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Topic: Japanese military ranks

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	Kim's Karate > Programs > Belts and Ranks
		Since rank is awarded based on tenure, performing certain minimum skills, and on making substantial personal improvement, it is a more a social and psychological status than it is an indicator of fighting ability.
		Rank is used and has been used for millenniums throughout all societies of the world.
		Often, the higher ranks were also accompanied with the presentation of a densho, manuscript scrolls of instructions or records of secrets by the founders of the various schools.
	www.kimskarateinc.com /Programs/Taekwondo/beltsandranks.asp (4079 words)

	Post-war Sino-Japanese relations Summary
		Japanese people live within webs of reciprocal obligations; some of these obligations are incurred without actually desiring to enter into a relationship— for example, through a benefit received by a family member or simply by being related to someone through common membership in family, company, school, or community.
		Japanese efforts to reach a compromise with China over this issue failed, and the talks were broken off in September 1975.
		The PRC government's harsh crackdown on prodemocracy demonstrations in the spring of 1989 caused Japanese policymakers to realize that the new situation in China was extremely delicate and required careful handling to avoid Japanese actions that would push China further away from reform.
	www.bookrags.com /Post-war_Sino-Japanese_relations (4537 words)

	Japanese language and history by ALS International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Among these languages, Korean is most frequently compared to Japanese, as both languages share significant key features such as general structure, vowel harmony, lack of conjunctions, and the extensive use of honorific speech, in which the hierarchical rank of the listener heavily affects the discourse.
		Japanese also shares considerable similarities with the languages of the Ryukyu Islands, within which Okinawa is located, although the Ryukyu languages and Japanese are also mutually unintelligible.
		The influence of the Chinese language on Japanese remains apparent today-approximately 40% of the vocabulary of modern Japanese consists of words adapted from Chinese.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/japanese.htm (1590 words)

	Japanese Swords
		The Japanese have developed numerous swords, most of which are no longer in practical use, due to the invention of guns.
		There were also hybrid mountings formed called "handachis" which employed katana-styled elements (such as wearing the blade upward), while being incorporated with the tachi-styled kabuto-gane (a pommel cap at the hilt of the blade), the sayajiri (a tachi-styled sheath), and a semegane (design incorporated into the handle of the sword).
		Japanese swords also were the beginning of Japan's domination of technology.
	tcn.cse.fau.edu /homepage/esp03/src/cbirkest/mypublication.html (1258 words)

	USARJ & 9th TSC Camp Zama, Japan - General Information
		Bowing within the military ranks is commonly practiced in addition to the hand salute as a means of extending courtesy and respect.
		Japanese women, though certainly not weak, enjoy appearing meek since this is considered a major part of their refinement and charm in contrast to American women who are taught to be more assertive and open in expressing opinions.
		Japanese social affairs often require the presentation of short speeches or toasts or active participation in entertainment such as singing for the rest of the group.
	www.usarj.army.mil /information/japan/customs.htm (1549 words)

	USARJ/9th TSC Camp Zama, Japan - Training Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Japanese military personnel render the hand salute on all occasions when greeting another military service member of counterpart, regardless of rank.
		Therefore, it is appropriate for U.S. military members to greet the Japanese military counterparts of all ranks with a proper military hand salute.
		Bowing within the military ranks is commonly practiced in addition to the hand salute to extend courtesy and respect from subordinate to superior.
	www.usarj.army.mil /exercises/customs.htm (1527 words)

	Ninjas in WWII - Military Photos
		The relationship of the Japanese people to their emperor is that of the child to the father, the ancient family relationship of obligation and obedience.
		What our military leaders did not know was that by the end of July, 1945, as part of the Japanese overall plan for the defense of their country, they had been saving all aircraft, fuel and pilots in reserve, and had been feverishly building new planes for the decisive battle for their homeland.
		Japanese radios throughout that summer cried out to the people to "form a wall of human flesh" and when the invasion began, to push the invaders back into the sea, and back onto their ships.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=9857 (11931 words)

	Comparative military ranks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ranks and insignia of the National Socialist Flyers Corps
		Ranks and insignia of the National Socialist Motor Corps
		On the Translation of Military Ranks of NATO Forces
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comparative_military_ranks (181 words)

	Guardlife Vol. 27 No. 2
		Japanese enlisted personnel salute their officers, but unlike the U.S. military, Japanese enlisted members also render salutes to each other.
		Especially since U.S. military members are expected to salute their Japanese military counterparts of all ranks.
		However, unlike any of the American customs, bowing within the military ranks is commonly practiced in addition to the hand salute to extend courtesy and respect from subordinate to superior.
	www.state.nj.us /military/publications/guardlife/volume27n2/japan.htm (403 words)

	Designing Militaries
		Military branches and units are often as complex as Nations.
		A military has to have weapons to defend the state and weapons don't determine who is right and wrong, despite the existence of pacifism, they do determine who writes the history books.
		To lure quality volunteers, the military cannot be too brutal and so the troops are not what they could be except in some elite units.
	www.military-sf.com /designmil.htm (2824 words)

	Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes from June 2002 Conference
		Inoue urged the audience to recognize that for the Japanese who joined, their POW status liberated them, allowing them to experience the War through the eyes of the Chinese people, with whom they cooperating and for whom they risked their lives.
		Zhuang discussed the Japanese system of labor exploitation in Qingdao from 1932 to 1945, emphasizing the brutality of the exploitation and the strong documentary basis of his research.
		Many of the sources are unpublished, but because of their high historical value, he is now in the process of working in these locations to compile, edit, and publish a collection of the documents.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~asiactr/sino-japanese/session5.htm (2823 words)

	Nuclear weapons Japan Alternate History
		In the fall of 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy concluded that constructing an atomic bomb was indeed feasible.
		However, the military commitment wasn't backed with adequate resources, and the Japanese effort to an atomic bomb had made little progress by the end of 1951.
		The first Japanese ballistic missile was the solid-propellant M-4S, capable of placing a 180 kg warhead with a surface-to-surface range of 1.050 km, was started in 1955 and four vehicles were launched in the period between 1960 and 1962.
	www.angelfire.com /gundam/japanese_empire/altjap/nuclear.htm (913 words)

	Reconstructing History — Japanese Historical Clothing Research
		Called murasaki in Japanese, today we recognize it as the given name of the author of the Tale of Genji as well as one of her heroines.
		Although men's court clothing was still regulated by rank, a man in casual dress showed his refinement and sensitivity by pairing colours according to the season, the occasion, or his mood.
		Indeed, the mistress of the household (that is, the principle wife) was responsible for all the dyeing that went on.
	www.reconstructinghistory.com /japanese/dyes.html (1208 words)

	Japanese Military Ranking system by David Aikens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Japanese Officer ranks are the same for IJA and IJN.
		Those lower ranks of "Flyer 2c", "Flyer 3c" are in training schools.
		Of interest, the ground crews for the aircraft had the same rank system except for the word "Hiko"/"Koku" was replaced by "Seibi".
	www.j-aircraft.com /research/milrank.htm (274 words)

	Imperial Valley People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As a result, Japanese farm families moved to different locations creating a unique "transient" life style in which even their houses were transported from field to field.
		Many organizations and youth activities were formed, such as the Japanese Association of the Imperial Valley, Japanese American Citizens League, Nisei Boy Scout troops, football and baseball teams and kendo and judo clubs.
		In 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 initiated a mass evacuation of all persons of Japanese ancestry, aliens and citizens from the West Coast on the basis of "military necessity." The Imperial Valley's Japanese population was interned at the Poston Relocation Center near Parker, Arizona.
	www.imperial.cc.ca.us /pioneers/japanese.htm (751 words)

	CBC News Indepth: International military
		Most countries include women in their military, though their roles are largely confined to medical, administrative or logistical fields.
		U.S. female military personnel serve in most areas of the armed forces but are not allowed on submarines and are "precluded from units that engage the enemy on the ground with weapons or that are exposed to hostile fire and have a high possibility of direct physical contact with the enemy."
		About a third of lower rank officers are women and approximately one-fifth of the middle ranking officers are women.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/military-international (939 words)

	Marine Reserves Prepare to Fill Ranks in Iraq
		MARINE CORPS BASE CAMP PENDLETON, Calif - As another rotation of Marine forces are deploying to Iraq, Marine reserves from around the country will be filling the ranks and heading to combat operations with their active-duty counterparts.
		One such group of Marine reservist from the 4th Landing Support Battalion gathered on Camp Pendleton recently to familiarize themselves with some of the weapons and gear they will carry during their upcoming deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
		Easily distinguishable from other Marines by the 1-by-1-inch red cloth patches sewn onto their digital uniforms, the landing support specialists play key roles in logistics operations by performing tasks involved with the reception and distribution of critical supplies.
	www.military.com /features/0,15240,86336,00.html (650 words)

	2300AD Japan Military
		The Japanese armed forces (Japanese Defense Forces) are broken into the Japanese Imperial Defense Force (IDF) in charge of the home islands; the Colonial Defense Force (CDF) for external colonies; and the Space Defense Force (SDF).
		The ranks are identical for both Navy and Space Force, and when expressed in their English equivalents are quite similar to those of other nations.
		Infantry is considered to be the most demanding of all services within the military as a whole and infantry personnel are expected to have an outstanding level of physical fitness.
	www.kurotokage.org /2300AD/Military.html (2775 words)

	John's Military History Page
		Like many military history books, however, there are few useful maps, but the terrain and deployments are well described and easy to understand - at least if you have some knowledge of the battle.
		For instance, the Allied infantry deployed in four ranks instead of two in order to facilitate forming square, a clear break from usual practice.
		Throughout the book, the psychological state of the men in the ranks is key to understanding the battle.
	www.johnsmilitaryhistory.com (822 words)

	AsianWeek.com: National News: Sixty Years Later, an Apology to Japanese American Resisters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		That the ceremony comes at a time when a new group of immigrants has felt the sting of suspicion in the aftermath of the Sept. 11 attacks is not lost on organizers.
		However, in Hawai‘i, where Japanese Americans were crucial to the work force, there was no large-scale roundup even though it was much closer to Japan.
		The combined units of the Japanese American 100th Infantry Battalion and 442nd Regimental Combat Team were among the bravest in U.S. military history, receiving more than 18,000 honors.
	www.asianweek.com /2002_05_17/news_japanese.html (713 words)

	Ranks
		The Soviet Military has many similar ranks but there is a great deal of distinction between an Engineer Captain and a combat arms Captain and the two are not interchangeable like in many other militaries.
		In the US Armed Forces, the ranks of General of the Air Force, General of the Army and Fleet Admirals are refered to by the US as Five Star ranks.
		These ranks were created during WW2 to give parity with the British Commonwealth rank of Field Marshal, Marshal of the RAF, and Admiral of the Fleet and are very rarely rewarded.
	www.military-sf.com /Ranks.htm (826 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. dissolves Iraq's military - May. 23, 2003
		An American senior coalition official said the move effectively disbands the Republican Guard and Revolutionary Command Council and cancels any military ranks or other designations conferred by the previous regime.
		Military members who previously held the rank of colonel and higher will not be entitled to severance packages and cannot work for the new Iraqi government once it's established.
		Soldiers with the U.S. Army's 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment seized what they believed to be a massive shipment of gold Friday near the Iraqi border with Syria, U.S. Central Command announced.
	cnn.com /2003/WORLD/meast/05/23/sprj.irq.main/index.html (951 words)

	General Information: Imperial Military Ranks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		These are generally a plain fl tunic, with 1-3 stripes on the sleeve denoting rank and epaulets.
		The ranking system for enlisted men and NCOs is not based on the German ranking system.
		Most of the current translations of the series seem to try to fit the Imperial ranking system into the American or Japanese rank systems, so what you may have seen in the fansubs might be different from what you see here.
	www.logh.net /geranks.htm (462 words)

	Nuclear Weapons Program - Japan
		In the fall of 1940, the Japanese army concluded that constructing an atomic bomb was indeed feasible.
		However, the military commitment wasn't backed with adequate resources, and the Japanese effort to an atomic bomb had made little progress by the end of the war.
		The Japanese plant was captured by Soviet troops at war's end, and some reports claim that the output of the Hungnam plant was collected every other month by Soviet submarines.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/japan/nuke (1581 words)

	General Information: Free Planets Alliance Military Ranks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Free Planets Alliance officers in Legend of the Galactic Heroes can be distinguished primarily by the rank insignia on the collars of their uniforms.
		The Free Planets Alliance rank system is not directly based on any particular country's rank system.
		Most of the current translations of the series seem to try to fit the Free Planets Alliance ranking system into the American or Japanese rank systems, so what you may have seen in the fansubs might be different from what you see here.
	www.logh.net /fparanks.htm (152 words)

	IJN Ranking System
		Alebit, the rank of seaman first class and airman first class had the same pay scale, however, the job was different and had a different sleeve insignia.
		The Navy had "air" for enlisted ranks as their shipborne equivalents were "sailor" and that didn't quite make sense.
		The ranks for the Army were the same as the ground troops.
	www.j-aircraft.com /faq/ijn_ranking_system.htm (2506 words)

	Shoguns and Art \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The members of the Minamoto, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa families who held the position of shogun successively from the twelfth to nineteenth centuries varied greatly in the extent and security of their authority and the stability and prosperity of the realm under their command.
		Yoritomo, who was known in particular for his interest in poetry, was assisted in this endeavor by his own experience as a descendant of the imperial family in Kyoto, as well as by the minor courtiers and erudite Zen monks that acted as bureaucrats and advisors in the bakufu's new capital of Kamakura.
		In all eras, the political status of the shoguns gave them influence as cultural leaders, so that members of lower military ranks adopted many of the same fashions and preferences.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/shga/hd_shga.htm (964 words)

	The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame. Honda Katsuichi. Reviewed by Edward J. ...
		This work may be copied for non-profit educational use if proper credit is given to the author and the list.
		Japanese newspaper accounts of military operations in China, replete with
		In several instances, military nomenclature is not as precise as one might
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/reviewsg1.htm (1502 words)

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