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	Japanese atomic program Summary
		The Japanese atomic program was a program by the Empire of Japan to develop a genshi bakudan (sometimes incorrectly called genzai bakudan), an atomic bomb during World War II.
		A separate atomic program of the Japanese navy was also in progress in 1942.
		The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9 led to the Japanese surrender on August 15, 1945.
	www.bookrags.com /Japanese_atomic_program (2690 words)

	Japan's Mox Program
		The Japanese electricity industry intends to continue its efforts to garner support and understanding from related parties in order to carry out the MOX utilization program in accordance with this policy.
		The Japanese utilities intend to convert plutonium recovered at RRP into MOX fuel at the Rokkasho MOX fabrication plant that will be built adjacent to RRP and is expected to start operations in FY2012.
		The plutonium utilization plans of the Japanese electric utilities were reviewed and concluded as appropriate by the AEC on January 24, 2006.
	www.japannuclear.com /nuclearpower/moxprogram (678 words)

	Military History: Invasion Japan
		The reluctance of Japanese soldiers to surrender in the island battles, fighting to the death or committing suicide, was further evidence.
		The estimate for Japanese troops to be on Kyushu in November was 350,000.
		Lt. General Takeo Yasuda of the Japanese Army decided in October 1940, that such a weapons program was worthy of study and the Japanese atomic program commenced in July 1941 under the guidance of Dr. Nishina.
	www.combatsim.com /review.php?id=721 (9403 words)

	Second World War Books Review
		With Japanese troops facing certain defeat, a small detachment from Unit 731 attempted to halt the advance of the enemy by contaminating the Khalkin-Gol River with typhus, paratyphus, and cholera while the remaining Japanese forces retreated.
		Ironically, Japanese wartime propaganda accused the Soviets of conducting RW as early as 1935, and Japanese army officers used this as a pretext to justify RW research to U.S. intelligence officers after the war.
		In short, though the Japanese army, like the Red Army, certainly had developed a serious interest in bacteriological warfare, no responsible IJA source accepts or authenticates the allegations that the Kwantung Army tried to poison the precious river water upon which its own forces were as dependent as the Russians and Mongolians must have been.
	stonebooks.com /archives/050724.shtml (3218 words)

	HIROSHIMA BOMBING
		During World War II, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, were destroyed by atomic bombs dropped by the United States military on August 6 and August 9, 1945, respectively, killing at least 100,000 civilians outright and many more over time.
		This figure is based on the registered population, used by the Japanese in computing ration quantities, and the estimates of additional workers and troops who were brought into the city may not be highly accurate.
		A young officer of the Japanese General Staff was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey the damage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff.
	www.japaneselifestyle.com.au /travel/hiroshima_bombing.htm (1181 words)

	Iraqi Nuclear Weapons - Iraq Special Weapons
		Iraq had a very well-funded nuclear weapons program aimed at the indigenous development and exploitation of technologies for the production of weapon-usable nuclear material and the development and production of nuclear weapons, with a target date of 1991 for the first weapon.
		The Iraqi calutron program was largely indigenous and was an improvement over the technology used by the United States in the 1940's.
		The leader of the Iraqi enrichment program, Dr. Jaffar, initially claimeed that the primary aim of the programme was to develop a technological and industrial infrastructure, and that enriched uranium was needed for the research reactors and for a future nuclear power program.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/iraq/nuke/program.htm (3644 words)

	NPR : Trinity: Revisiting the Birth of the Bomb
		There, on July 16, 1945, the world's first atomic bomb was detonated, and the nuclear age exploded into existence.
		The National Atomic Museum chronicles the history and science of the nuclear age.
		A replica of the atomic bomb casing used for the "Fat Man" bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, on Aug. 9, 1945.
	www.npr.org /programs/re/archivesdate/2003/feb/trinity/index.html (1168 words)

	AMERICAN FUTURE - Trying to make sense of a world in turmoil » Japan
		If the Japanese are to be dissuaded from transforming their country from a potential to an actual nuclear power, it is essential that the North Korean nuclear weapons program be eliminated, preferably through diplomatic means, but, if necessary, by force.
		Unidentified Japanese analysts said that the rising threat from North Korea was likely to help the country's political leaders persuade the public of the need to strengthen military ties with the U.S., transform Japan's SDF into a full-fledged military, and eventually revise Japan's pacifist Constitution.
		The Basic Atomic Energy Law of 1956 limits research, development, and utilization of nuclear power to peaceful uses, and, beginning in 1956, national policy has embodied "three non-nuclear principles"—forbidding the nation to possess or manufacture nuclear weapons or to allow them to be introduced into the nation.
	americanfuture.net /?cat=28 (8637 words)

	Atomic Veterans
		Largely as a result of epidemiological studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors, exposure to radiation has been associated with a number of disorders including leukemia, various cancers and cataracts.
		In addition, these "atomic veterans" are eligible to participate in the VA ionizing radiation registry examination program.
		Of the estimated 400,000 "Atomic Veterans," 22,000 have participated in the Ionizing Radiation Registry.
	www.vethealth.cio.med.va.gov /atomicvets.htm (324 words)

	AMERICAN FUTURE - Trying to make sense of a world in turmoil » The Decision to Use Atomic Weapons Against Japan ...
		The Japanese planners were convinced that they could shatter any invasion force so that the demoralized Americans would back off and they would accept a less than unconditional surrender on face-saving terms.
		The Japanese had a national slogan: one hundred million will die for the Emperor and nation — and few doubted that they were, as a whole, prepared to fight to the death.
		According to the officer, who used a pseudonym in the article because he was afraid of retalliation by occupation forces, the program was able to assemble a complete nuclear weapon in a cave in Konan and detonate it on August 12, 1945 on an unmanned ship nearby.
	americanfuture.net /?p=1680 (1781 words)

	Japanese atomic program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the 1930s, the scientific community in the world started to understand the power of nuclear energy, and Imperial Japan, like many other governments, was made aware of the possibility of developing a weapon which utilized nuclear fission as the source of its energy.
		A separate atomic program of the Imperial Japanese Navy was also in progress in 1942 [1].
		This submarine, Unterseeboot 234 (U-234) was sent to Japan in 1945 to deliver 560 kg of unprocessed uranium oxide for the Japanese program, as well as a disassembled Me-262 jet fighter and parts for some German-designed missiles (which would have been of little use for a primitive nuclear weapon) [4].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japanese_atomic_program (2610 words)

	Nuclear weapons Japan Alternate History
		In the fall of 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy concluded that constructing an atomic bomb was indeed feasible.
		The first Japanese ballistic missile was the solid-propellant M-4S, capable of placing a 180 kg warhead with a surface-to-surface range of 1.050 km, was started in 1955 and four vehicles were launched in the period between 1960 and 1962.
		At first, the Japanese ICBM had a "Moscow Criteria" range (the distance from Hokkaido to Moscow is 7,000 km).
	www.angelfire.com /gundam/japanese_empire/altjap/nuclear.htm (913 words)

	Manhattan Project - Knowmore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		One of the early sections of a particle accelerator responsible for development of the atomic bomb, and used to assist in research related to the Manhattan Project.
		The first major scientific hurdle of the project was solved on December 2, 1942 beneath the bleachers of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, where a team led by Enrico Fermi initiated the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in an experimental reactor named Chicago Pile-1.
		Incidently Niels Bohr and Heisenberg discussed the possibility of the atomic bomb prior to and during the war.
	www.knowmore.org /index.php/Manhattan_Project (4556 words)

	Hiroshima - Page 3 - GovTeen Forums
		After Israel bombed the Osirak reactor in 1981 he continued the program covertly and no one knew how far along it was until after the Gulf War.
		The Emporer of Japan insisted that it was the attacks of the Russians, not the atomic bombs that led to Japans surrender
		He contends that the japanese a-bomb project had made significant progress towards building a bomb, and in fact may have detonated a small atomic weapon in korea shortly before the hiroshima bombing.
	forums.govteen.com /showthread.php?p=3341679 (4850 words)

	Japan's WWII A-bomb Project in Hungnam, N Korea
		Japanese Atomic Program (PhysicsToday) -- The Japanese atomic program was a program by the Empire of Japan to develop a genzai bakudan, an atomic bomb during World War II.
		Most experts believe that the program was small, and managed neither to refine enough uranium-235 nor to breed enough plutonium needed to make a workable device, although there are indications that Japan had a more sizable program than is commonly understood.
		Had we waited two weeks, the Japanese atomic bomb would have been used on our Allied fleet, and this was one of the reasons they kept dragging their feet to give up.
	www.kimsoft.com /korea/jp-hung.htm (3497 words)

	Nuclear Weapons Program - Japan
		In the fall of 1940, the Japanese army concluded that constructing an atomic bomb was indeed feasible.
		The Japanese plant was captured by Soviet troops at war's end, and some reports claim that the output of the Hungnam plant was collected every other month by Soviet submarines.
		The Basic Atomic Energy Law of 1956 limits research, development, and utilization of nuclear power to peaceful uses, and beginning in 1956, national policy has embodied "three non-nuclear principles"--forbidding the nation to possess or manufacture nuclear weapons or to allow them to be introduced into the nation.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/japan/nuke (1581 words)

	New evidence tracks Japan's efforts to create atomic bomb (San Diego Union-Tribune June 1, 1997) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Japan was working on its own atomic bomb when the United States dropped atomic bombs on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
		According to Japanese science historian Tetsu Hiroshige, preliminary research for a Japanese bomb program began in 1940, and the program called F-Go, or No. F (for fission), began at Kyoto in 1942.
		As a reprisal, the Japanese were going to place all the camp residents in barges and sink them in the Java Sea.
	vikingphoenix.com /public/JapanIncorporated/1895-1945/jp-abomb.htm (1605 words)

	Global Hibakusha Film Festival-Films
		Doctor Hida Shuntaro, who himself was exposed to radiation from the atomic bomb in Hiroshima, continues to call attention to the danger of low-level radiation exposure.
		Tom Bailey, who lives near the Hanford nuclear facility where plutonium for the atomic bomb used in Nagasaki was manufactured, is currently suing the U.S. government for damage caused by radioactive contamination.
		The juxtaposition of these sites points to the striking contrast between the two worlds which created them: one which reveres and lives in harmony with the natural world, and one which, in striving to control the forces of nature, has created a means for its destruction.
	ase.tufts.edu /japanese/hiroshima-nagasaki2005/program-film.htm (1002 words)

	Brown University Dean of the College
		The Department of East Asian Studies offers regular courses in Japanese on the first through the fourth year level with courses in literature, linguistics, and independent studies for students further advanced in the language.
		This is a year course for introduction to Japanese language for those who have no prior knowledge of the language.
		Students with one or two years of Japanese have an opportunity to participate in two official study-in-Japan programs: at the Kyoto Center of Japanese Studies in Kyoto and the International Center of Keio University in Tokyo.
	www.brown.edu /Administration/OIP/programs/lang/Japanese.html (529 words)

	Alsos: Warfare Browse
		German Atomic Bomb Program - German efforts to produce an atomic bomb during World War II Hydrogen Bomb - design and testing of thermonuclear weapons
		Japanese Atomic Bomb Project - Japanese efforts to produce an atomic bomb during World War II Japanese Surrender - events leading to the surrender of the Japanese to the Allies in 1945
		Russian Nuclear Weapons Program - history of the programs in the former Soviet Union and Russia from the 1940s to the present
	alsos.wlu.edu /warfarebrws.asp (486 words)

	The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II: A Collection of Primary Sources
		Ever since the atomic bombs were exploded over Japanese cities, historians, social scientists, journalists, World War II veterans, and ordinary citizens have engaged in intense controversy about the events of August 1945.
		This includes a number of formerly top secret summaries of intercepted Japanese diplomatic communications; the documents enable interested readers to form their own judgments about the direction of Japanese diplomacy in the weeks before the atomic bombings.
		The total area devastated by the atomic strike on Hiroshima is shown in the darkened area (within the circle) of the photo.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/index.htm (6922 words)

	NPR : Hiroshima's 'Shockwave,' 60 Years Later
		Trinity and the Birth of the Atomic Bomb
		Talk of the Nation, August 4, 2005 ·; This weekend marks 60 years since the B-29 bomber Enola Gay banked over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on an August morning and loosed its cargo, a 10,000-pound atomic bomb known as Little Boy.
		The only other object in the tin shack, besides an atomic bomb, was a telephone.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4780810 (1100 words)

	German, Russian, and Asian Languages and Literature \| Brandeis University
		The bi-annual Japanese Program Newsletter showcases students' work and the many activities in which students are involved each semester.
		Brandeis students have engaged their audiences with challenging issues, including racial discrimination, immigration, identity, and the differences between men's and women's language in Japan.
		To reinforce in-class learning and provide an opportunity for self-expression, the Japanese Program has developed a peer-tutoring system in which students are paired with a Japanese native speaker for one hour each week.
	www.brandeis.edu /departments/grall/japanese/pactivities.html (275 words)

	STORIES ABOUT VANCE NAZI SUB U-234
		Fehler was a German officer which meant when he gave orders everybody snapped to But, for whatever reasons, the man who had earned the nick name "Dynamite" for his job of scuttling captured vessels decided to exercise some democracy that day.
		Fehler explained to the Japanese that he had to surrender because he had to obey his high command just as they would have to follow theirs.
		Wilcox cited the story of the U-234 as evidence that the Japanese may have been close to developing their own atom bomb and would not have hesitated to use it.
	www.ussvance.com /Vance/nazisub.htm (2414 words)

	Nuclear Weapons: The Critical Decisions, UCLA International Institute
		Web sites and their links also provide information that would be useful for the course.
		The final exam will be a regularly scheduled one covering the entire course, to be held Tuesday, June 11, 8:00 am-11:00 am (final exam code 14).
		Supplementary Reading: James N. Yamazaki, M.D., Children of the Atomic Bomb: An American Physician's Memoir of Nagasaki, Hiroshima, and the Marshall Islands, Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=2328 (1688 words)

	Todd's Atomic Homepage - Weapons
		Closing the Circle on the Splitting of the Atom
		VENONA: Soviet Espionage Against the U.S. Atomic Program
		Atomic Audit: What the U.S. Nuclear Arsenal Really Cost (sic)
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /neutronics/todd/frame/weapons.html (64 words)

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