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Topic: Japanese internment

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Japanese American relocation

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Concentration camp

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Executive Order 9066

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Japanese American internment

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	Japanese internment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Japanese Internment is a term generally used to refer to one or both of the following events:
		Japanese American Internment – the internment of Japanese Americans in the United States during World War II.
		Japanese Canadian internment – the internment of Japanese Canadians in Canada during World War II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japanese_internment (118 words)

	Japanese American Internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Almost 000 Japanese Americans and resident Japanese aliens would eventually be removed from their in California western Oregon and Washington and southern Arizona as part of the single largest relocation in U.S. history.
		Japanese Americans in Hawaii were not subject to the internment despite the fact that they were closer essential military facilities than most of the Americans in the western states.
		During the internment precautions were taken to the property of those forced to move.
	www.freeglossary.com /Japanese_American_Internment (3517 words)

	Internment of Japanese Americans in Concentration Camps
		Hirbayashi, an American citizen of Japanese ancestry, was convicted in the district court of knowingly disregarding restrictions made applicable by a military commander to persons in a military area prescribed by him as such, all as authorized by an Executive Order of the President.
		There is support for the view that social, economic and political conditions which have prevailed since the close of the last century, when the Japanese began to come to this country in substantial numbers, have intensified their solidarity and have in large measure prevented their assimilation as an integral part of the white population.
		American citizen of Japanese ancestry petitioned for writ of coram nobis to vacate his 1942 conviction for being in a place from which all persons of Japanese ancestry were excluded pursuant to a civilian exclusion order.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/02rights/intern01.htm (3646 words)

	Japanese-American Internment - Liberty - Themepark
		So Japanese Americans were forced to leave their homes, sell much of their property at enormous losses, and move into detention/internment camps as a result of Executive Order 9066, issued by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942.
		Japanese Americans in Hawaii did not suffer this same fate because they made up such a large proportion of the population of the territory of Hawaii.
		Virtually travel to the ten Japanese internment camps in the U.S. Read an interview with Hiroyo Kato, a 91 year old first generation Japanese immigrant and learn about her experiences at Tule Lake internment camp.
	www.uen.org /themepark/liberty/japanese.shtml (1219 words)

	Japanese-American Internment in WWII Photographs Exhibit, Univ. Utah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the United States was gripped by war hysteria.
		Leaders in California, Oregon, and Washington, demanded that the residents of Japanese ancestry be removed from their homes along the coast and relocated in isolated inland areas.
		Internment camps were scattered all over the interior West, in isolated desert areas of Arizona, California, Utah, Idaho, Colorado, and Wyoming, where Japanese-Americans were forced to carry on their lives under harsh conditions.
	www.lib.utah.edu /spc/photo/9066/9066.htm (261 words)

	Japanese Internment in World War II
		Roosevelt's executive order was fueled by anti-Japanese sentiment among farmers who competed against Japanese labor, politicians who sided with anti-Japanese constituencies, and the general public, whose frenzy was heightened by the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor.
		More than 2/3 of the Japanese who were interned in the spring of 1942 were citizens of the United States.
		According to a 1943 report published by the War Relocation Authority (the administering agency), Japanese Americans were housed in "tarpaper-covered barracks of simple frame construction without plumbing or cooking facilities of any kind." Coal was hard to come by, and internees slept under as many blankets as they were alloted.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/internment1.html (745 words)

	Japanese American Internment Memorial
		San Jose, CA On March 5, 1994 a panoramic bronze memorial dedicated to Japanese Americans interned during World War II was unveiled by it's sculptor, Ruth Asawa, in the east plaza of the Robert Peckham Federal Building, only half a block away from the original War Relocation Authority Building for Washington, California and Arizona.
		Japanese Americans boarding the train to the Santa Anita Race Track where, like the sculptor, Asawa, they were held in horse stalls for approximately 6 months until permanent camps were built.
		The pictoral ends with the fight against the injustice of the internment which is represented by the portraits of such Japanese American leaders as Fred Korematsu, Gordon Hirabayashi and Minoru Yasui.
	www.scu.edu /SCU/Programs/Diversity/memorial.html (831 words)

	PBS \| The Fillmore: Japanese American Internment Lesson Plan
		Find a map of internment camps in the US and identify the number of Japanese Americans imprisoned.Students could create a map of internment camps locations.
		In groups of 3, role play 3 generations of a Japanese American family: (1) a grandparent who lived in an internment camp as a young adult, (2) a parent who lived there as a child, and (3) a grandchild who was born after 1970.
		Assess students' understanding of historical events, the human consequences of internment, the logic of arguments, and the appropriateness of citations from the Constitution to substantiate their points.
	www.pbs.org /kqed/fillmore/classroom/internment.html (1088 words)

	Teaching about Japanese-American Internment. ERIC Digest.
		When the United States entered World War II following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Japanese immigrants and their descendants, including those born in the United States and therefore citizens by birth, were placed in a very awkward situation.
		Point out that the denial of due process to Japanese Americans was the central civil rights violation in their experience with internment.
		In February 1943, after the internment of Japanese Americans from the West Coast had been completed, the War Department and the War Relocation Authority required all internees 17 years of age and older to answer a questionnaire.
	www.ericdigests.org /2001-3/japanese.htm (1404 words)

	Japanese Canadian Internment - Information at the University of Washington Libraries and Beyond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When war was declared on Japan in December 1941, the cry to rid British Columbia of the Japanese menace was taken up in many quarters, including provincial and municipal government halls and influential local newspapers.
		Tensions mounted and early in 1942 the Ottawa government bowed to West Coast pressure and began the relocation of Japanese nationals and Canadian citizens alike.
		In 1988, 111 years after the first Japanese entered Canada, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney formally apologized to Japanese Canadians and authorized the provision of $21,000 (Cdn.) to each of the survivors of wartime detention.
	www.lib.washington.edu /subject/Canada/internment/intro.html (463 words)

	Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fishing boats left behind by incarcerated Japanese Americans were later sold for a fraction of their value.
		Japanese Americans being taken to the prison camps.
		Grave of the first Japanese American to die while imprisoned at Manzanar.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8420/gallery.html (715 words)

	Japanese-American Internment
		Japanese American internment raised questions about the rights of American citizens as embodied in the first ten amendments to the Constitution.
		Pretend that you are a Japanese American housed in one of the interment camps during WWII.
		The evacuation of the Japanese Canadians, or Nikkei, from the Pacific Coast in the early months of 1942 was the greatest mass movement in the history of Canada.
	www.42explore2.com /japanese.htm (1346 words)

	Japanese Internment
		Based on secret army intelligence reports indicating an "espionage network containing Japanese aliens, first- and second- generation Japanese working together underground..." a military decision was made to summarily discharge many of those 5,000 servicemen.
		Fearing more Japanese attacks on their cities, homes, and businesses, government leaders in California, Oregon, and Washington, insisted that the Japanese residents be removed and placed in isolation farther inland.
		San Francisco Japanese Internment - 1942 San Francisco News Japanese Internment Editorial - 1942 Behind the News by ArthuJapanese Internment - 1942 San Francisco News Japanese Internment Editorial - 1942 Behind the News by ArthuJapanese Internment Editorial - 1942 Behind the News by Arthur Caylor - 1942...
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1679.html (1425 words)

	Japanese American Internment Experience On-Line Exhibit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During World War II, approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans were evacuated from their homes and businesses to internment camps scattered throughout the interior of the United States.
		These permanent internment camps were constructed in rural areas where life was made more difficult by the harsh temperatures and desert and swamp-like environments.
		The barracks where the Japanese Americans would have to live were hastily built without consideration for the brutal climate or the need for privacy.
	www.scu.edu /SCU/Programs/Diversity/exhibit1.html (235 words)

	Lesson Plans
		By using this web site you will gain a better understanding of the Japanese Internment Camps and how they effected the lives of those who were "relocated." You will be required to answer questions relating to the websites you visit.
		This activity is designed to deepen the understanding of the experience of Japanese internment in the United States during World War Two and promote student-centered collaborative inquiry.
		Since the situation under examination occurred in 1944 during the Japanese American Evacuation- yet achieved renewed prominence within the movement for Japanese American redress between the late 1960s and the present-this unit may be taught profitably in conjunction with either World War II or recent U.S. history.
	bss.sfsu.edu /internment/lessonplans.html (1901 words)

	Japanese American internment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The inclusion of orphaned infants with "one drop of Japanese blood" (as explained in a letter by one official) lends credence to the argument that the measures were politically motivated, rather than military necessity.
		Critics of the internment argue that the military justification was unfounded, citing the absence of any subsequent convictions of Japanese Americans for espionage.
		The psychological injury of the internment was noted by Dillon S. Myer, director of the WRA camps.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japanese_American_internment (7654 words)

	Japan Digest \| Teaching about Japanese-American Internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Unlike European immigrants, all Japanese immigrants to the United States were considered “aliens ineligible to citizenship” until 1952.
		Japanese Americans were thrust into a precarious position following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; this is an important issue to present to students.
		The result was a complex mixture of motives that impelled the U.S. government to forcibly intern over 110,000 people of Japanese descent from the West Coast, two-thirds of whom were U.S. citizens, into concentration camps located in isolated regions of the United States.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/Digests/internment.html (1289 words)

	World War Two - Japanese internment camps in the US
		Under the terms of the Order, some 120,000 people of Japanese descent living in the US were removed from their homes and placed in internment camps.
		The US justified their action by claiming that there was a danger of those of Japanese descent spying for the Japanese.
		Some saw the camps as concentration camps and a violation of the writ of Habeas Corpus, others though, saw internment as a necessary result of Pearl Harbor.
	www.historyonthenet.com /WW2/japan_internment_camps.htm (633 words)

	Evacuation and Internment of San Francisco Japanese - 1942
		At the same time, San Francisco business and government leaders began planning to physically clear the Japanese community from the Western Addition by declaring it a "slum area." This planning began one month before the last Japanese residents were forced from the so-called "Little Tokio," or Japantown, district.
		The War Relocation Authority's 1943 publication "Relocation of Japanese Americans" should also be read to understand what the general American public was told about the internment camps.
		The Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast, by Stetson Conn
	www.sfmuseum.org /war/evactxt.html (1297 words)

	Civil Rights - Law and History/Japanese American Internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However, the federal government and its military leaders decided that no one of Japanese ancestry could live on the west coast of the United States, while people of Italian and German ancestry could remain.
		In 1980, the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians was established by Congress.
		The Act was passed by Congress to provide a Presidential apology and symbolic payment of $20,000.00 to the internees, evacuees, and persons of Japanese ancestry who lost liberty or property because of discriminatory action by the Federal government during World War II.
	www.usdoj.gov /kidspage/crt/redress.htm (358 words)

	Japanese Internment Webquest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By the end of that same day, over 700 people of Japanese descent were arrested in the US by federal agents.
		Internment is the forced relocation of someone to a place not of their choosing, and then being required to stay there without being able to leave.
		The internment of the Japanese-Americans was a sad time in the history of the United States, and one that should be remembered as a warning to future generations of how easily people can mistreat others just because of their cultural heritage.
	www.kayenta.k12.az.us /KMS/webquest/internment (819 words)

	Lesson Plan no. 30 \| Japanese American Internment \| AskAsia.org
		Situation: Three years after their internment, Japanese Americans were allowed to return to the West Coast, where they often faced signs that told them to "go back where they came from" or graffiti telling them they were not welcome.
		The readings are excerpts from Japanese American Journey edited by Florence Hongo (teachers can obtain copy of this book in their local library or order a copy from JACP at 800-874-2242).
		Students will now likely identify with the fact that Japanese Americans were stripped of their homes, possessions, friends and sometimes, families.
	www.askasia.org /teachers/lessons/plan.php?no=30 (1323 words)

	The Japanese Internment, CAIR, and Me [Weblog] - Daniel Pipes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		My column today, "Why the Japanese Internment Still Matters," reports on Michelle Malkin's book, In Defense of Internment: The Case for Racial Profiling in World War II and the War on Terror (Regnery) and its challenge to the revisionist view of the ethnic Japanese internment during World War II.
		Now, should anyone ask the same question Goodman did, I can knowledgeably reply: Yes, I do support the internment of Japanese Americans in World War II because, as Malkin shows, "given what was known and not known at the time," the U.S. government made the correct and sensible decisions.
		Kirsanow's experience illustrates (a) how toxic is any discussion of the Japanese internment issue and (b) how directly events of sixty years ago bear on current counterterrorism issues.
	www.danielpipes.org /blog/391 (855 words)

	Asian-Nation : Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues :: Construction & Destruction -- Japanese ...
		The reason I don't call them internment camps, relocation camps, or evacuation camps is because the sole purpose of these camps was to incarcerate, isolate, and punish a group of people accused of crimes and who just had their rights as U.S. citizens revoked.
		But unlike workers from China, Japanese workers were actively recruited to work in Hawai'i and the U.S. and were initially closely supervised by the Japanese government to insure that they were doing well.
		Immediately after the attacks, government and military officials suspected that Japanese Americans would sympathize with and even actively support Japan against the U.S. This suspicion was fueled by a series of intercepted encrypted communications among Japanese officials that led some to conclude that Japanese Americans were being recruited as spies.
	www.asian-nation.org /internment.shtml (1973 words)

	UWEC Geog188 Vogeler - Japanese Internment Camps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		With the Oriental Exclusion Proclamation (1907) the U.S. government limited Japanese immigration.
		Japanese immigrants were concentrated in a few cities on the West Coast and worked largely in a only a couple of industries: fishing and intensive irrigation agriculture.
		A mall stands on the former site of a racetrack where, in 1942, some 7,800 Bay Area people of Japanese descent were imprisoned by the U.S. government as potential saboteurs.
	www.uwec.edu /Geography/Ivogeler/w188/j1.htm (347 words)

	Changing Perspectives on the Japanese Internment Experience
		During the Spring and Summer of 1942, the United States Government carried out one of the largest controlled migrations in history when it relocated 110,000 Japanese Americans from their homes into wartime communities called internment camps.
		Initially most history books recorded the internment experience as a necessary safety action - if it was recorded at all.
		Identify key characteristics of the Japanese internment experience and the events that led to the internment;
	www.thirteen.org /edonline/lessons/internment/index.html (525 words)

	Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project, digital archive of video oral histories of Japanese-Americans ...
		Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project, digital archive of video oral histories of Japanese-Americans incarcerated or interned during World War II Densho's mission is to preserve the testimonies of Japanese Americans who were unjustly incarcerated during World War II before their memories are extinguished.
		After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt cited military necessity as the basis for incarcerating 120,000 Japanese Americans--adults and children, immigrants and citizens alike.
		Densho is a Japanese term meaning "to pass on to the next generation," or to leave a legacy.
	www.densho.org (309 words)

	Dorothea Lange - Forced Internment of San Francisco Japanese - 1942
		Dorothea Lange’s photographs of the forced relocation of Japanese and Japanese American citizens are part of a Library of Congress’ online exhibit “Women Come to the Front.”
		Lange’s earlier work documenting displaced farm families and migrant workers during the Great Depression did not prepare her for the disturbing racial and civil rights issues raised by the Japanese internment.
		These internees would have been among the 664 Japanese moved to Santa Anita Race Track, in Southern California, to wait the opening of Manzanar.
	www.sfmuseum.org /hist/lange.html (918 words)

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