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Topic: Japanese Canadian

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	Japanese Canadian: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		A Japanese Canadian is a Canadian (A river rising in northeastern New Mexico and flowing eastward across the Texas panhandle to become a tributary of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma) of Japan (A constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago; a world leader in electronics and automobile manufacture and ship building) ese ancestry.
		Japanese Canadians are largely concentrated on the west coast, especially in and around Vancouver (A port city in southwestern British Columbia on an arm of the Pacific Ocean opposite Vancouver Island; Canada's chief Pacific port and third largest city).
		Japanese Canadians are not a large section of the population in 2001 there were 85,230 (about 26,000 of whom are of mixed heritage), making them about the thirtieth largest ethnic group in Canada.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/ja/japanese_canadian.htm (592 words)

	JANM/INRP-Timeline-Canada
		The Japanese Canadian Citizens League, the first citizens' association, is founded, and sends a delegation of Nisei citizens to Ottawa to plead unsuccessfully for the franchise.
		The Japanese Canadian Committee for Democracy and the Co-Operative Committee on Japanese Canadians (a white, mainly Christian group) are organized to assist in re-settlement.
		Japanese Canadians renew national community ties by celebrating the centennial of the arrival of Nagano Manzo, the first known Issei in Canada.
	www.janm.org /projects/inrp/english/time_canada.htm (2106 words)

	Japanese Canadians and the Political Left
		Japanese fishermen have been led to believe by their so-called leaders that hidden bonuses and easy credits have been extended to them as a preference over white fishermen because of their ability to produce.
		The Japanese should give proof of their loyalty not by exclaiming how hurt their frustrated pride is, but by accepting in good spirit any measures the Canadian Government may deem necessary in order to protect this country from any fifth column activities or sabotage on the part of Japanese, whether Canadian born or not.
		Hastings Park was the location where Japanese Canadians from the Vancouver area were held temporarily, and the editorial writer, it appears from the context, was concerned not only for the safety of Canada but also for the inmates of Hasting Park.
	www.wernercohn.com /Japanese.html (7244 words)

	WATARI DORI: Immigration History
		In the 1920s, the federal government tried to exclude Japanese Canadians from their traditional livelihood of fishing by limiting the number of fishing licences they were granted.
		The Canadian government claimed at the time that the Japanese Canadians were being removed for reasons of "national security," despite the fact that the removal order was opposed by Canada's senior military and police officers who said that Japanese Canadians posed no threat(7).
		In the 1950s, Japanese Canadians worked hard to rebuild their lives but scattered across Canada it was nearly impossible to rebuild their lost community.
	www.whitepinepictures.com /seeds/i/8/history2.html (550 words)

	WATARI DORI: The Japanese Evacuation and Internment
		She was born in Vancouver near the heart of the Japanese Community of Powell Street where her father, who immigrated from Japan in the early 1900s, had a shoe repair shop.
		At the time, the government claimed that Japanese Canadians were being removed for reasons of "national security." The removal order, however, was opposed by Canada's senior military and police officers who said that the Japanese Canadians posed no threat to Canada's security.
		When the news came that the war had ended in Europe, Japanese Canadians thought this might be the end of the camps and time at last to return to regular communities.
	www.whitepinepictures.com /seeds/i/8/sidebar.html (1015 words)

	JapaneseCanadianHistory.net Home Page
		The Japanese Canadian history web site is a companion to resource books developed with a Networks Grant from the Ministry of Education on the internment of Japanese Canadians from 1942 to 1949 and the attainment of redress in 1988.
		The internment of Japanese Canadians is a fl mark on the history of a nation that prides itself on its ethnic diversity, its tolerance and its multicultural policies.
		The internment of Japanese Canadians was not an accident or a mere coincidence of wartime decisions made under duress or necessity.
	www.japanesecanadianhistory.net /home_page.htm (455 words)

	Japanese Internment Camps in Canada
		Japanese Canadians were being punished for a crime they didn't commit.
		Innocent Japanese Canadians were stripped of their rights, issued special clothing, humiliated, thrown behind barb wire fences, and were forced to do manual labour.
		Of the 22,000 Japanese Canadians placed in the internment camps 4,000 were stripped of their Canadian citizenship and then deported to Japan.
	www.yesnet.yk.ca /schools/projects/canadianhistory/camps/internment1.html (1627 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		As a result, the Japanese consul in Vancouver was a prominent figure on the coast.
		Because of this and because of the avid support of Canadian Japanese of Japan's aggressive policy in Asia before the Pearl Harbor bombing, serious measures were taken against those of Japanese origin.
		Not until more than thirty years later would the bitter memories and deep hurts that were in the hearts of the Japanese- Canadians be layed to rest by the formal apology given by the government to the Japanese-Canadians that were mistreated during the years 1941-1949.
	www.physics.sfsu.edu /~dnidever/homepage/ideas/japanese.txt (461 words)

	Japanese Canadian Internment - Information at the University of Washington Libraries and Beyond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Tensions mounted and early in 1942 the Ottawa government bowed to West Coast pressure and began the relocation of Japanese nationals and Canadian citizens alike.
		During the period of detention, the Canadian government spent one-third the per capita amount expended by the U.S. on Japanese American evacuees.
		In 1988, 111 years after the first Japanese entered Canada, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney formally apologized to Japanese Canadians and authorized the provision of $21,000 (Cdn.) to each of the survivors of wartime detention.
	www.lib.washington.edu /subject/Canada/internment/intro.html (463 words)

	CURA - Community-University Research Alliance
		In 1942, with the wartime internment of Japanese Canadians and the confiscation of their property, most of the visual records of early Japanese Canadians were scattered and lost.
		Grace Eiko Thomson, of the Japanese Canadian National Museum, in partnership with UVic historian Phyllis Senese and student researchers, tracked down and examined three important collections of historical photographs.
		Entitled “Shashin,” the Japanese word for photograph, which literally means “true reproduction,” this collection is an examination of some of the last remaining material records of the early 20th century Japanese Canadian community in British Columbia.
	www.cura.uvic.ca /projects/japanese_canadian/home.html (460 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The prohibitive cost of continental railway travel meant that the majority of Japanese immigrants into Canada during that period, particularly the early 1900's, clustered around their ports of entry along the west coast of Canada (Adachi, 1991, p.34).
		In 1924, the British Columbia Legislature passed a resolution requesting that Japanese and Chinese immigration be prohibited and that restrictions be placed on the industrial and commercial activities of "Orientals" (Adachi, 1991, p.141).
		A Gallup Poll conducted in 1943, long after the threat of Japanese invasion had past, indicated that 54% of Canadians were in favour of "sending back" all residents of the Japanese race to Japan.
	teapot.usask.ca /cdn-firearms/Research/Panic/4-0.html (1980 words)

	Japanese Canadian History Study Guide
		It will lead you to resources on the early history of the Japanese in Canada, as well as the Japanese Canadian internment during World War II and the redress issue of the 1980s.
		Japanese Canadians - Evacuation and Relocation - Bibliography
		Relocation to Redress: The Internment of the Japanese Canadians
	www.vpl.ca /branches/LibrarySquare/his/StudyGuides/japanese_canadian_history.html (1147 words)

	Canada - DiscoverNikkei.org
		The 1996 census estimated that there were 51,800 Canadians of Japanese ancestry (those who listed single origin) and an additional 25,330 who had some Japanese ancestry (multiple origin).
		She is a native-born Japanese and lived in Canada as a freelance writer.
		The exhibit is currently in the main hallway at the Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre.
	www.discovernikkei.org /wiki/Canada (1012 words)

	Nikkei Timeline
		The book chronicles the history of the Japanese Canadians in WW II, as well as their arrival in Canada, and dispersal after the war, through the use of extensive oral histories.
		Japanese Canadians in the Arts, a Directory of Professionals, coordinated by Aiko Suzuki, is published by the Toronto Chapter of the National Association of Japanese Canadians.
		The common monument honours the 150 Japanese Canadians buried at the cemetery.
	www.nikkeiplace.org /timeline.html (5807 words)

	Pacific Affairs: Book reviews -- Stories of My People: A Japanese Canadian Journal by Roy Ito (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		As he explains it, Ito traces the history of Japanese Canadians through his recording of individual life stories, from the arrival of the first immigrantin 1877 to the achievement of redress for wartime wrongs in 1988.
		This generic ambivalence is further complicated by Ito's fashioning of the text as his journal, and the provocative prelude in which Ito imagines a Japanese Canadian reunion in his "field of dreams"--the site of the internment camp at Lemon Creek--starring the community's baseball team of the 1920s and 1930s, the Asahi.
		For example, in their recording of Japanese Canadian experiences during the Second World War, such histories have exploited archival documentation from the popular press which supports the image of Japanese Canadians as submissive victims.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3680/is_199510/ai_n8710504 (575 words)

	Japanese Canadian Internment - Internment and Redress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Japanese fishermen were evacuated first in response to the rumors that they might actually be operating as spies, gathering information on coastal waters and areas.
		Kawano, an Anglican priest, brings together a series of reminiscences by Japanese and English Canadians that focus on the role of Canadian Christian churches during the internment.
		Outlines the role played by the National Association of Japanese Canadians in implementing the Redress Agreement and the work of the Japanese Canadian Redress Foundation to support efforts to strengthen the contemporary Japanese Canadian community.
	www.lib.washington.edu /subject/Canada/internment/internment_redress.html (531 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Ayukawa then recalls the attitudes and events that led up to internment of Japanese Canadians, and the racial barriers that she faced after it ended.
		Dore, Anne (2002, Summer) Transnational Communities: Japanese Canadians of the Fraser Valley, 1904-1942 B.C. Studies Issue 134, p35 This article discusses the life of the Japanese Canadian farming families in the Fraser Valley from 1904 to 1942.
		Discusses the views of former politician John Fraser (Japanese born immigrant) on the announcement of redress to Japanese Canadians by the prime minister.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~ywdhui/school/soci365.doc (1040 words)

	NIKKEI BOOKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		From translations of interviews in Japanese when she was in her 90s, rewritten by Roy Kiyooka and edited after his death by Daphne Marlatt.
		Two Canadian historians (one of whom opposed the redress movement in Canada) and two Japanese historians write on Japanese Canadians and Canadian POWs in Japan during WWII on the theme that both wartime Canada and Japan looked on the Japanese and Canadians under their control as mutual hostages.
		Miyazaki's record of his time in Lillooet before WWII to 1973, with details about the Canadian Japanese Association, affiliated organizations and pre-war Japanese town as well as his experiences as a doctor.
	www.najc.ca /najcsite/resources/books/books.htm (754 words)

	DBEDT News Release No. 03-55
		Japanese respondents concentrated much of their swimming and sunbathing activities on Oahu.
		Japanese Visitors: The ratio of female to male Japanese visitors surveyed was similar to that of the U.S., but the average age was slightly younger at 45 years old.
		Canadian Visitors: In contrast to U.S. and Japanese visitors surveyed more of the respondents from Canada were male (55.0%) than female (45.0%).
	www.hawaii.gov /dbedt/news/2003/0355.html (1375 words)

	MCC \| Canadian Japanese-Mennonite Scholarship Recipient for 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Recently, Japanese Canadian women writers and filmmakers have been trying to address the struggles and negative images of previous generations through their work.
		She proposes that the Japanese Canadian identity is "at the forefront of a new stage of representation and re-configuration because of both external political forces and a creative impetus from within the community."
		The Canadian Japanese-Mennonite Scholarship is jointly sponsored by MCC and the National Association of Japanese Canadians.
	www.mcc.org /scholarships/cjms/2004.html (364 words)

	The Ring - Japanese-Canadian photo exhibit
		Now researchers at UVic and the Japanese Canadian National Museum in Burnaby are using photographs taken by Japanese Canadian studio photographers from the turn-of-the century to 1942 to gain insight into this era.
		They’re examining issues such as assimilation and exclusion, the role of Japanese Canadian photographers in Canadian society, and the value of photographs in reconstituting community stories.
		The project has resulted in a travelling exhibit of photographs, entitled “Shashin: Japanese Canadian Studio Photography to 1942,” currently on display at the Royal BC Museum until April 17, and then at the Maltwood Art Museum and Gallery from April 21 to June 22.
	ring.uvic.ca /05apr07/features/photos.html (285 words)

	jcnm.ca - Resources
		As part of its mandate to collect, preserve and make accessible archives and artifacts related to Japanese Canadian heritage, and to educate about Japanese Canadian history and culture, the Japanese Canadian National Museum preserves an extensive collection of archival materials and artifacts.
		Contact the Japanese Canadian National Museum for more information about our collection or to start your research.
		Descriptions of some of the archival materials held at the Japanese Canadian National Museum are available online as part of the BC Archival Union List.
	www.jcnm.ca /resources.htm (2034 words)

	Internment - DiscoverNikkei.org
		During the Second World War, roughly 22,000 Japanese Canadians were forcibly evacuated from the west coast and resettled in other parts of the country.
		Canadian artist Michael Kluckner's on-line project "Vanishing British Columbia" (http://www.michaelkluckner.com/bciw.html) (subsequently published by UBC Press/University of Washington Press) documents a number of places and stories relating to Japanese-Canadians during and immediately after World War II.
		Includes as Section III "The Japanese Peruvian Internment: A Case Study", a richly documented analysis of the kidnapping and incarceration of over 2,200 Japanese Peruvians during World War II.
	www.discovernikkei.org /wiki/index.php/Internment (1570 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Ethnicity: Asian: Asian-Canadian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre (JCCC) - Non-profit community-based organization which facilitates the understanding and appreciation of Japanese heritage and culture.
		Japanese Canadian National Museum - A non profit organization functioning to inform people about Japanese Canadians through programs and activities.
		National Association of Japanese Canadians - Dedicated to enhancing equal rights and liberties for all people of Japanese descent, and other racial and ethnic minorities.
	dmoz.org /Society/Ethnicity/Asian/Asian-Canadian (488 words)

	High Plains Journal Farm and Ranch Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		TOKYO (AP) -- Japanese and Canadian farm ministers will hold talks in Tokyo next week on bovine spongiform encephalopathy, following the confirmation that the recent U.S. case involved a cow born in Canada, Japanese officials said Friday.
		Canada proposed the meeting between Japanese Agriculture Minister Yoshiyuki Kamei and his Canadian counterpart, Bob Speller, said agriculture ministry official Ryosuke Ogawa.
		The Asahi, a nationwide newspaper, reported Friday that the Japanese government would continue to press the U.S. to test every cow before sending it to market as a minimum condition for Japan to lift the U.S. beef import ban.
	www.hpj.com /dtnnewstable.cfm?type=story&sid=10784 (296 words)

	Raincoast Books Catalogue
		This passionate and important book—part memoir, part critical examination—explores the Japanese Canadian redress movement of the late 20th century, which sought compensation from the federal government for the internment of citizens of Japanese descent during World War II.
		From the moment the first generation (the “issei”;) immigrated to Canada, they had to confront, adjust to and attempt to transform a system of laws and policies based on assumptions about race that predetermined the identities of all Japanese Canadian citizens.
		A third-generation Japanese Canadian, Miki is a key figure in the successful redress movement.
	services.raincoast.com /scripts/b2b.wsc/fmp/155192/1551926504.htm (299 words)

	Apology and Compensation - Relocation to Redress: The Internment of the Japanese Canadians - CBC Archives
		Apology and Compensation - Relocation to Redress: The Internment of the Japanese Canadians - CBC Archives
		Today, in the House of Commons, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney announces a historic Redress Settlement for the Japanese Canadians.
		• A re-instatement of citizenship to the "repatriated" Japanese
	archives.cbc.ca /IDC-1-71-568-2924/conflict_war/internment/clip8 (265 words)

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