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Topic: Japanese history

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Asuka period

History of Japan

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Japanese Paleolithic

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	Japanese language and history by ALS International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The origin of Japanese is in considerable dispute among scholars.
		Japanese also shares considerable similarities with the languages of the Ryukyu Islands, within which Okinawa is located, although the Ryukyu languages and Japanese are also mutually unintelligible.
		The influence of the Chinese language on Japanese remains apparent today-approximately 40% of the vocabulary of modern Japanese consists of words adapted from Chinese.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/japanese.htm (1590 words)

	Japanese Economic HIstory 1930's
		All of the major Japanese warships were fast and very heavily armed, and by the late 1930's it was laying down the gigantic Yamato-class vessels, larger than anything else ever produced.
		The situation was all the more intolerable as the Japanese saw that the KMT forces were being supplied from the south along the Burma road and French Indo-china.
		In the bloody border clashes with the Red Army around Nomonhan in 1939 the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters were alarmed by the clear superiority or Russian heavy artillery, aircraft and firepower or Soviet tanks.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/JAP1930.html (792 words)

	Art Bulletin, The: Japanese art history 2001: The state and stakes of research - Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		How art history was invented in Japan, and by extension its canon and its rationale, is a complicated story of state and private interests bound together in an intricate web of connections around "old art." At the heart of the narrative stand the collector of art and the dealer.
		And when the Japanese government established the museums to house the objects so identified and began a program of education to inculcate a consciousness of "Japanese" art, they were again the teachers and advisers to whom state officials initially deferred.
		Even in the reaction that inevitably followed, as Japanese intellectuals grew concerned over the forced migration of art abroad and took steps to prevent it, they remained the shadow forces in a rhetoric of art and national identity centered on a canon of "national treasures" to whose shaping they were integral.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0422/is_1_83/ai_84209174/pg_5 (1221 words)

	A Short Chronology of Japanese American History
		After intervention by the Japanese consul, the resolution was soon rescinded, ending this early chapter of anti-Japanese agitation.
		Through the rest of the summer, Japanese Americans were transferred from the "assembly centers" to Manzanar and Tule Lake, California; Amache, Colorado; Minidoka, Idaho; Topaz, Utah; Heart Mountain, Wyoming; Rohwer and Jerome, Arkansas; and Gila River and Poston, Arizona.
		The emotional testimony by Japanese American witnesses about their wartime experiences would prove cathartic for the community and might be consided a turning point in the redress movement.
	www.janet.org /janet_history/niiya_chron.html (2183 words)

	The Japanese American Network
		There is often some confusion between "Japanese American" and "Japanese".
		In this section, we primarily give attention to the American history that relates to Americans of Japanese ancestry and their contributions to the United States.
		If you have a question about JA history, you might try posting a message in this forum, and perhaps another user may be able to help you or give you leads for an answer.
	www.janet.org /janet_history/ja_history.html (77 words)

	Creating Japanese Zen Gardens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Information and history of japanese zen gardens with pictures to create your own japanese garden of sand, stones and rocks.
		Karesansui, or the "dry-landscape" style japanese gardens have been in existence for centuries, but it wasn't until the late sixth century with the advent of Zen Buddhism did "dry style" gardens began to evolve.
		The "sand" used in japanese gardens is not beach sand but a crushed granite and comes in varying shades of white gray to beige and approximately 2 mm.
	www.japanesegifts.com /zencreate.htm (565 words)

	The Changing Roles of Women in Japanese Society
		Japanese tariffs on imports were limited to 5%, a most favored nation clause existed in all treaties, and extraterritoriality was imposed.
		A Japanese women commented: "...the middle class wife in Japan regards her husband as if he were the oldest son, who must be respected, but who is not fit to handle delicate matters..."
		Of the total Japanese work force in 1980, 33.8% were women, however only 19.8% of their positions were considered permanent.
	www2.gol.com /users/friedman/writings/p1.html (4661 words)

	The History of Japanese Immigration -- Brown Quarterly -- v. 3, no. 4 -- Spring 2000
		Japanese laborers were not allowed to leave their country legally until after 1884 when an agreement was signed between their government and Hawaiian sugar plantations.
		To appease those agitating for an end to Japanese immigration, President Theodore Roosevelt negotiated a "Gentlemen’s Agreement." The Japanese government agreed not to issue passports to laborers immigrating to the United States.
		In 1945 a Japanese American family challenged the constitutionality of segregated schools and the Los Angeles County Superior Court concurred that segregation on the basis of race or ancestry violated the 14th Amendment.
	brownvboard.org /brwnqurt/03-4/03-4a.htm (1445 words)

	Japan eating history and customs with culture information, food and recipes from asia
		In the third century BC, Korea's already developed rice growing techniques were passed to the Japanese by the Yayoi, a migrating tribe that settled in Japan.
		Sharing a long and deep relationship with the Japanese, rice is by far the most important crop of all.
		Although there are no marveling sessions held before the eating, the Japanese people really enjoy the artistic sense and beauty of the displayand arrangement of the food and the choice of receptacles for serving it.
	asiarecipe.com /japeathistory.html (1476 words)

	Family Crest
		The oldest recognized family crest in Japanese history was found in 1100, when the noble class, called Kuge, who served the Emperor started to use symbolized designs of flora, plants and other designs on their belongings such as carts, chests, furniture, and clothing.
		However, in Japanese history, there was no such legal control but was a control with people's mind such as respecting others.
		In history, there was a written explanation of a design of arms existed, and the officially written description of the shield of arms is called the Blazon of Arms that is a system of code for describing dedicated colors, placement and styling.
	www.japan-society.org /crest_jssdt.html (1730 words)

	Japanese War Crimes
		Japanese Governement constantly denies or minimizes these crimes, and until now, it has not made any formal apology for its aggressions and crimes against China and other Asian nations.
		The Japanese Government has successfully gotten away from the remaining problems, they hide or destroy documents, they destroy newly uncovered evidence of war crimes, they refuse to pay the living victims such as the comfort women, they remove the war crimes from their history textbooks...
		The Japanese general public glorify the war criminals as patriotoc heros, enshrine them as gods, threaten the former soldiers who are telling the truth..
	www.centurychina.com /wiihist (407 words)

	Japanese Web Resources - Web Links
		Japanese woodblock prints: in addition to seeing these beautiful works of art this site offers links to the museums where they are displayed.
		Japanese language learning tools on the Web: a collection of Keiko Schneider's Bookmarks that are of use to teachers and students of Japanese.
		Japanese Writing Tutor: "hone your writing skills, making your katakana, hiragana, and kanji more legible." In addition to an extensive writing tutor, learn about the different character sets, when and how they are used, and more.
	college.hmco.com /languages/japanese/resources/students/links (766 words)

	Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (Japanese Americans)
		Possibly these were students, or Japanese who had illegally left their country, since Japanese laborers were not allowed to leave their country until after 1884 when an agreement was signed between the Japanese government and Hawaiian sugar plantations to allow labor immigration.
		Researchers during World War II noted that rather than a normal curve, the Japanese population in the United States was bi-modal — an age group for the original immigrants and another for their children.
		This has influenced the ways in which Japanese communities have been organized, e.g., the need every 25 years or so to have facilities and organizations oriented to children, with long periods of time when such facilities were not needed.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/5views/5views4a.htm (884 words)

	Examining the Japanese History Textbook Controversies \| Japan Digest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The most widely used Japanese textbooks in the mid- and late-1990s contained references to the Nanjing Massacre, anti-Japanese resistance movements in Korea, forced suicide in Okinawa, comfort women, and Unit 731 (responsible for conducting medical experiments on prisoners of war)—all issues raised in Ienaga's suits.
		A conservative (many would argue ultra-conservative) movement toward reform in the Japanese history curriculum was initiated in the early 1990s by Fujioka Nobukatsu and his Liberal View of History Study Group.
		Under the Japanese system, local school authorities determine whether the new textbook is to be used in district classrooms.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/Digests/textbook.html (1791 words)

	December 7, 1941 - Japanese Bomb Pearl Harbor
		Below -- A photo taken from a Japanese plane during the attack shows vulnerable American battleships, and in the distance, smoke rising from Hickam Airfield where 35 men having breakfast in the mess hall were killed after a direct bomb hit.
		Sunday, December 7 - Washington D.C. The last part of the Japanese message, stating that diplomatic relations with the U.S. are to be broken off, reaches Washington in the morning and is decoded at approximately 9 a.m.
		The Japanese lose 27 planes and five midget submarines which attempted to penetrate the inner harbor and launch torpedoes.
	www.historyplace.com /worldwar2/timeline/pearl.htm (878 words)

	AsiaSource: AsiaTODAY - A resource of the Asia Society
		The approval of a controversial Japanese history textbook in April has prompted a wave of criticism from neighboring countries concerned about its accuracy and tone.
		Though critics of the textbook are often using descriptions such as "extreme nationalism," "right-wing," and "reactionary," Japanese officials stress the fact that their government did not produce these textbooks and that the screening process was carried out fairly.
		The other is to analyze the transformation of history education in terms of the rise and fall of postwar Japanese nationalism.
	www.asiasource.org /news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=48253 (2064 words)

	Japanese Language Resources
		The Japanese Oni Exchange Museum: visit this museum and learn about the god for which it was named.
		Japanese Language Learning Cybertutorials: includes cyber tutorials for learning Japanese, helpful hints about the language as it compares to English, and information on a Learn Japanese CD Rom.
		Japanese Writing Study: learn to write in Japanese including stroke order and find out about the history behind the writing system.
	college.hmco.com /languages/japanese/resources/japanese.htm (1012 words)

	The Japanese Garden
		With the coming of Buddhism, Japanese gardens also began to incorporate references to the mythical mountains, islands, and seas of Hindu-Buddhist tradition, to which the gardeners of the Nara Period added evocations of the Daoist Isles of the Immortals.
		These references, often in the form of stones or stone groupings, would continue to play a role in Japanese garden design for the rest of its history, although it is not always possible to know whether such references are intentional on the part of the designer or simply the product of later interpretations.
		The gardens are certainly the product of Japanese culture, and many aspects of that culture are reflected in their design, but to say that one mode of thought lies behind their creation is to deny the extraordinary richness and complexity of Japanese aesthetics.
	academic.bowdoin.edu /zen/index.shtml?origin (1658 words)

	Japanese Art History
		The periods of Japanese art history like Kamakura or Muromachi are mostly named after the places, where the seat of the government was located.
		The Japanese calligraphy and the Japanese tea ceremony were initiated.
		The history of Japanese art was marked by a move backwards to a more aristocratic character.
	www.artelino.com /articles/japanese_art_history.asp (748 words)

	JAPAN AND JAPANESE AT YOUR FINGERTIPS
		Japanese is considered by many to be the most difficult language to learn.
		Learning Japanese can be fun, but to attain a native speaking level, one must usually spend a significant amount of time in Japan.
		During history the name "Konpira San" was commonly used, which also appears in the famous song, "Sails of the Konpira-Ships carried by the wind shura shu shu shu, fare well..." From the foot of the mountain the "Gohonguu" (main building) is reached by 785 steps.
	www.uni.edu /becker/japanese.html (1979 words)

	Digital Chosunilbo (English Edition) : Daily News in English About Korea
		A revisionist middle-school history textbook published by a Japanese rightwing group in 2001, which boasts of keeping out "lies" including Japanese wartime atrocities like the Rape of Nanking and the conscription of "comfort women".
		In a press conference Friday, the Alliance for Asian Peace and History Education, composed of 80 civic groups like the Korea Chongshindae's Institute, Citizen's Coalition for Economic Justice and Young Korean Academy, made public the contents of the textbook, which was submitted for screening to the Japanese Education Ministry last April.
		It also claims that Korean history began with the establishment of Chinese administrative regions by the Han Dynasty in the late 2nd century B.C., one of which -- Daebang-gun -- was located near Seoul.
	english.chosun.com /w21data/html/news/200503/200503110031.html (441 words)

	Japanese History
		Japanese scholars are sent abroad to study Western science and languages, while foreign experts teach in Japan.
		The huge expenditures lead to a financial crisis in the middle of the 1880s which is followed by a reform of the currency system and the establishment of the Bank of Japan.
		In the second Sino-Japanese War (1937), Japanese forces occupy the coast of China and brutalizes the population, especially during the fall of the capital Nanking (only very recently did a full account of the atrocities in Nanking make it into Japanese textbooks).
	www89.homepage.villanova.edu /scott.black/F01-Asian/JapanHist.htm (2127 words)

	Children of the Camps \| INTERNMENT HISTORY
		Some Japanese Americans died in the camps due to inadequate medical care and the emotional stresses they encountered.
		Rather, the causes for this unprecedented action in American history, according to the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, "were motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership."
		Popularly known as the Japanese American Redress Bill, this act acknowledged that "a grave injustice was done" and mandated Congress to pay each victim of internment $20,000 in reparations.
	www.children-of-the-camps.org /history (426 words)

	Yamada Language Center: Japanese WWW guide
		Japanese is taught at the Unversity of Oregon by the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures.
		Center for Applied Japanese Language Studies - Japanese Language teaching information pertaining to the PASS (Proficiency-based Admissions Standard System) legislation being phased in in the state of Oregon.
		The History of the Japanese Language - An in-depth and very thorough history of the Japanese language.
	babel.uoregon.edu /yamada/guides/japanese.html (581 words)

	Articles on Art
		Kanadehon Chushingura, popularly known as The Revenge of the 47 Ronin, is the name of a drama that immortalized historic events from the early 18th century.
		The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 was one of the worst natural desasters in the history of mankind and the worst known earthquake in the history of the Japanese islands.
		Japanese art history - from the Momoyama (1573-1603) to the Heisei Period (since 1989)
	www.artelino.com /forum/articles.asp?mey=22 (285 words)

	LookSmart - History of Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		History of Japan - Examine chronologies, museums, archives, and articles pertaining to Japanese history.
		Offers interpretations of events in modern Japanese history including war crimes, comfort women and the rape of Nanking.
		Highlights the early Japanese history, culture, Kofun, Asuka, Nara, Heian, Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa periods, modern Japan, wars, Mongol invasions, and civil war.
	www.looksmart.com /eus1/eus317836/eus317911/eus53828/eus56154/eus286179/eus566098/r?l&hl=3 (238 words)

	Japan Omnibus - History - Early Japanese History
		Early in the Heian Period (794~1185), the Imperial court received cultural delegations from China and was further strengthened by the conquest of the north of the main island, Honshu.
		This led to the development of a uniquely Japanese style of literature ('Tale of Genji' written by Murasaki Shikibu at the beginning of the 11th century is considered the first ever novel).
		The National Museum of Japanese History site has an English page but the Japanese page is better.
	www.japan-zone.com /omnibus/history1.shtml (1044 words)

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