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	Constitution of Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thus the 1946 constitution was adopted as an amendment to the Meiji Constitution in accordance with the provisions of Article 73 of that document.
		Instead, the proposed constitution conformed to the British model of parliamentary government, which was seen by the liberals as the most viable alternative to the European absolutism of the Meiji Constitution.
		Provisions of the constitution guaranteeing equality have been interpreted as only applying to Japanese nationals, and therefore cannot be invoked by visiting foreigners, or by Japan's millions of native residents of Korean and Chinese descent who do not enjoy citizenship.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitution_of_Japan (2822 words)

	Constitution of Japan -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Constitution of Japan was written under the close supervision of (additional info and facts about General Douglas MacArthur) General Douglas MacArthur and the (The principal activity in your life that you do to earn money) occupation forces.
		Provisions of the constitution guaranteeing equality have been interpreted as only applying to Japanese (A person who owes allegiance to that nation) nationals, and therefore cannot be invoked by visiting foreigners, or by Japan's millions of native residents of Korean and Chinese descent who do not enjoy citizenship.
		Furthermore, despite the constitution's egalitarian provisions, Japan is unusual in the developed world in that (Discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race) racial discrimination has not been made an offence in ordinary law.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/constitution_of_japan.htm (2148 words)

	Japanese History
		During the 19th century the rise of the unified Japanese state saw the development of state Shinto: the emperor came to be worshipped as a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu.
		Japanese expansion to the west was halted by the Soviet army in 1939, but the Japanese remained in control of Manchukuo, managing a partial development of its mineral resources, until the Chinese communists (with support from the Soviet Union, who removed large quantities of industrial equipment) took over at the end of World War II.
		Japanese Constitution (1947), a constitution introduced during Allied occupation after World War II, with the emphasis placed on the dismantling of militarism and the extension of individual liberties.
	www.geocities.com /SunsetStrip/1597/meng/countries/japanese_history.html (3866 words)

	UCLA Center for East Asian Studies: Meiji-era Japanese Constitution, 1889
		Japanese subjects may, according to qualifications determined in laws or ordinances, be appointed to civil or military or any other public offices equally.
		Japanese subjects shall have the liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits of the law.
		Those already fixed expenditures based by the Constitution upon the powers appertaining to the Emperor, and such expenditures as may have arisen by the effect of law, or that appertain to the legal obligations of the Government, shall be neither rejected nor reduced by the Imperial Diet, without the concurrence of the Government.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /eas/documents/japan1889meijiconstitution.htm (2887 words)

	JAH Roundtable
		Because the ancient Japanese had borrowed Chinese characters from China to invent written Japanese, and because since then the Japanese had incorporated a great many Chinese words into Japanese to enrich the Japanese vocabulary, the modern Japanese were able to incorporate Western concepts into their language by inventing new words composed of Chinese characters.
		Although Japanese translations of the American Declaration of Independence began to appear as early as 1854, the year when the first United States-Japanese treaty was signed in Yokohama, those early translations, based on an American history book written in Chinese, did not convey the political philosophy of the declaration intelligibly.
		Suzuki admired the democratic draft constitutions proposed by the people's rights groups of the 1880s, with which he was familiar as a constitutional historian, and he adopted some items from them.
	chnm.gmu.edu /declaration/japanese/aruga2.html (9917 words)

	East Asian History Sourcebook: THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN, November 3, 1946
		We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and are deeply conscious of the high ideals controlling human relationship and we have determined to preserve our security and existence, trusting in the justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world.
		Article 97: The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate.
		Article 98: This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/eastasia/1946ConstitutionJapan.html (4418 words)

	Separation of Religion and Politics in the Japanese Constitution
		Then it was submitted by the Japanese government to the parliament and the Directorate, subject to various forms of censorship imposed by the occupation forces.
		Yet, in Japan, due to the fact that the Japanese constitution was a gift from the U.S. occupation forces, the concept of separation of church and state was established as inseparably related to freedom of religion.
		The constitutional mandate to take a neutral attitude toward religions and philosophies of life is at the same time nothing but the order to take a generous attitude toward them.
	www.religiousfreedom.com /Conference/japan/Kobayashi.htm (1950 words)

	Lessons on the Japanese Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When the constitution was presented to the Japanese people in 1946, official commentary explained that the Japanese government, with significant input from the emperor and feedback from Occupation authorities, had written the document.
		While the 1947 Constitution demotes the emperor from his earlier position as sacred and inviolable, it maintains a hereditary throne as a symbol of the state, making the Japanese governmental system comparable to the British.
		Japanese input in the constitutional process became more pronounced after SCAP presented the American draft to the Japanese government in February 1946.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/Digests/const.html (2440 words)

	THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Supreme Court is vested with the rule-making power under which it determines the rules of procedure and of practice, and of matters relating to attorneys, the internal discipline of the courts and the administration of judicial affairs.
		This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
		This Constitution shall be enforced as from the day when the period of six months will have elapsed counting from the day of its promulgation.
	www.solon.org /Constitutions/Japan/English/english-Constitution.html (4197 words)

	Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution \| National Clearinghouse for U.S.-Japan Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		With only minor changes, the constitution was accepted by the Japanese government and went into effect on May 3, 1947.
		The advice and approval of the Cabinet shall be required for all acts of the Emperor in matters of state, and the Cabinet shall be responsible therefor.
		Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/LP/LS36.html (708 words)

	H-Net Review: Klaus Schlichtmann on The Origins of Japan's Democratic Constitution
		a liberalization of the [Meiji] Constitution", which had facilitated the advance of militarism in the 1930s, an "informal committee of experts" on the constitution was appointed under the leadership of Matsumoto Joji, minister of state without portfolio in the Shidehara cabinet, to examine the matter (p.
		After further lengthy deliberations, the new Constitution of Japan was "promulgated in the form of an amendment to the Imperial Constitution on November 5, 1946, to become effective on May 3, 1947" (pp.
		Constitutional amendments to outlaw or make declaration of war difficult if not impossible were suggested already in the 1920s and '30s.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=34091011802368 (2737 words)

	ICL - Japan - Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolable.
		(1) This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
		If the House of Councilors is not constituted before the effective date of this Constitution, the House of Representatives shall function as the Diet until such time as the House of Councilors shall be constituted.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/ja00000_.html (4316 words)

	The American Experience \| MacArthur \| People & Events \| Creation of the Japanese Constitution (1945-1946)
		On October 4, 1945, toward the end of a meeting with MacArthur, a high-ranking Japanese cabinet member asked whether the supreme commander had any instructions "about the make-up of the government." The translator mistakenly used the word "constitution" for "make-up," and the official left thinking that MacArthur had commissioned him to draft a new constitution.
		The Japanese did go to work, but MacArthur rejected their efforts in early February 1946 as "nothing more than a rewording of the old Meiji constitution." Eager to avoid interference from other allies, MacArthur took matters into his own hands.
		Although the emperor was acknowledged as the head of state, he was stripped of any real power and essentially became a constitutional monarch.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX102.html (585 words)

	ICL - Japan Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		With minor changes, the document became the new Constitution on 3 Nov 1946.
		However, the introduction of Self-Defence Forces in 1956, the mutual security pact with the US in 1960, and a new law allowing Japanese troops to participate in UN peace-keeping operations led to pragmatic alterations of the original concept.
		However, constitutional research committees without special powers and with no foreseeable results have been set up in the lower and upper houses.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/ja__indx.html (540 words)

	Peace Constitution: Japanese Seeking Legal Advice at Cal Legislators May Alter Ban on Military Force CHARLES ...
		Changing the constitution "could change Japan's place in the world," said Steven Vogel, a UC Berkeley political scientist responsible for the delegation choosing Cal brains to pick.
		The Japanese constitution long occupied a sacrosanct no-comment zone in public debate because of bitter anguish and suffering caused by the war, the nation's focus on economic growth, and the seemingly unresolvable divide within Japan over use of military force and dependence on U.S. protection.
		The constitution was further stretched in July when the Japanese parliament approved high-stakes legislation to send peace-keeping troops to Iraq, the first time since World War II that Japanese armed forces have been sanctioned to go to a combat zone.
	www.mindfully.org /Reform/2003/Japanese-Peace-Constitution1sep03.htm (1761 words)

	The Japanese Constitution in the 21st Century - Events - Institute of East Asian Studies, UC Berkeley
		Taro Nakayama, the head of a blue-ribbon commission on constitutional reform and a former foreign minister, will speak on "The Research Commission on the Constitution and the Japanese Constitution in the 21st Century" from 12 noon to 1:30, Tuesday, September 2, at Alumni House.
		Japan's blue-ribbon commission on constitutional reform will be visiting Berkeley to speak with faculty experts on constitutional law and US-Japan relations.
		The commission is considering the highly controversial move of revising the constitution's famous Article 9 -- the peace clause.
	ieas.berkeley.edu /events/2003.09.02.html (227 words)

	[No title]
		All matters shall be decided, in each House, by a majority of those present, except as elsewhere provided for in the Constitution, and in case of a tie, the presiding officer shall decide the issue.
		All judges shall be independent in the exercise of their conscience and shall be bound only by this Constitution and the laws.
		The enactment of laws necessary for the enforcement of this Constitution, the election of members of the House of Councillors and the procedure for the convocation of the Diet and other preparatory procedures necessary for the enforcement of this Constitution may be executed before the day prescribed in the preceding paragraph.
	list.room.ne.jp /~lawtext/1946C-English.html (4129 words)

	Conscience and the Constitution
		They were ready to fight for their country, but not before the government restored their rights as U.S. citizens and released their families from camp.
		It was a classic example of civil disobedience -- but the government prosecuted them as criminals and Japanese American leaders and veterans ostracized them as traitors.
		CONSCIENCE AND THE CONSTITUTION delves into the heart of the Japanese American conscience and a controversy that continues today.
	www.pbs.org /itvs/conscience (107 words)

	Information privacy proposed for Japanese constitution: Internet News from The Industry Standard
		An influential Japanese politician has suggested including the right to information privacy as part of a proposed revision to the country's constitution.
		Hatoyama was speaking at the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan this week to outline his suggestions for a revised constitution, which are contained in a book he published on the subject last week.
		Japan's current constitution came into effect on May 3, 1947, and was drawn up at a time when the country was under the control of Allied military forces in the wake of its defeat in World War II.
	www.thestandard.com /internetnews/000955.php (526 words)

	ipedia.com: Constitution of Japan Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		2 The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (1889-1947)
		The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (1889-1947)
		Article 1 of the first chapter states that Japan shall be ruled by the Emperor and the Imperial Family for "ages eternal", adding -- in contradictory terms -- that the Emperor is inviolable (Article 3) and at the same time subordinate to the Constitution (Article 4).
	www.ipedia.com /constitution_of_japan.html (346 words)

	ABOUT JAPAN'S PEACE CONSTITUTION
		Now, generations after the Peace Constitution was ratified, it's in serious danger.
		The Japanese government is officially noncommittal to U.S. and U.N. pressure about sending Japan Defense Forces overseas so far, no doubt due in part to the extremely well-organized opposition they face from the broad coalition of organizations throughout Japan which are campaigning to retain the Peace Constitution.
		The position of Gensuikyo, Japan Peace Committee, and "almost all politically aware people in Japan" is that the Japan Defense Forces are unconstitutional and should be disbanded, and that U.S. bases are not needed.
	www.prop1.org /prop1/jconst.htm (706 words)

	The Japanese Constitution After 55 Years: The Revision Debate - Events - Institute of East Asian Studies, UC Berkeley
		In January 2000, Constitutional Reform Councils were set up in both houses of the national Diet to debate the constitution and its possible reform.
		The inherent implausibility of the notion that Japanâs constitution, drawn up under American occupation, would remain unchanged for so long is such that dispute is hard to avoid.
		Gavan McCormack is Professor of Japanese History in the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
	ieas.berkeley.edu /events/2002.04.19.html (283 words)

	Japanese Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		constitute a rejection of the said bill by the House of Councillors.
		Constitution may be executed before the day prescribed in the
		Constitution, they shall forfeit their positions as a matter of
	www.privacyinternational.org /article.shtml?cmd[347]=x-347-64791 (4070 words)

	USATODAY.com - Japan struggles to cope with effects of divorce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Much of the turmoil is being caused by a growing number of Japanese women who have rejected traditional roles, Tokyo divorce lawyer Fujiko Sakakibara says.
		Many Japanese landlords also are reluctant to rent to divorced women because of their precarious finances and the social stigma.
		The average Japanese family headed by a single mother earns 2.12 million yen ($19,600) a year — 36% of what the average Japanese family makes ($53,500).
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-07-28-japan-divorce_x.htm (1245 words)

	ITworld.com - Information privacy proposed for Japanese constitution
		People should have the right to know what information about them has been gathered and how it is being used, and should be able to ask for amendments to information they think is incorrect, he said.
		Japanese citizens tend to be less concerned than those in Western countries about the collection of personal information by the authorities.
		Changes in some laws are underway, although Hatoyama's suggestion of enshrining such a right in the constitution would take the proposed laws a step further.
	www.itworld.com /Man/2688/050211jpconstitution (641 words)

	Veterans for Peace \| Japanese Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Allowing this constitutional manipulation to take place would completely abrogate one of the most celebrated outcomes of World War II; the 1947 Japanese "Peace Constitution", which states in its preamble:
		You are asked to help a coalition of concerned Japanese citizens, in raising the money needed to put an ad, asking the Japanese government to abide by its constitution and not pass the Yuji Hosei amendment.
		It is scheduled to appear in the Japanese Newspaper, Asahi Shinbun on May 3 (Constitution Day in Japan).
	www.veteransforpeace.org /japanconst.htm (357 words)

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