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	Japanese castle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hiroshima Castle, on the opposite end of the spectrum, was destroyed in the atomic bombing, and was rebuilt in 1958 as a museum.
		Originally conceived of purely as fortresses, their primary purpose being military defense, Japanese castles came to be the homes of daimyo (feudal lords), and served to impress and intimidate rivals not only with their defenses, but with their size and elegant interiors, architecture and decorations.
		Unlike in Europe, where the advent of cannon spelled the end of the age of castles, Japanese castle-building was spurred, ironically, by the introduction of firearms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japanese_castle (1445 words)

	Himeji Castle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, it is one of Japan's "Three Famous Castles", and is the most visited castle in Japan.
		The castle was conceived and constructed during the Nanboku-cho era of the Muromachi period.
		In 1868, the new Japanese government sent the Okayama army, under the command of a descendant of Ikeda Terumasa, to shell the castle with blank cartridges and drive its occupiers out.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Himeji_Castle (698 words)

	Castle Structure and Defense
		The present castle was built by Terumasa Ikeda, the son-in-law of Ieyasu Tokugawa around the start of the Tokugawa Period in Japan, and, in addition to showing off his vast wealth and power, the castle was meant to serve as an important political and military center.
		The castle originally had three rings of moats around it (only one of which can be seen today), in addition to the sloping rock walls, gates and towers typical to most castles.
		Constructed as a Flatland-Mountain castle, Hirosaki castle was built in 1610 as the headquarters for the Tsugaru family, which controlled the northern part of the island of Honshu.
	www.bridgewater.edu /~dhuffman/soc306/s00grp1/webpage2.htm (1333 words)

	Building Japanese Castle Elements with Legos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The Japanese castle donjon/keep (called tenshu) was mostly made of wood with the foundation made of stone.
		Yama-jiro were castles built on top of mountains or the hill between a mountain and a plain called hirayama-jiro and on flat land called hira-jiro.
		For example, in some castles, when the front door was breached, there were passageways that led the enemy directly to the back door.
	web.tampabay.rr.com /kkqwebpage/build_japanese_castle.htm (629 words)

	Japan's Samurai Castles
		Instead of a hulking mass of stone, Himeji Castle is a confection of delicate roofs and gables.
		Castle, he explained, was never used for a residence; it was intended strictly as a military headquarters.
		The castle in Hirosaki was the smallest that we visited, but within the modern city, we could easily trace the outline of an old castle town.
	www.worldandi.com /newhome/public/2003/july/lfpub.asp (2548 words)

	Japanese castles
		The need for castles arouse after the central government's authority had weakened in the 15th century and Japan had fallen into the chaotic era of warring states (sengoku jidai).
		Unlike the earlier castles, they were built in the plains or on small hills in the plains, where they served as a region's administrative and military headquarters, and became the centers of "castle towns".
		The typical castle gate consists of two gates which are placed in a 90 degree angle to each other, creating a small inner yard which is heavily defended from all sides.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2296.html (500 words)

	Japanese Architecture: Himeji Castle, Himeji
		The castle at Himeji is an iconic image of Japan and one of the finest examples of fortress architecture in the world.
		Unlike earlier castles, the walls and the gates incorporated a number of loopholes to allow the defenders to fire down at the attackers from a safe position.
		Himeiji Castle was given lavish ornamentation and equipped with kitchen and toilette facilities in the main tower.
	www.orientalarchitecture.com /himeji/HIMEJICASTLE.htm (727 words)

	Duncanville Wind Ensemble in Japan
		In 1959, the main and small castles, the abutment bridge between the two, and the main gate were reconstructed.
		The exhibits inside the castle have paintings and artifacts that have been desiginated "Important Cultural Assets." Exhibits include scrolls and paintings by the Kanou school that adorned the alcoves and sliding doors of the Hommaru palace before the palace was destroyed.
		The Kinshachi adorn the main ridge of the castle's roof and were a symbol of the feudal lord's authority.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/mizg/Castle.htm (538 words)

	Ospreysamurai.com - Japanese castles and the European parallel
		In Medieval Europe the trend in castle building had been to build up, allowing the walls to rise as high as possible so that an assailant's siege towers and scaling ladders would have to be impossibly long.
		Japanese castle technology, prior to the introduction of the tower keep in the 1570s, did not allow a similar use of height through buildings.
		This was the castle design that became known as the trace italienne (the Italian system) because the style first appeared during the Spanish wars in Italy.
	www.ospreysamurai.com /castles_europe.htm (468 words)

	Japanese Castles
		The Japanese castle is quite different to its European counterpart in physical appearance, and at first glance appears to be very roughly built and designed.
		The Japanese castle though differing in some respects also had features similar to its European counterpart, despite the fact that the Japanese had little contact with the west at the time.
		This was rarely used in Japan and thus the walls of European castles are somewhat stronger than those of Japanese castles.
	www.bridgewater.edu /~dhuffman/soc306/sp03grp06/techniques.html (275 words)

	The Scottish Gardens
		Thus, in 1904, a firm of Japanese land scape gardeners was hired to oversee the (laying of the perfectly interlocking granite stones, which form the various channels, waterfalls and stone cantilevered bridges of the garden).
		The presence of several Japanese stone lanterns add to the authenticity and it can be argued that the attempt to marry both the Japanese and western styles has succeeded.
		Maintained by a Japanese gardener named Matsuo until his death in 1936 and then Christie herself until her death in 1949, the garden finally opened to the public for the last time in 1955 and soon fell into disrepair.
	fdrummond.www2.50megs.com /scottish.htm (1539 words)

	Shuri Castle
		The castle was destroyed four times in its history, the last being during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945.
		This allowed the remaining ruins of the castle to be left undisturbed by the new construction.
		On both sides of the front stone steps are sculptures of large dragon pillars and at the ends of the parapet is a pair of small dragon pillars.
	plannedchaos.org /shuri.html (724 words)

	For my mother's edification...
		That castle, of course, was a rebuilt version of the castle destroyed by lightning in 1665, which was itself a reconstruction of the Tokugawa-era castle built in 1629.
		The Tokugawa were nice enough to build that castle on top of the remnants of the original Osaka-jō, built in 1583 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and destroyed by the Tokugawa during the Summer War of 1615.
		Also known as Shirasagi-jō (White Egret Castle) because of its color and shape, this castle is the epitome of the traditional Japanese castle.
	homepage.mac.com /ghartman2/iblog/C326078384/E5445065 (401 words)

	Azuchi castle: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Azuchi castle is a very famous Japanese castle built on the shores of Lake Biwa Lake Biwa quick summary:
		The castle is covered in gold and littered with statues on the outside grounds and decorated with paintings by Oda's subject Kano Eitoku Kano Eitoku quick summary:
		Kano eitoku (kan eitoku, february 16, 1543 - october 12, 1590) was a japanese painter and founder of the...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/az/azuchi_castle.htm (232 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		One of the first little trips I took this break was a day-trip to Himeji, a town out past Kobe, famous for its castle, Himeji-jo, which is one of the very few that was not destroyed in World War II and reconstructed in concrete.
		When we went to the castle, that was quite evident, for although it was still obviously influenced by Japanese architecture, it had many Chinese influences and bright colors like from more southern Asian countries.
		As the fighting grew hopeless for the Japanese, all the officers and personell in these tunnels committed suicide after their commander sent a telegram to Tokyo praising the Okinawan people for their valor and asking that they be given special consideration after the war.
	sophia.smith.edu /~hmcgaugh/journal_12_26_03.html (1431 words)

	Himeji Castle - The Architectual Grory of Japanese Castles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		It was in 1346 that Himeji Castle first appeared; namely, a small castle combining a mansion with a fort, and built by Sadanori Akamatsu, a lord in charge of security for the Himeji area.
		In time of peace, it showed off the prestige of a castle and it was used a as living mansion for a "Daimyo" and also as a warehouse for arms and provisions.
		There are 84 castle gates in total.Above all, "Komon" (a kind of secret path to hide a passageway) which could be said to be characteristic of Himeji Castle, were set up in three places.
	www.jgc.co.jp /waza/a5_himeji/castle01.htm (1254 words)

	Himeji Castle
		Most of Japan's castles burned to the ground in accidental fires or were destroyed during the Meiji era when they were considered something of an embarrassing relic from a barbaric past.
		The castle's origins may date back as far as 1333, but the castle in its present form was substantially built by 1609.
		Today the castle is a museum (Admission 500 yen) and the path of the tour you take leads through massive gates in equally massive walls, to imposing courtyards and then into the castle itself, spiraling ever upwards to the dizzying heights of the upper floors.
	www.intrepidtraveler.com /travels/himeji.html (613 words)

	Untitled Document
		As the Japanese landscape has always had a shortage of stone and an abundance of trees clustered on forested mountains, it was natural that it should be the latter two factors – timber and high ground, which determined the character of Japanese fortifications for many centuries.
		The first Japanese castles, therefore, consisted of simple wooden stockades linking towers and gates that followed the natural defences provided by the height and the contours of the mountains from which the materials for the wooden walls had been taken.
		For a daimyô's honjô, and for most of the satellite castles, a simple stockade was not enough to withstand enemy attack or to provide barracks space for a garrison, so a technique developed whereby the mountain on which the yamashiro stood was literally carved up.
	www.ospreysamurai.com /castles_nagashino.htm (3248 words)

	HIMEJI CASTLE
		In 1992 Himeji Castle was recognised by UNESCO as a building of world significance and was added to the World Heritage list.
		Himeji Castle is an excellent example of traditional wooden architecture and its stone walls with their white plastered walls have been well maintained.
		In the 16th century the fort was removed and a three story castle was built in its place by Hideyoshi Hasiba.
	www.japaneselifestyle.com.au /travel/himeji_castle.html (465 words)

	KNTO Destination Guide - Suncheon Waeseong(Suncheon Japanese castle) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Only one castle preserved among 26 Japanese castles in the southern region, appointed as a local monument no. 171 on Feb. 99.
		Suncheonwaeseong Fortress is an important spot, and has a scale of 120,595.584 sqm, outside castle 2502m, inside castle 1342m, and consists of 3 outside mud castles, 3 main stone castles and 12 castle gates.
		Waeseong Castle located in the pine forest faced with Gwangyang gulf is the historic battlefield where General Yujeong and General Gwonyul lead 36000 forces of army,Jinrin and Yi Sun-Sin lead 15000 forces of navy to defeate the Japanese forces at Noru island, Jang-do Island and this place.
	www.visitkorea.or.kr /eng/info_db/dest/sight_detail.jsp?seqno=2816 (416 words)

	japanese castles - Castle Quest
		posted 03-18-99 08:40 PM My class is studying japanese castles.
		describe the various people and their jobs/ occupations in and around a castle.
		describe the town that could be near a castle.
	www.castlesontheweb.com /quest/Forum12/HTML/000014.html (73 words)

	QuickTime VR Castle Trek; the castle trekking site in Japan
		A castle is the commander room for strategy, a fort, and a battlefield.
		However, the figure of a castle is beautiful.
		Castle Trek is a site which takes a walk a castle by QuickTimeVR.
	castle.ad-g.tv /egindex.htm (381 words)

	FightingArts.com - A visit to the Samurai Castle - Himejijo
		Chances are, if you've seen any chambara or historical Japanese films, you've seen an exterior shot of a beautiful castle, probably framed by trees either in spectacular full bloom, or arrayed in autumn foliage.
		Since it was never attacked, and was miraculously preserved from fire, the castle complex existed essentially intact until recent times.
		As impressive as the main buildings are, the arrangement of the surrounding area is also a feat of strategic planning and engineering skill.
	www.fightingarts.com /content02/samurai_castle_a.shtml (855 words)

	TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE LECTURE
		Rice rapidly became a vital ingredient in Japanese life and culture; its semi-sacred character can be seen in the influence exerted by the prototypic rice storage shelter on the elevated construction style and form of the oldest extant examples of Japanese Shinto shrine architecture.
		At Nijo Castle in Kyoto, for instance, public activities were concentrated in that part of the palace closest to the ceremonial entrance.
		This smaller turret, at Inuyama Castle, among the oldest extant examples of this important structure, is crowned by a watchtower and boasts as well an arched gable.
	www.csuohio.edu /history/courses/his373/arch.html (3702 words)

	Japanese Castle Version 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		This first castle was a learning experience for me in building architectural elements that resembled styles used in a Japanese Castle.
		I decided on a double height rock slope design to allow me to set the castle to look more imposing and although I used Himeji Castle as a model for most of the exterior roof features, at the end it look like more of a single donjon castle of the old style like Odawara castle.
		Details are it has a base of 40 x 40 studs and uses 3 Flying Ninja Fortress sets (6093) and a bunch of whites from the blue tub (3033) and a bunch of the red roof tiles from dacta 9265.
	web.tampabay.rr.com /kkqwebpage/japanese_castle_v1.htm (137 words)

	Osaka Castle Japanese Castles - Fullscreen QTVR Panorama
		Osaka Castle Japanese Castles - Fullscreen QTVR Panorama
		The castles tell the history of Japan and the Osaka castle is in this history a very important milestone.
		The photographer Shiraki Shigeru is the creator of The japanese Castle Trek a beautiful Website both in Japanese and English with panoramas, historical data and links about the Japanese castles.
	www.panoramas.dk /fullscreen/fullscreen20.html (244 words)

	Ryukyuan Landforms
		Ever since the last century, Japanese scholars have done a great deal of work on Taiwan, and they were recently followed by the members of the Academia Sinica (Taiwan).
		The Ka Po'e Kahiko culture understood the cardinal points (Kukulu) in accordance with the rising of the sun in the East (the Kukulu hikina), the traveling of the sun to the west (Kukulu komokana), as well as the south (Kukulu-hema) and the north (Kukulu 'akau).
		Japanese historic traditions carry on a popular "Mu myth" by teaching that their first thirty-six generations of emperors, beginning with Jim-Mu and Kim-Mu, came from the region of the Sun.
	www.affs.org /html/ryukyuan_landforms.html (2643 words)

	Japanese Castles - Asia Finest Discussion Forum
		Nagoya Castle was built in the beginning of the Edo Period for one of the three Tokugawa family branches, the Owari.
		In 1635 the castle was assigned to a branch of the Matsudaira family, relatives of the Tokugawa, and remained in their hands until the end of the feudal era.
		The current three storied castle tower was constructed in 1820 after the original five storied one was destroyed by lightening.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=4403 (886 words)

	War, warfare, weapons
		The castle was built in the 1500s and the exterior was rebuilt in 1964.
		Two unemployed samurai are saved from drowning by the Ainus, a primitive people on a northern Japanese island, and are torn in their loyalties when the possibility of war arises between the Ainus and a band of Japanese settlers.
		Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 is shown in these Korean paintings.
	www.sfusd.k12.ca.us /schwww/sch618/japan/war_warfare_weapons.html (2732 words)

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