 1946, to go into effect on May 3, 1947.
		Technically, the 1947 constitution was an amendment to the 1889 document rather than its abrogation.
		Nakasone Yasuhiro, a strong advocate of constitutional revision during much of his political career, for example, downplayed the issue while serving as prime minister between 1982 and 1987.
	countrystudies.us /japan/110.htm (767 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan became a regional power that was able to defeat the forces of both China and Russia.
		Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch.
		Japan's huge government debt, which totals 170% of GDP, and the aging of the population are two major long-run problems.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/ja.html (1452 words)

	ICL - Japan Index
		But Japan still does not have bombers, long-range missiles, aircraft carriers, or other means of projecting power beyond its own territory.
		However, constitutional research committees without special powers and with no foreseeable results have been set up in the lower and upper houses.
		Notwithstanding this provision, Japan's government has in recent years found ways to provide subsidies because public universities cannot meet the educational demand.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/ja__indx.html (540 words)

	ABOUT JAPAN'S PEACE CONSTITUTION
		The Japanese government is officially noncommittal to U.S. and U.N. pressure about sending Japan Defense Forces overseas so far, no doubt due in part to the extremely well-organized opposition they face from the broad coalition of organizations throughout Japan which are campaigning to retain the Peace Constitution.
		The position of Gensuikyo, Japan Peace Committee, and "almost all politically aware people in Japan" is that the Japan Defense Forces are unconstitutional and should be disbanded, and that U.S. bases are not needed.
		This position was shared by the Social Democratic Party of Japan ("SDP") until its Chairman, Murayama, was nominated Prime Minister by the Diet to lead the present coalition government with the conservative Liberal Democratic Party.
	prop1.org /prop1/jconst.htm (706 words)

	Framing of the Constitution of Japan
		The collection, brought together from more than two dozen sources, traces the development of the 1947 Japanese constitution, from the early planning phases to its implementation, and covers the period of September 1945 to May 1947.
		Japan -- Constitutional History -- Sources -- Bibliography.
		Japan -- Constitutional History -- Sources -- Indexes.
	library.utoronto.ca /robarts/microtext/collection/pages/framconj.html (239 words)

	Japan's speaker agt constitution change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Japan could amend its constitution and seek a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council.
		Japan has a choice of abandoning its policy to seek to become a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council and pursuing its role as a U.N. member, Kono said, the Kyodo New Service reported.
		Article 9 of Japan's Constitution says the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes.
	www.bignewsnetwork.com /?sid=c1835e0adc1bde78 (313 words)

	Constitution of Japan - University Libraries - USC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Constitution of Japan: A Documentary History of Its Framing and Adoption, 1945-1947
		This collection presents more than 500 documents that chronicle the events of the Japanese nation's constitutional development.
		The collection includes transcripts of debates in the Japanese Diet, translations and annotations of other documents from the archives of the Japanese Foreign Ministry, from the National Diet Library, and from diaries and memoirs of leading Japanese participants in these events.
	www.sc.edu /library/descoj.html (123 words)

	Japan Club Constitution
		The name of the organization shall be Japan Club (hereon referred to as JC).
		Section 1 - Executive Board Members shall be dismissed on the following conditions: 2/3 of general membership comes to the consensus that a certain person is not acting according to their designated role as specified in the JC constitution.
		If three Executive Board Members, other than the Executive Board Member in question, come to the consensus that the particular person should be dismissed under the premises that that person is not acting in accordance to designated club regulations; 2/3 of the general membership must approve of this motion.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/japanclub/constitution.html (1190 words)

	The Constitution of Japan \| Birth of the Constitution of Japan
		(3) All judges shall be independent in the exercise of their conscience and shall be bound only by this Constitution and the laws.
		(2) The enactment of laws necessary for the enforcement of this Constitution, the election of members of the House of Councillors and the procedure for the convocation of the Diet and other preparatory procedures necessary for the enforcement of this Constitution may be executed before the day prescribed in the preceding paragraph.
		Documents with Commentaries Part 5 Enactment of the Constitution of Japan
	www.ndl.go.jp /constitution/e/etc/c01.html (4397 words)

	The Constitution of Japan [1946-7] by Unknown
		Constitution, and in case of a tie, the presiding officer shall
		This Constitution shall be enforced as from the
		Constitution may be executed before the day prescribed in the
	emotionalliteracyeducation.com /classic_books_online/jcnst10.htm (3805 words)

	THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The advice and approval of the Emperor in matters of state, and the Cabinet shall be responsible therefor.
		The Emperor shall appoint the Prime Minister as designated by the Emperor shall appoint the Chief Judge of the Supreme Court as designated by the Cabinet.
		The Emperor shall, with the advice and approval of the Cabinet, perform the following acts in matters of state on behalf of the people: (1) Promulgation of amendments of the constitution, laws, cabinet orders and treaties.
	www.solon.org /Constitutions/Japan/English/english-Constitution.html (4197 words)

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