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Topic: Japanese Army

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	Amazon.com: The Japanese Army 1931-45 (Volume 2, 1942-45): Books: Philip Jowett,Stephen Andrew
		Yet as the Allies grew steadily stronger and more skilful, the Japanese Army and Naval Landing Forces dug in to defend their conquests with a determination which shocked all who fought them.
		Japanese Army 1931-45 (Volume 1, 1931-42) by Philip Jowett in Front Matter
		Armies in the Balkans 1914-18 by Nigel Thomas
	www.amazon.com /Japanese-Army-1931-45-1942-45/dp/1841763543 (0 words)

	The Japanese Army
		Any study of the Japanese Army in World War Two, even as cursory an assessment as this, is inevitably influenced by the atrocities carried out under the flag of the Rising Sun.
		The Japanese Army had no equivalent of an SS to absorb much of the blame, exonerating the common soldier from guilt.
		Japanese did serve with distinction in the US Army, providing I think at least one Infantry Regiment, but it could not stop the demonisation of the Japanese Army in the eyes of the West.
	www.bayonetstrength.150m.com /Japanese/japanese_army.htm (1474 words)

	Japanese army air force, aces and victory claims
		In Japanese Imperial Forces there was no emphasis on individual accomplishments, with the result that in fierce combat there was a tendency to over-estimate total victories, and there was no mechanism for correcting this tendency at any level of command.
		I think that both army and navy victories were recorded in this way: After a combat mission, each participating pilot reported the circumstances of his combat, his success, the fate of his comrades, etc., to his superior--in the case of the army, his sentai commander or chutai leader.
		A Japanese pilot might "give" his victory to a dead comrade (the AVG had a similar tradition) or to his commander, as a repayment of the giri or filial obligation owed to a superior officer.
	www.warbirdforum.com /aces.htm (881 words)

	The Secret of Japan's Strength
		The army secured the Japanese islands by expanding the bridgeheads on the mainland, while the fleet secured Japan from the south, where vital raw materials needed for Japan's industry in the Southwest Pacific islands were under the control of foreign nations, but were near Japanese territory.
		The Japanese army is therefore filled with the will to sacrifice, but also demands as spiritual leader the same willingness to sacrifice of the entire nation.
		The relationship of the Japanese people to their emperor is that of the child to the father, the ancient family relationship of obligation and obedience.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/cas/gpa/japan.htm (5060 words)

	Combined Arms Research Library
		Japanese staff officers were having great difficulty even locating Nomonhan on their operational maps, so there seemed no reason to believe that additional force might be required to resolve the affray.
		To paraphrase the official Japanese history of Nomonhan, clearly a Japanese lack of firepower was the main reason for the emphasis on spiritual training, but contributing to the intangible factors was an absolute faith in night combat, especially a night attack that culminated in handto-band combat with the enemy.
		After the battle, Japanese army psychologists isolated four elements of combat that most affected the morale of attacking shock troops: the distance to the objective, the clarity of it in troops' minds, any sudden change in the objective, and unexpected losses when taking the objective.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/drea2/drea2.asp (18042 words)

	Russo-Japanese War
		Czarist Russia's conscript army in the Far East, ill trained and low in morale, was 80,000 at the beginning of 1904, and was reinforced slowly, to a low maximum of 250,000 in December 1904.
		Japanese intelligence reported that Stalin's purges of the officer corps and the social dislocation and misery occasioned by the first Five Year Plan, and collectivization of agriculture, had weakened the USSR's capacity to respond to military challenge.
		Japanese tanks, infantry and cavalry directed fierce attacks into this zone from May to July 1939, but were repulsed at all times by the defenders.
	zhukov.mitsi.com /Russo.htm (2297 words)

	Japanese Army
		The army controlled the appointment of the war minister and in 1936 a law was passed that stipulated that only a serving officer could hold the post.
		At the beginning of the Second World War most of the Japanese Army was stationed in China and Manchuria.
		When the country was occupied at the end of the war the army and are institutions associated with it were disbanded and the 1947 constitution banned all military forces in Japan.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWjapanA.htm (303 words)

	Japanese Army uniforms in 1914, and during WW1
		As late as the Russo-Japanese war of 1904, prominent Japanese commanders could date their earliest military experience to the civil wars of the 1860s, in which they had worn armour.
		In 1894, in a squabble over Korea, the Japanese army and navy walked over their Chinese rivals, and ten years later won convincingly a war to check Russian influence in the East.
		Japanese uniforms had remained virtually unaltered since their inception, but the experience of war in 1904 led to the adoption of a more neutral colour, in advance of some European armies, and by 1914 the khaki service dress shown in the first plate was in general use.
	www.landships.freeservers.com /jap_uniforms1914.htm (1833 words)

	China Offensive
		Japanese military forces occupied the eastern third of the country and controlled all of the seaports and main railroads and highways.
		Because of the weakness of Chiang's army and the lack of adequate roads and railways, Chennault's mixed force of fighters, medium and heavy bombers, and transport aircraft was vital to keeping supplies flowing to the Chinese troops and their American advisers and in attempting to halt Japanese excursions into Chinese-held territory.
		Chinese armies would be concentrated to the north and south to prepare to strike the enemy advance in the flanks and rear.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/brochures/chinoff/chinoff.htm (6739 words)

	Japanese
		From 1927, new Army aircraft were given a type number based on the last digits of the Japanese year that the type was accepted into service.
		And a few foreign designed or built aircraft entered Japanese service, and these were given an alphabetical type rather than a numeric one, based on either the country of origin (Type I Heavy Bomber, for the Italian Fiat B.R. 20) or the manufacturer's name (Type LO Transport for the U.S. Lockheed Model 14).
		Even the Japanese Army had problems using their lengthy aircraft designations in combat, and assigned popular names to many of the major combat types in service.
	rwebs.net /avhistory/acdesig/japanese.htm (1736 words)

	Amazon.ca: Soldiers of the Sun: the Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army: Books: Meirion Harries (Site not responding. Last check: )
		At the core of the paradox lies the code of bushido, the ancient ethos of the samurai that, according to the authors, was perverted by modernizers of the Japanese military into a philosophy that exalted death and violence and taught contempt for the vanquished.
		This piece is an outstanding history of the Japanese Army, with a focus on the 20th century.
		The key to understanding the development of the Japanese Army from the 30's on was that most of the resources of the country went into the Navy.
	www.amazon.ca /Soldiers-Sun-Rise-Imperial-Japanese/dp/0679753036 (2228 words)

	KWCC Biography - MacArthur
		When war came, MacArthur’s Philippine Army was poorly prepared to meet the crack invading Japanese Army in the field, and lacked the training to conduct the only real option open to it: guerrilla warfare.
		In the summer of 1941, the entire Philippine Army was inducted into the Army of the United States, and MacArthur was recalled to active duty to head the new command: U.S. Forces in the Far East.
		MacArthur was to lead American forces in the invasion of the Japanese home islands, and he was in the process of preparing for that impending and horrific operation when the atomic bomb brought an abrupt and decisive end to the war.
	korea50.army.mil /history/biographies/macarthur.shtml (2585 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Japanese soldier of the Red Army was now on the battle lines of a world struggle to bring about revolution.” This is greatest depth and length with which he explains the organization’s political motivations.
		Later that year the leader of the new Red Army was in contact with the leadership of the United States’ Students for a Democratic Society; the JRA spoke of 'The Osaka-Chicago-Tokyo wars” which would be the ”beginning of a new revolutionary era.” The JRA numbered approximately 400, about 150 of whom were core members.
		While the Red Army's comrade was released, they had to give up their $300,000 upon landing in Syria, as the Syrian government did not take kindly hostage-taking for money.
	www.gjbip.org /jra_br.htm (3386 words)

	ITALIAN-JAPANESE MP 38/43 MACHINE PISTOL
		All small arms being produced by the army arsenals were being delivered to the Imperial Japanese Army troops at the eastern front.
		The Navy requirement was supplemented by the Army’s demand for quantities of the rifles for their troops fitting into their China and Pacific Territories expansion plans and as an apparent interim supply of rifles during the transition of the Army’s production of the Type 38 and Type 99 rifles during this critical period.
		Since the Japanese had a commission of inspectors at the various Italian plant locations, and the weapons were inspected and approved prior to shipment, reasons why no Japanese arsenal inspector markings were present.
	www.dragonsoffire.com /articles_ItalianJapaneseMP.htm (896 words)

	Antiques, Asian Antiques, Japanese, Glasses, Cups - Recommend Auction Items
		ANTIQUE WWII WW2 JAPANESE ARMY CAVALRY HORSE SAKE CUP
		ANIQUE WW2 WWII JAPANESE ARMY ARTILLERY CANNON SAKE CUP
		ANTIQUE WWII JAPANESE ARMY N. Japan Japanese set of 12 Kutani Sake Saki Cups & Bowls
	glasses-cups.japanese.asian-antiques.antiques.megan-dream.com (261 words)

	terrorismfiles.org : Japanese Red Army (JRA)
		An international terrorist group formed around 1970 after breaking away from Japanese Communist League-Red Army Faction.
		The JRA was led by Fusako Shigenobu until her arrest in Japan in November 2000.
		In April 1988, JRA operative Yu Kikumura was arrested with explosives on the New Jersey Turnpike, apparently planning an attack to coincide with the bombing of a USO club in Naples, a suspected JRA operation that killed five, including a US servicewoman.
	www.terrorismfiles.org /organisations/japanese_red_army.html (334 words)

	Great Disease Enemy, Kak'ke (Beriberi) and the Imperial Japanese Army, The Military Medicine - Find Articles
		Although Japanese military officials had discovered that an improved diet could prevent beriberi by the late 19th century, their soldiers in the army suffered from beriberi during the Russo-Japanese War and World War II.
		Soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army suffered much from beriberi (or Kak'ke in Japanese) during the first half of the 20th century.
		During the battle of Guadalcanal in 1942, U.S. Army intelligence concluded that of the approximately 37,000 Japanese soldiers deployed, more than one-half of those who had been on the island over 3 months had beriberi.2 These findings are surprising because beriberi is an easily preventable disease by means known to the Japanese military.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3912/is_200604/ai_n16350305 (818 words)

	Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes from June 2002 Conference
		Inoue urged the audience to recognize that for the Japanese who joined, their POW status liberated them, allowing them to experience the War through the eyes of the Chinese people, with whom they cooperating and for whom they risked their lives.
		Zhuang discussed the Japanese system of labor exploitation in Qingdao from 1932 to 1945, emphasizing the brutality of the exploitation and the strong documentary basis of his research.
		Many of the sources are unpublished, but because of their high historical value, he is now in the process of working in these locations to compile, edit, and publish a collection of the documents.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~asiactr/sino-japanese/session5.htm (2823 words)

	Hiroshima: the Article
		Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall thought that even after using A-bombs on Japan the invasion would still be necessary, anyway, as opposed to the belief that using atomic bombs on Japan would make the mainland invasion unnecessary (David Lilienthal, The Journals of David E. Lilienthal, Volume Two, pg.
		The U.S. government was not ignorant of the importance of the Emperor to Japanese surrender.
		In the meantime, the Japanese government was attempting to persuade the Soviet Union to mediate a peace for Japan that would not be unconditional.
	www.doug-long.com /hiroshim.htm (3441 words)

	Sex voucher for Japanese soldiers found in China
		The 5cm x 3.8 cm voucher, believed to be a sex ticket used by the Japanese army during its invasion of China, was found by Liu Xianchun, a Hebei resident, according to a Xinhua report.
		During the Japanese invasion of China, about 200,000 Chinese women were kidnapped by the Japanese Army and forced to be their sex slaves.
		Tian Susu, an expert with of Hebei academy of social sciences researching the Anti-Japanese War, said the Japanese army set up entertainment centers and abducted women from China, Korea and other Asian countries and regions to be their sex slaves, or comfort women.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-07/08/content_458541.htm (403 words)

	Japanese Textbook Treatment of the Nanking Massacre
		Acting while the attitude of the government was still ambivalent, the Japanese Army extended the battle into Shanghai.
		In addition, from around 1940 on, a three-pronged campaign to burn, kill, and plunder was set in motion against anti-Japanese strongholds in northern China, and it had a devastating impact on the lives and the livelihoods of the Chinese masses.
		Contrary to Japanese expectations that the country could be subdued with a single big thrust, China, which had forged an anti-Japanese national front, resisted fiercely.
	www.wellesley.edu /Polisci/wj/China/Nanjing/nanjing3.html (799 words)

	Japanese Imperial Army (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Left upper corner: the Red Army high commanders discuss the plan of the aggression against the Japan Army.
		Japanese sword ("katana") of the Nippon Army 129th infantry brigade commander - general Niho Susiki.
		Japanese Allies of the Russian Army at the Far East, 1918-1922.
	www.armymuseum.ru /japan_e.html (84 words)

	WWII Campaigns: China Defensive
		To the south, the Japanese offensive also enjoyed a steady string of victories from May through August, although both the Chinese Army and the U.S. Fourteenth Air Force harassed and delayed the pace of the Japanese advance.
		The U.S. Army's main role in China was to keep China in the war through the provision of advice and materiel assistance.
		Since that army served primarily as a political tool of Chiang Kai-shek and as a foundation of the Nationalist regime, any action that modified its structure or risked its destruction was assiduously avoided by the Nationalist government.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/brochures/72-38/72-38.htm (6743 words)

	Sex slave protests confront Japanese army
		Mrs Guterres, given the Japanese name "Misiko" during the war, said she had been raped by Japanese soldiers in 1942 when she was 12 years old, in her home town of Baucau.
		She was forced to live in a barracks with six other women to service the Japanese army for the remaining three years of the occupation, in which an estimated 40,000 East Timorese are thought to have died.
		The Japanese troop contingent will be the first to take part in U.N. peacekeeping operations since Japan approved a bill late last year to ease restrictions on the use of weapons during such missions, allowing its military to play a broader role.
	www.etan.org /et2002a/march/01-9/05sex.htm (1184 words)

	Japanese Collaborators, Please Stand Up: Part I
		It is true that the great majority of the Koreans who lived under the Japanese (1910 - 1945) collaborated with the Japanese in that they were obedient to the Japanese and bowed to the Emperor every morning.
		Chae Byong Duk rose to the rank of major in the Japanese Army.
		Jung was attached to the Korea Army Command in Seoul as the propaganda chief.
	www.kimsoft.com /2002/sk-japs.htm (1290 words)

	Army Communicator
		Although Japanese codes weren't broken until 1943, Brown and his men were able to infer where the Japanese might move next, providing critical information to MacArthur as he performed a double-retrograde maneuver to move his forces out of Luzon into the Bataan peninsula and onto the island of Corregidor.
		As we weren't reading Japanese army messages until well into 1943 and then only spasmodically, the analysts' contribution was critical to the Pacific war effort.
		Studies of variations in the enemy's army-traffic volumes and patterns of station activity were used to warn of impending Japanese army activities.
	www.gordon.army.mil /AC/WWII/SIGINT.asp (1396 words)

	Japanese Red Army (JRA) Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After her arrest, Shigenobu announced she intended to pursue her goals using a legitimate political party rather than revolutionary violence, and the group announced it would disband in April 2001.
		During the 1970s, JRA carried out a series of attacks around the world, including the massacre in 1972 at Lod Airport in Israel, two Japanese airliner hijackings, and an attempted takeover of the US Embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
		In April 1988, JRA operative Yu Kikumura was arrested with explosives on the New Jersey Turnpike, apparently planning an attack to coincide with the bombing of a USO club in Naples, a suspected JRA operation that killed five, including a US servicewoman.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/para/jra.htm (337 words)

	Memorandum Regarding a Conversation Between the Secretary Of State and the Japanese Ambassador (Nomura), 29 September ...
		The Ambassador laughed and replied that this was quite true, and he observed that when an Army general in China was clothed with the authority of a viceroy, naturally he did not welcome the prospect of being shorn of that authority.
		The Japanese Government seeks such adjustment not solely for the sake of the two countries but also for the purpose of paving the way for a general peaceful settlement throughout the world.
		This fact alone should be a sufficient testimony to the sincerity of the Japanese Government in its desire for an adjustment of Japanese-American relations and for the preservation of peace in the Pacific.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/WorldWar2/nomura8.htm (1423 words)

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