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Topic: Japanese American relocation

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	Encyclopedia: Japanese American (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Japanese Americans also have the oldest demographic structure of any ethnic group in the U.S.; in addition, in the younger generations, due to intermarriage with whites and other Asians, part-Japanese are more common than full Japanese, and it appears as if this physical assimilation will continue at a rapid rate.
		Main article: Japanese American internment The Japanese American internment refers to the exclusion and subsequent removal of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, officially described as persons of Japanese ancestry, 62 percent of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States during World War II to...
		Americans of Japanese ancestry living in the western United States, including the Nisei were, forcibly interned with their parents and children (the Sansei Japanese Americans) during WWII.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Japanese-American (4360 words)

	Japanese American -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Japanese Americans are typically (A religious person who believes Jesus is the Christ and who is a member of a Christian denomination) Christians.
		Americans of Japanese ancestry living in the western United States, including the Nisei were, forcibly (Click link for more info and facts about interned) interned with their parents and children (the (Click link for more info and facts about Sansei Japanese American) Sansei Japanese Americans) during WWII.
		Japanese Americans made strides in the arts, sciences and sports with (Click link for more info and facts about Minoru Yamasaki) Minoru Yamasaki, architect of the (Twin skyscrapers 110 stories high in New York City; built in 1970 to 1973; destroyed by a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001) World Trade Center.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/ja/japanese_american.htm (2362 words)

	Japanese American
		Japanese Americans one again face stereotyping as dominating the sciences in colleges and universities across the United States.
		Inouye's success led the way to slow cultural acceptance of Japanese American leadership on the national stage culminating in the appointments of Eric Shinseki and Norman Y. Mineta, as first Japanese American military chief of staff and first federal cabinet secretary, respectively.
		Japanese Americans made strides in the arts, sciences and sports with Minoru Yamasaki, architect of the World Trade Center.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/j/ja/japanese_american_1.html (1712 words)

	Relocation of Japanese-Americans (pamphlet) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Japanese language schools of the type common on the west coast prior to evacuation are expressly forbidden at all relocation centers.
		Although the War Relocation Authority is placing first emphasis on relocation of evacuees in private employment, student evacuees are also being permitted to leave the centers for the purpose of beginning or continuing a higher education.
		When 110,000 people of Japanese descent were evacuated from the Pacific coast military area during the spring and summer of 1942, they left behind in their former locations an estimated total of approximately $200,000,000 worth of real, commercial, and personal property.
	www.lib.washington.edu /exhibits/harmony/Documents/wrapam.html (2910 words)

	War Relocation Camps in Arizona 1942-1946
		One was the Colorado River Relocation Center (April 1942 - March 1946), on Colorado Indian lands near Poston, 12 miles southwest of Parker in La Paz (formerly part of Yuma) County, that had a peak population of about 18,000.
		These interned citizens represented a broad spectrum of the Japanese community in America at the time including Issei, the elders who arrived in the early 1900s, the Nisei, the second generation born in America, and the Kibei, also second generation born here but educated in Japan.
		The melange of individuals and administrators in the camps, coupled with the social, political and psychological dissonances of the relocation conditions, engendered numerous responses in their combined efforts to construct community from chaos.
	parentseyes.arizona.edu /wracamps (501 words)

	Japanese-American (Citizen) Relocation (Concentration) Camp Cases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		John J. McCloy was the ranking surviving individual who participated in the decision to relocate the Japanese Americans in the winter of 1941-42.
		The so-called investigation which sought to obtain unconscionably large unproven lump sums for added compensation for the relocation which had been given when evidence was fresh and witnesses were alive and in a position to testify was really outrageous.
		No serious attempt was made to recreate the conditions that the Japanese attack created on the West Coast, nor, the reasonableness of the steps that the President ordered to meet the devastating attack.
	fas-history.rutgers.edu /~clemens/japanese.html (1330 words)

	OAC: Japanese American Relocation photograph collection
		Japanese in the U.S. -- In California -- Pre-WW II and During WW II Sumi (Issei) cultivating a truck garden in Gardena.
		Japanese in the U.S. -- In California -- Pre-WW II and During WW II "A scene in the Ginza Beauty Salon in Japan Town, Los Angeles.
		All Japanese are housed and fed in the area to the rear of the central fire break (light strip through center of picture)."--caption on photograph JARDA-6-07
	www.oac.cdlib.org /images/ark:/13030/tf0q2nb0mp (2818 words)

	Lesson Plan - Japanese-American Internment/Relocation Camps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It was easy for me to see their eye color and like the Japanese Americans, I could easily find them in a crowd and put them into a specific category.
		Explain that it was easy for the Japanese Americans to be gathered and relocated because of physical characteristics like their eye fold.
		Come to conclusion that the Japanese-Americans were citizens, American born, Japanese descent, and viewed by other citizens as the enemy because of the Pearl Harbor bombing disaster.
	teacherlink.ed.usu.edu /tlresources/units/byrnes-literature/LBREEDER/lessonw4.html (346 words)

	Japanese American Resources
		Japanese Americans Internment Camps During World War II (University of Utah exhibit on Tule Lake and Topaz)
		Internment of Japanese Americans in Concentration Camps (Race, Racism and the Law by Prof.
		See National Asian American Telecommunications Association for a more complete listing of videos on the exclusion and incarceration of Japanese Americans.
	www.densho.org /resources/jaexperience.asp (854 words)

	National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Chapter 3)
		With the exception of the California Relocation Centers, all were in sparsely populated areas, making them some of the largest "communities" in their respective states.
		The Granada Relocation Center in Colorado had been privately owned and was purchased by the Army for the WRA (Daniels 1989; USDI 1946).
		In theory, evacuees would be sent to the relocation center with the climate most similar to their home, and each relocation center would have a balance of urban and rural settlers.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/anthropology74/ce3g.htm (708 words)

	History
		Concerned that the evacuees not suffer the fate of Native Americans, she was anxious to demonstrate to them that the internment was intended as a temporary situation.
		In 1942, more than 120,000 persons of Japanese descent were uprooted from their homes and interned in "relocation centers." That year, religious, academic, and civic leaders joined to form the National Japanese American Student Relocation Council (NJASRC).
		The organization's sole purpose was to assist the Nisei (the American-born children of Japanese immigrants) to leave the camps so that they could complete their college educations.
	www.nsrcfund.org /history/history.html (1263 words)

	Concentration Camp or Summer Camp?
		The debate over the historical interpretation of the American camps was reignited recently by an exhibit at Ellis Island entitled "America's Concentration Camps: Remembering the Japanese American Experience," an exhibit that freely uses the term "concentration camp" to describe the isolated encampments at such places as Manzanar and Tule Lake, Calif.; Poston, Ariz.; Topaz, Utah.
		But while the Japanese American and American Jewish communities bickered over semantics, few sought to downplay the historical and cultural importance of the Japanese American relocation camps: Thousands of American citizens snatched from their homes solely because of their ethnicity, without any evidence of wrongdoing.
		Baker became infamous within the Japanese American community for her disruptive behavior at commission hearings on redress and the development of the Manzanar site, where she would often become verbally abusive and need to be restrained by security personnel.
	www.motherjones.com /news/feature/1998/09/ito.html (1677 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -JAPANESE-AMERICAN RELOCATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The relocation of Japanese-Americans into internment camps during World War II was one of the most flagrant violations of civil liberties in American history.
		According to the census of 1940, 127,000 persons of Japanese ancestry lived in the United States, the majority on the West Coast.
		In early 1942, the Roosevelt administration was pressured to remove persons of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast by farmers seeking to eliminate Japanese competition, a public fearing sabotage, politicians hoping to gain by standing against an unpopular group, and military authorities.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_047100_japaneseamer.htm (410 words)

	Rohwer Japanese American Relocation Center Memorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		That cluster of trees in the middle of the field shades the memorials of the Japanese Americans who died while their families were imprisoned at a relocation camp that was built in this field.
		Even though Italian Americans were imprisoned and registered as suspicious characters, what happened to the Japanese Americans on the west coast was much much worse and strictly speaking was ethnic cleansing.
		This memorial is dedicated by the Jerome Preservation Committee an (sic) also the Japanese American Citizen League to those persons of Japanese ancestry who suffered the indignity of being incarcerated because of their ethnic background.
	users.aristotle.net /~russjohn/history/rohwer.html (1731 words)

	WWII Japanese American Relocation Camps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It has always been an important part of my life since members of my family and family friends were interned at the time.
		There are many aspects of the relocation that I have yet to learn.
		Since most of the survivors of the internment have exceeded the age of 70, it is very important for sites like this to pass on this important part of American history.
	wwiicamps.mikazuko.com (120 words)

	USC Libraries :: Japanese-American Relocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		These 222 photographs provide a glimpse into the lives of Japanese immigrants and native born Japanese Americans (aka.
		Much of the coverage documents scenes of the relocation process; life in camps at Manzanar, Santa Anita, Tanforan, and Tule Lake; and post-war repatriation to Japan.
		USC's Japanese American Relocation Digital Archive was funded by a grant from the Library Services and Technology Act to the California Digital Library, administered by the California State Library, as part of an initiative to assemble a statewide Japanese American Relocation Digital Archive (JARDA).
	www.usc.edu /isd/libraries/collections/japanese_relocation (227 words)

	Gallery of the Open Frontier Site Map / Subject Headings Beginning with "J"
		Cooks and chefs among evacuees of Japanese ancestry were immediately given opportunity to follow their callings after they arrived at the relocation center on the Colorado River Indian Reservation.
		Methodist Japanese minister who has come to the Wartime Civil Control Administration station with 17 male members of his congregation to make a request that these 17 families be permitted to travel on the bus to the assembly center together, if possible.
		Field laborers of Japanese ancestry are returning to the large-scale asparagus ranch after an interview at the Wartime Civil Control Administration station in regard to their evacuation to an Assembly Center which is due in three days.
	gallery.unl.edu /Sitemap_Images_J9.html (4142 words)

	Japanese American Relocation Digital Archive (JARDA)
		Few events have as dramatically affected the lives of Japanese Americans in the 20th century as the issuance of Executive Order #9066 that resulted in their internment during World War II.
		JARDA is a digital "thematic collection" within the CDL's OAC documenting the experience of Japanese Americans in World War II internment camps.
		Curators from the eight participating OAC members selected a broad range of primary sources to be digitized, including: photographs, documents, manuscripts, paintings, drawings, letters, and oral histories.
	bancroft.berkeley.edu /collections/jarda.html (153 words)

	Guide to the Japanese-American Relocation Centers Records, 1935-1953
		The documentation comprising the Japanese-American Relocation Centers Records was primarily collected by Lt. Alexander Leighton and Morris Opler.
		Poston Relocation Center records consist of National Opinion Research Center (NORC) and Poston Opinion Research Center (PORC) reports, autobiographies, observations, observer analyses, personality studies, transcripts of interviews, and other data documenting community government, education, employment, entertainment, food, health, housing, religion, social welfare, and camp organizations in Poston.
		There is also an extensive clipping file on Japanese-American relocation, an organization chart of Poston, a boundary map and blueprint of Manzanar, a scrapbook, yearbooks, and 137 watercolors, painted by Gene Sogioka.
	rmc.library.cornell.edu /EAD/htmldocs/RMM03830.html (2425 words)

	Japanese-American relocation / Construction / Housing / Japanese-American assembly centers - Gallery of the Open ...
		Japanese-American relocation / Construction / Housing / Japanese-American assembly centers - Gallery of the Open Frontier
		Workmen erecting barracks for evacuees of Japanese ancestry at assembly center on Pomona Fair grounds.
		Evacuees will be assigned later to War Relocation Authority centers for the duration.
	gallery.unl.edu /picinfo/15678.html (54 words)

	Map of America's Concentration Camps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		To view some basic data on any of the ten concentration camps that housed Japanese Americans during World War II, click on the name of the camp.
		The entries that appear in these pages were taken from Japanese American History: An A-to-Z Reference fr om 1868 to the Present, Brian Niiya, Editor.
		Copyright © 1993 by the Japanese American National Museum.
	www.janm.org /clasc/map.htm (72 words)

	Japanese in American Children's Books
		But when her family falls victim to raiders, she bravely journeys to the land of the dead.
		(a Japanese tale) retold by Lensey Namioka, illustrated by Aki Sogabe (Browndeer, 1995).
		A fictionalized account about the Japanese consul to Lithuania, who defied the refusals of his government and saved the lives of thousands of Jewish refugees.
	www.cynthialeitichsmith.com /newnihond.htm (412 words)

	In America
		Being Japanese American: A JA Sourcebook for Nikkei, Hapa...
		Equipped with only pick-up trucks and lawnmowers, Japanese American gardeners faced discriminatory laws and remained committed to their goal to transform the Southern California landscape for their families and community for more than a century; includes a timeline spanning a hundred years; sc $19.95
		Describes the Japanese American community that flourished in the White River Valley from the beginning of the 20th century until WWII; pb $24.95
	www.heritagesource.com /Heritage%20Pages/america.htm (2473 words)

	Japanese American
		By the Japanese American National Museum, this site provides a timeline of events leading up to Japanese internment during the 1940s.
		Visit this exhibit to learn of Japanese American internment and the people's attempts to create a home in these camps.
		This exhibit tells the story of Seattle's Japanese American community in the spring and summer of 1942 and their four month sojourn at the Puyallup Assembly Center known as "Camp Harmony."
	www.ouhsd.k12.ca.us /lmc/hhs/Japaminter.htm (597 words)

	"Suffering Under a Great Injustice" Ansel Adams's Photographs of Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar
		In 1943, Ansel Adams (1902-1984), America's best-known photographer, documented the Manzanar War Relocation Center in California and the Japanese Americans interned there during World War II.
		The mission of the Library of Congress is to make its resources available and useful to Congress and the American people and to sustain and preserve a universal collection of knowledge and creativity for future generations.
		The goal of the Library's National Digital Library Program is to offer broad public access to a wide range of historical and cultural documents as a contribution to education and lifelong learning.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/aamhtml/aamhome.html (215 words)

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