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	Grammatical particle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In linguistics, the term particle is often employed as a useful catch-all lacking a strict definition.
		In general, it is understood that particles are function words that tend to be uninflected — that is, words which do not have suffixes, for example, that reflect grammatical gender, tense or person.
		The term particle is often used in descriptions of Japanese and Korean, where they are used to mark nouns according to their case or their role (subject, object, complement, or topic) in a sentence or clause.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grammatical_particle (499 words)

	Encyclopedia article: Japanese language guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Noun (A word that can be used to refer to a person or place or thing) s: Japanese nouns do not inflect for number, person, or (directly) case.
		Pronominals: Unlike many other languages, Japanese has no true pronoun (A function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase) s; since words that are clear from context are usually elided, there is less need for them.
		The most basic sentence in Japanese consists of a predicate ((logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/ja/japanese_language_guide.htm (863 words)

	kana chart (kanachart.com) - with hiragana, katakana, and kanji japanese symbols or characters
		most of the particles used in japanese contain symbols that are also used in the formation of words, however there are a few symbols that are used only as particles or are pronounced differently, these we're noted on their charts (with links to this page) and will be explained further here.
		the single symbol particle 'o' (the second 'o' on the hiragana 'a' chart) is known as an object marker, as it is used to join an action to an object's word.
		another single symbol particle is 'wa', which is written like a hiragana 'ha', it is most commonly used to join a subject to a comment, similar to how 'is' is used in english, but it has many other uses.
	www.kanachart.com /cgi-bin/index.pl?help&a&2 (181 words)

	A Guide to Particles Structural Particles in Japanese
		Basically, the Japanese language is a series of utterances that are linked together by structural particles along with verbs and a few connecting words.
		Structural particles act as guideposts to the structure of Japanese utterances and indicate to you how each part of an utterance relates to the other parts.
		Therefore, if you acquire a firm grasp of the functions of Japanese structural particles, you will be well on the way to acquiring a competence in speaking and understanding Japanese.
	home.inter.net /kenbutler/particlehome.html (275 words)

	Japanese language guide - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		Japanese parts of speech, although no more complicated than those of other languages, do not fit well into typical labels such as verb, noun, and adjective.
		Although there is no true plural in Japanese, a number of nouns (generally those that refer to people) may take one of several collective suffixes.
		Particles: Also called postpositions or joshi, particles show the case of nouns in Japanese: that is, they mark nouns as being the subject, object, indirect object, etc. (English typically uses word order or prepositions for the same effect.) Particles follow the noun they modify.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Transwiki:Japanese_language_guide (861 words)

	Ten Differences Between Japanese and English
		Once you become familiar with the structural particle patterns of Japanese, this difference in word order will seem natural, since the structural particles define the function of each part of a sentence as it is spoken, and you will usually anticipate what the verb at the end of a sentence, clause, or utterance will be.
		In 99% of verbal communications, the particles and the context will tip you off to what is coming next, and the fact that you don't hear the verb until the end will not present a serious problem.
		Particle usage is central to the content of our JapaneseForEveryone v.3.0 CD-ROM Japanese language learning program, with the focus on the functions of each particle.
	home.inter.net /kenbutler/tendifferences.html (1408 words)

	E-Budo.com - A list of Japansese language study books for everyone: Beginners to advanced
		Japanese Particles are probably the most difficult part of the Japanese language to master.
		Particles are parts of both spoken and written Japanese that tie together words in a sentence.
		Different particles are used depending on the type of subject and object being referred to; for example if you were saying "the boy is on the bed" you would use a different particle than if you were saying "the book is on the bed," because one subject is alive and one is inanimate.
	www.e-budo.com /forum/printthread.php?t=28429 (835 words)

	Japanese Particles
		Particles in Japanese act like the "cement" of a structure, holding the major components together and serving as indicators for the words they follow or are stuck between.
		While some particles more or less follow certain rules regarding use, others do not and must be learned "case by case" and remembered as such.
		Here's where learning "case by case" becomes necessary, because the particle used will sometimes change depending on what is being emphasized, as well as the verb tense and conjugation used.
	www.timwerx.net /language/particles.htm (1702 words)

	Japanese Language
		Japanese is a Souteast Asian language related to Vietnamese, Tibetan, Burmese or, in one school of thought, the Tamil languages of southern India and Ceylon.
		Japanese was originally a language related to Tibetan or a language related to Tamil that was introduced into Japan during the great migrations of Southeast Asian peoples four or five thousand years ago.
		Women's speech in Japanese tends to be filled with honorifics and with the "tentative" tense as a deference to male auditors.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~dee/ANCJAPAN/LANGUAGE.HTM (1787 words)

	Japanese Kanji and Kana - Joyo96
		Particles are non-conjugate words that attach to main words and indicate the relationship of those words to the following word or the remainder of the sentence.
		The Japanese Particle Workbook introduces 60 particles and their 188 basic functions in order of the frequency of usage.
		It's a really great feeling to be complimented by your Japanese friends on your knowledge of their customs, and really essential to understand what politeness means to the Japanese when you are on the street in every day life.
	www.joyo96.org (2226 words)

	Intro To Japanese Particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Particles are one or two hiragana characters that attach to the end of words to define what grammatical function the word is serving in the sentence.
		Notice, Alice could also have answered with the topic particle to indicate that, speaking of Jim, she knows that he is a student (maybe not the student).
		The が particle identifies a specific property of something while the は particle is a completely generic topic that can apply to anything.
	www.extreme-guides.com /sup/7/9 (1146 words)

	Amazon.com: Japanese Grammar (Barron's Grammar Series): Books: Carol Akiyama,Nobuo Akiyama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A concise summary of Japanese grammar is presented for beginning students of the language.
		And the particle system, which serves diverse functions, from modifying the meanings of verbs to marking the subject or topic of a sentence, is also something very foreign to Indo-European language speakers, and is perhaps the most distinguishing feature of the language.
		I you get a book on the particle system, such as A Dictionary of Japanese Particles, by Sue A. Kawashima, which treats 100 of the most important particles, you should be in pretty good shape.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0764120611?v=glance (1589 words)

	THE GENEALOGY OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE
		I became the fourth Japanese to undertake the genealogical study of Dravidian and Japanese.
		For Japanese verbs and nouns, the initial part of the word, made up of a consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC-) sequence, is the word-root.
		Many kinship terms which are not mentioned in the oldest extant documents (8th century) and which have not been found in mainstream Japanese since then have been preserved in dialects spoken in the northeastern end of Honshu and the south western tip of the Japanese archipelago.
	arutkural.tripod.com /tolcampus/jap-tamil.htm (1803 words)

	1. Particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Some of these particles correspond to western prepositions and postpositions, but others fulfil roles that are implied by particular grammatical constructions in western languages, and simply have no direct translation.
		Then there are particles which don't just have one translation, but translate to many different things in western language, due to the fact that Japanese divides the perception of processes and states in the universe up in a drastically different way from western languages.
		There are also various particles for emphatic marking, and particles that nominalise phrases in some way so that they can be used as sub phrases in larger, more complex sentences.
	www.nihongoresources.com /grammar/book/ch07s01.html (384 words)

	Particles Are Written in Hiragana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In written japanese, telling the main words from the particles is easy, because most of the time main words are written with complex, straight-stroke letters (kan'ji かんじ;) and particles with simple letter which look like small worms (hilagana ひらがな).
		Ths means that you can "see" where most Japanese words begin: wherever a hiragana is followed by kanji (or by a katakana), they are unlikely to belong to the same word.
		In theory, in normal written Japanese, you are allowed to split a word between lines, or between columns, at any point between any two characters, with only one exception: you cannot split a line just before a comma or a full stop.
	www.webpersonal.net /parabolix/manga/kanakanji.en.html (209 words)

	Particles - Eduseek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Particles vs. Patterns - The Japanese particle system opposed to the grammatical structure of the English language.
		Structural Particles - A guide to the functions of structural particles in Japanese, with descriptions of each participle and its use.
		Particles as Markers - Use, function and meaning of particles in the Japanese language.
	www.eduseek.com /navigate.php?ID=3372 (162 words)

	Reiko-chan's "Japanese for Anime Lovers" -- Lesson 1-4
		In Japanese, we use particles (or markers) to indicate the functions of words; therefore, the word order is not so important as in English.
		However, it is very hard to use those particles properly and correctly, and if you fail to use them correctly, you will not be understood by Japanese people.
		Japanese particles are very hard to use properly, but the ones I introduced you today are exceptions.
	faraday.uwyo.edu /~brent/jal/jal-w1.htm (1233 words)

	Nihongo o Narau - Japanese Grammar
		However, in Japanese she, her, and hers are all indicated with the word 'kanojo' and a
		Particles help you tell which part of a sentence is which.
		Particles really have no meaning on their own; they just serve to modify sections of a sentence.
	www.learn-japanese.info /grammar.html (741 words)

	Miki Ikoma & Masahito Kawamori (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Our first objective is to investigate the connection between meaning and prosody in the use of modal particles.
		We specifically look at the meanings of German particle "doch", and their relation to prosody.
		The second is to see what, if any, universal aspects exist in the function of modal particles, paying particular attention to the comparison between "doch" and Japanese modal particles, 'yo' and 'ne'.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~vdwouden/particles/ikoma.htm (320 words)

	Japanese Particles Used With Verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The first particle we will learn is the object particle because it is a very straightforward particle.
		While へ should be pronounced as 'he' when it is being used as a particle, it is always pronounced as 'e'.
		The direct object particle is different from particles related to location in that you cannot use any other particles at the same time.
	www.extreme-guides.com /sup/7/16 (1093 words)

	Dummies::Forming Sentences in Japanese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The particle for the action performer is ga (gah), and the particle for the action receiver is o (oh).
		Translation is not always the best way to figure out a foreign language, so remember the particles in terms of their general functions, not their exact English translations.
		Japanese just love to mention topics at the beginning of their sentences.
	www.dummies.com /WileyCDA/DummiesArticle/id-1428.html (954 words)

	Linguistic Innovations and Interactional Features of Casual Online Communication in Japanese
		In this way, Japanese Internet users have a high degree of freedom in CMC, and they exploit it to recreate or construct "informal friendly talk" online, which is appropriate to the cultural expectations of their communities.
		Particles can be categorized into two groups: grammatical particles and particles that express the speaker's attitude.
		As seen in the translations, this type of particle functions to elicit or monitor the partner's reaction on the topic discussed; in the BBS setting, these reactions will be elicited at a later time, when the message is read.
	jcmc.indiana.edu /vol9/issue1/nishimura.html (10698 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Sentence Patterns: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The simple, undisguised truth is that there are only three types of sentence in Japanese, and all of the convolutions and complications that distract and bemuse the student are nothing more than modifications of these three fundamental types.
		Naoko Chino, the author of the best-selling All about Particles and Japanese Verbs at a Glance, has again presented one of the more forbidding aspects of the language in a way that is both approachable and eminently comprehensible.
		This was chosen for use as a first introduction to Japanese and I have found it most effective.The book presents the main patterns of Japanese sentences and represents them in terms of a number of formulae which aid memorising.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/4770026080 (923 words)

	Japanese language courses, dictionaries, grammars and other books
		Comes with a large textbook containing dialogues, exercises, notes on Japanese grammar, pronunciation and culture, letter writing and a bilingual glossary.
		Japanese words are shown in kanji/kana and romaji.
		It discusses new strategies for thinking, speaking and memorizing Japanese quickly and efficiently, and includes illustrations from manga, puzzles and useful example sentences.
	www.omniglot.com /books/language/japanese.htm (728 words)

	All About Hiragana
		As a result the wealthy women of Japan were educated, and able to express themselves in writing, and they did so with great skill and passion.
		The primary function of the Hiragana script in modern times is the expression of native Japanese words for which there are no Chinese characters.
		It is also the only script used for particles and copulas, and all inflectional endings and verb stems.
	www.joyo96.org /Hiragana.html (375 words)

	Language Miniatures 58: Japanese particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		But having said that, in one respect Japanese is about as learner-friendly as a foreign language can get: it has grammatical 'road signs' that signal just which role each of the key words in a sentence is playing.
		Let's take a look at how useful five of the main ones are, both to the Japanese speaker and to those of us who have to learn our way around the sentence.
		We see the Japanese language doing in its own way what all languages have to find a way of doing: provide some clues as to how the various things in a sentence relate to each other.
	home.bluemarble.net /~langmin/miniatures/case.htm (761 words)

	World Languages and Literatures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In Japanese courses, he tries to make his students perform the language with accuracy as well as creativity, while keeping the classroom as lively and enjoyable as possible.
		Although his specialty is Japanese linguistics, particularly syntax and morphology, he is expandng his areas of interest to social aspects of languages.
		Nihongo Bunpo - Gakushusha-ni Yoku Wakaru Oshiekata(The Grammar of Japanese - Its Pedagogy).
	www.pacificu.edu /academics/as/arts_humanities/worll/naofuj.html (867 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Main Features: It presents a detailed study of the use of modern particles (tenioha) in Modern Japanese, with some examples of the use of each one, and translations/approximations on English.
		It provides examples and tells what other particles would be similar or related to the one you are looking up.
		Part II is a dictionary of particles, suffixes and other connectives, and this part is the best part of the book: very handy to have around when you're reading books, stories and diaries from the Heian period and later.
	www.winternet.com /~kfuchs/slj.faq/FAQSLJ.books.grammar.html (505 words)

	Grammar Page 1
		In spoken Japanese sometimes the ka can be dropped if you have the upwards intonation at the end.
		Often the pronoun is used once and then after (until the topic shifts to someone else) the pronoun is dropped.
		n Japanese, grammatical parts of the sentence are shown very clearly by "particles." These particles are placed after the word (or phrase) they modify.
	www.thejapanesepage.com /grammar/1.htm (774 words)

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