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	ejcjs - Religion and the Secular in Japan: Problems in history, social anthropology and the study of religion
		Japanese people in general are quick to say they are not religious and to describe their society as one where religion either does not exist or has in some way died out.
		It is a religion that undercuts distinctions that are made between lite and popular religion, or between scriptural religion of educated priests and members of the upper classes, on the one hand, and the superstitious religion and magic of ordinary people.
		Religion and its distinction (implicit or explicit) from the secular, or from the process of secularisation, is both the object of analysis and the major analytical category.
	www.japanesestudies.org.uk /discussionpapers/Fitzgerald.html (16502 words)

	Religion in Contemporary Japanese Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On certain levels of Japanese society, particularly in rural areas, folk religious beliefs and practices still flourish, and there are numerous active religious associations that bid for and thrive on the commitment and support of individual devotees.
		The indigenous religion of Japan is called Shinto, usually translated as the "way of the gods." Evolved from the most ancient and primitive stages in the development of Japan, Shinto remains philosophically and theologically unstructured today.
		Religion in Japan is nevertheless a pervasive and definitive dimension of Japanese life.
	www.askasia.org /frclasrm/readings/r000118.htm (2768 words)

	Japanese Religion
		Until the Japanese suffered crushing defeat at the hands of the US in World War II, Japanese religion focused around the figure of the Emperor, a living God, whose subjects saw themselves as part of a huge family of which all Japanese people were members.
		Japanese religion has become, for the vast majority of Japanese, a thing of action, behaviour which defines more their Japanese identity than any spirituality and something which at periodic times of festival, helps strengthen family and community ties.
		Some of the new religions such as PL Kyoden (Public Liberty Kyoden) and Soka Gakkai have, however, become very much a part of the establishment in Japan, and it seems their role in politics and business is not to be underestimated.
	www.insidejapantours.com /religion.shtml (511 words)

	Religion in Japan
		Shinto and Buddhism are Japan's two major religions.
		Religion does not play a big role in the everyday life of most Japanese people today.
		The average person typically follows the religious rituals at ceremonies like birth, weddings and funerals, may visit a shrine or temple on New Year and participates at local festivals (matsuri), most of which have a religious background.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e629.html (103 words)

	Japanese Religions
		Religion in Japan is a rich tapestry of diverse traditions with a history of nearly 2,000 years.
		For this reason it is possible to speak both of 'Japanese religions' and of 'Japanese religion' especially as the Japanese language itself does not usually distinguish between the singular and the plural.
		Little is known about Japanese religion before the emergence of a unified state in the Yamato period (fourth to seventh centuries AD), but in its simplest forms it was broadly animist, believing that a supernatural living force resided in natural objects such as mountains, trees and animals.
	www.hope.edu /academic/religion/reader/japan.html (4915 words)

	About Japanese Religion
		Japanese culture is dominated by two major Religions; Shinto the ancient spiritual tradition of the native peoples, and Buddhism - the salvational religion founded by Gautama Siddhartha Sakyamuni of India.
		Central to the Shinto religion is the creation Myth that the gods Izanagi and Izanami created the sun goddess, moon god and the god of storms, as well as the Japanese islands.
		Shinto is a religion which is learned majorly through experience of the various rituals orally transmitted from parents to children within the family.
	www.japanmanagement.co.uk /religion.html (1173 words)

	Shinto
		Shinto ("the way of the gods") is the indigenous faith of the Japanese people and as old as Japan herself.
		The introduction of Buddhism in the 6th century was followed by a few initial conflicts, however, the two religions were soon able to co-exist harmonically and even complement each other.
		In the Meiji Period, Shinto was made Japan's state religion.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2056.html (549 words)

	Shinto & Buddhism: Wellsprings of Japanese Spirituality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Japanese religious tradition is rich and complex, encompassing within it both complementary and contradictory trends in religious thought and practice with an ease that may occasionally puzzle the Western observer.
		Indeed, so unself-conscious were the early Japanese about their religious life that they had no single term by which they could refer to it.
		They regarded the Buddha as simply another kami and were drawn to the religion by the beauty of its art and the hope of such concrete benefits as wealth and longevity that, on the popular level, Buddhism did not disdain to promise.
	www.askasia.org /frclasrm/readings/r000009.htm (1915 words)

	[No title]
		On the canvas of human religious behavior, the concept of "folk religion" or "folk beliefs" is painted in broad and hazy strokes.
		As currently employed by most Japanese scholars, "folk religion" is used to refer to the aggregate of beliefs and practices arising from both orally transmitted indigenous religious beliefs and customs, and Japanese "popular religion" (the forms taken by lay observance of literate established religions).
		Since the category of folk religion first became widely used as part of a conceptual division of illiterate-peasant and literate-urban societies, it is apt to ask what might have happened to that folk religion in the process of modernization and urbanization.
	www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp /ijcc/wp/cpjr/folkbeliefs/havens.html (4989 words)

	Japanese Sense of Religiousness
		Seemingly, Japanese seem not to have the sense of religiousness, and Japanese themselves do not awake to their faith, but Japanese surely have the sense of religiousness.
		Japanese sense of religiousness is different from others' like Christian and Muslim and consists of the mixture of several kinds of religions.
		On the other hand, Universal Religion have the source of the outbreaks, founder, scripture, or religious community, and its aim is that people outgrow from their suffering (Kishi, 1998).
	www.tsujiru.net /compass/compass_1999/reg/kameyama_ruiko.htm (1686 words)

	japanese religion - infos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Japanese religion is part of their culture.
		The Japanese religion is a strange mixture of the indigenous and the imported, the primitive and the sophisticate, the...
		Shinto was the earliest Japanese religion, its obscure beginnings dating back at least to the middle of the first...
	www.angelfire.com /alt2/ang6/3/japanese-religion.html (219 words)

	Untitled Document
		To speak of Japanese religion is to speak of art.
		Kami is an expression used by early Japanese people to classify experiences that evoked sentiments of caution and mystery in the presence of the manifestation of the strange and marvelous.
		The Japanese world view is nature-based and concerned with the beauty of studied simplicity and harmony with nature.
	www.goshen.edu /~joannab/asia/japan.html (1149 words)

	Japan's Religion and Philosophy (Shinto, Buddhism, Christianity, Religion in Japan Today)
		The rules of Confucianism have had major impact on the ethical and political philosophy by it's influence during the sixth to ninth centuries and later from 1600 to 1868.
		It was introduced to Japan after the king of Paekche in Korea sent a Buddha statue and copies of sutras to the Japanese emperor during the 6th century.
		By 1996, less than 2.5 percent of the Japanese population were Christians though the numbers had greatly increased to 3,170,000.
	www.asianinfo.org /asianinfo/japan/religion.htm (1615 words)

	Buddhist Bioethics
		The Japanese believe that abortion is a "sorrowful necessity," and Buddhist temples sell rituals and statues intended to represent parents' apologies to the aborted, and wishes for a more propitious rebirth.
		Evidence of this is the Buddha's tolerance of suicide by monks (Wiltshire, 1983) and Japanese stories praising suicide by monks, samurai and laypeople.
		Japanese tradition, however, requires the performance of rituals over a lengthy period before an individual is regarded as having passed on, and is also reluctant to countenance plundering the bodily organs of future ancestors.
	www.changesurfer.com /Bud/BudBioEth.html (4426 words)

	Japanese Philosophy and Religion (Jones) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This course is an upper level Introductory course to the themes and problems of Japanese philosophy and reiigion beginning in ancient times and moving historically to modern times.
		The course begins with an introduction to Japanese culture and its relationship to the development of Japanese thought and religious practice.
		This investigation will involve some Japanese ideals of beauty--aware (sensitivity), yugen (mystery and depth), sabi (loneliness), etc.--as they are embodied in various forms of Japanese art (poetry, literature, ceramics, painting, tea ceremony, drama, film, etc.) and their relation to cultural expressions of kata (form) and a m a e (dependency).
	library.kcc.hawaii.edu /external/asdp/phil/easian/japan/jones.html (440 words)

	SEMINAR 1: The Formation of Japanese Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At the end of the prehistoric period, Japanese religion already contained many of the themes that were evident later on, but they were not yet organized into set forms.
		The central feature of Shinto was its belief in kami, a polytheistic group that, on the one hand, animistically inhabited nature, and, on the other hand, was intimately associated with people and their most basic units of social organization, such as the family and the farming village.
		Certainly the Shinto religion was a religion of love and gratitude rather than of fear, and the purpose of their religious rituals was to praise and thank as much as to placate and mollify the kami.”
	web.cocc.edu /ea291po/_disc1/00000001.htm (3157 words)

	Japanese Religion
		The MA Japanese Religions is supported by the SOAS Centre for the Study of...
		Japanese culture is dominated by two major Religions; Shinto the...
		religion underwent radical changes after the country was opened to Western technology and ideas and began to industrialise rapidly in the mid-19th...
	www.futuregate.co.uk /japanese_religion.html (293 words)

	Hemp in religion
		If travellers were to practice their religion this way today they could face as much as 5 years in prison.
		Since the Japanese emperors claim to be her descendants it is also the main shrine of Japanese Imperial family.
		One such hemp belt was presented by Japanese prime minister Obuchi to French President Chirac, a sumo fan and, ironically, a staunch supporter of marijuana prohibition.
	www.taima.org /en/shinto.htm (1842 words)

	Shinto -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		form of the Shinto religion of Japan that focusses on worship in public shrines, in contrast to folk and sectarian practices (see Kyoha Shinto); the successor to State Shinto, the nationalistic cult disbanded by decree of the Allied occupation forces at the end of World War II and subsequently in the Japanese constitution.
		Religions such as Buddhism and Christianity were brought into Japan, but Shinto seems to be as old as the Japanese people and nation.
		Most contemporary Japanese are not members of any formal religion, yet their ethics are strongly Confucian, their concerns with life after death are Buddhist, and their participation in community activities often centers on Shinto celebrations.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?eu=108166 (786 words)

	MA IN JAPANESE RELIGION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The degree is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of the various traditions of Japanese religion, both past and present, while at the same time supplying tools of analysis for further research in the field.
		Themes to be analysed include: the relation between religion and the state; the position of women in Japanese religion; the meaning of rituals; the geography of sacred space; pollution and purification; pilgrimages.
		Students with a sufficient knowledge of Japanese will be able to take the option "Readings in Japanese Religions." The aim of this course is to develop knowledge of the specific terminology and argumentation used in the religious literature of Japan, and to acquire familiarity with the critical discourse on religion of contemporary Japanese scholarship.
	www.eajs.org /WhatsNew/soas.html (473 words)

	Japanese Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Shinto was the earliest Japanese religion, its obscure beginnings.....Further...
		Japanese Religion: Zen.....of Mt. Kouya) by Izumi Kyoka..
		Resources Religion Japanese Views of Religion A fascinating article written by Eido Tai Shimano that contrasts Western and Japanese views of religion from the Japanese perspective.
	www.acardinaldeposed.com /japanese-religion.html (173 words)

	GODS of Japan - A-to-Z Photo Dictionary of Japanese Buddhist & Shinto Deities
		Second, it is a tribute to Kamakura, my home for the past 12 years, and home to dozens of temples from the Kamakura Era (1185-1333), which still house and display wondrous life-size wooden statues from the 8th century onward.
		But I must admit, I have yet to find anything that satisfies me. Mountains of publications are out there, but in my mind they suffer from too much preaching, promoting, inconsistency, inaccuracy, and just plain "unreadability." There are some excellent resources (see bibliography), mind you, but yet I'm unsatisfied.
		To provide as much precision as possible, the Japanese ideograms (kanji) are also presented, showing both the standard Japanese spelling and its hiragana equivalent.
	www.onmarkproductions.com /html/buddhism.shtml (914 words)

	Hemp Library: Hemp culture in Japan
		Hemp, called "asa" in the Japanese language, is cultivated chiefly in the provinces or districts of Hiroshima, Tochigi, Shimane, Iwate, and Aidzu, and to a lesser extent in Hokushu (Hokkaido) in the North and Kyushu in the South.
		The largest plants in every trial plot were from Hiroshima seeds, and these seeds were larger and lighter colored than those of any other variety except Shimane, the seeds of which were slightly larger and the plants slightly smaller.
		Smyrna hemp is adapted to cultivation over a still wider range and Japanese hemp is beginning to be cultivated, particularly in California, where it reaches a height of 15 feet [450 cm].
	www.taima.org /en/hemplib2.htm (2455 words)

	japanese religion shintoism and shrines Site Resources - FREE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hello, Welcome to our japanese religion shintoism and shrines resource page.
		We have worked hard to make sure that japanese religion shintoism and shrines information can be found here.
		We hope you have enjoyed the japanese religion shintoism and shrines resources online directory, as much as we have enjoyed researching and compiling it for you.
	search-now140.com /sites/religion/japanese_religion_shintoism_and_shrines.html (616 words)

	japanese religion Information and Resources - God Has A Dream by Archbishop Desmond Tutu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Religions of Japan"" Liberation from Occupation!" Hemp and Sumo...
		Kannagara fl fish off oh child rearing folkloric kannagara japanese religion, aesthetics caulture cultuer culutral everyday life balinese ethnomusicology cultrure.
		Globalization different site what shows japanese religions culutral child rearing japanese religion, calture samoan cultrure cukture buddha cullture religious beliefs cutlure.
	www.godhasadream.com /religion/japanese-religion (545 words)

	Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online : Buddhist philosophy, Japanese
		The EPS is an organization of professional scholars devoted to pursuing philosophical excellence in both the church and the academy.
		This site hosts accessible essays on the philosophy of religion, describing influential classical figures and advancing a theory of religious values inspired by the influence of Jacob Friedrich Fries (1773–1843).
		The Centre for Philosophy of Religion at the University of Notre Dame promotes scholarly work in philosophy of religion and Christian philosophy.
	www.rep.routledge.com /article-links/G101 (1341 words)

	JAPANESE RELIGION
		The academic study of religion is a systematic exploration of the visions, values, and activities by which individuals and societies of past and present have understood and shaped their life-experiences.
		In Japan–traditional and modern–being religious is generally a matter of being Japanese, and the task of students of Japanese religion is generally one of learning to understand how Japanese people understand the religious dimensions of their cultural identity.
		We will examine the evolution of certain "basic" Japanese beliefs (such as the belief in the divinity of the emperor), learning how such beliefs sprang from specific historical realities and were reaffirmed through the centuries for specific cultural and political reasons.
	www.uga.edu /religion/syl/4404rk.htm (2134 words)

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