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	Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Born in Kurów, Jaruzelski and his family were deported at the outbreak of World War II (1939-1945) by the invading forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
		Jaruzelski was educated at the Infantry Officer’s School and Karol Swierczewski General Staff Academy in Warsaw and joined the Polish United Workers’ Party, also known as the Communist Party, in 1947.
		In July 1989 Jaruzelski was elected by the Sejm to the renovated post of president, at which time he relinquished his positions in the Communist Party.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761585763__1/Jaruzelski_Wojciech_Witold.html (455 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jaruzelski became the party's national secretary and prime minister in 1981, when Lech WaÅÄsa 's Solidarity movement was starting to gain popularity, both within Poland and abroad.
		Jaruzelski, whose name was the only one the Communist Party allowed on the ballot for the presidency, won by just one vote in the National Assembly.
		Jaruzelski resigned as general secretary of the Communist Party but found he was forced to come to terms with a government formed by Solidarity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski (633 words)

	Jaruzelski charged with 'communist crimes' - Boston.com
		Jaruzelski, 82, responded by repeating his insistence that he imposed martial law to prevent an invasion by the Soviet Union, which controlled Poland during the communist era.
		Jaruzelski also was charged with leading an "organized criminal group of a military nature having as its goal the carrying out of crimes that consisted of the deprivation of freedom through internment," the statement said.
		Jaruzelski still faces trial for the 1970 shooting deaths of striking shipyard workers when he was defense minister.
	www.boston.com /news/world/europe/articles/2006/03/31/former_polish_leader_charged_for_crackdown (682 words)

	Station Information - Wojciech Jaruzelski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Wojciech Jaruzelski (born 1923) in the family of Polish gentry was a communist Polish political and military leader.
		Under Jaruzelski's inspiration and pression, a martial law was issued to contrast the increasing political relevance of Solidarity, but finally after a few years, at the beginning of the 1990s, the movement was legally recognized.
		Jaruzelski was the President of Poland from 1989 to 1990 elected by the Sejm after round table elections, when Walesa took his place.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/w/wo/wojciech_jaruzelski.html (212 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski Biography
		Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (born July 6, 1923) in the family of Polish gentry was a communist Polish political and military leader.
		Jaruzelski, whose name was the only one the Communist Party allowed on the ballot for the presidency, won by just one vote in the National Assembly.
		Jaruzelski resigned as general secretary of the Communist Party but found he was forced to come to terms with a government formed by Solidarity.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Jaruzelski_Wojciech.html (463 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski
		Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (born July 6, 1923) in the family of Polish gentry was a communist Polish political and military leader.
		In 1970 was involved in the plot against Wladyslaw Gomulka, probably took part in organisation of the massacre in the coastal cities of Gdansk, Gdynia, Elblag and Szczecin.
		Jaruzelski became the party's national secretary and prime minister in 1981, when Lech Walesa 's movement ( Solidarity) was starting to earn national and external popularity.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/w/wo/wojciech_jaruzelski.html (506 words)

	CNN Cold War - Profile: Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski
		Jaruzelski rose in party ranks, becoming a candidate member of the Politburo in December 1970 and a full member in 1971.
		In addition to his position as minister of defense, Jaruzelski was appointed to the highest positions in both the party and the state as prime minister of Poland (February 1981) and first secretary of the Communist Party (October 1981).
		Jaruzelski, whose name was the only one the Communist Party allowed on the ballot for the presidency, won by just one vote.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/jaruzelski (585 words)

	Poland - Jaruzelski
		In any case, the junta suppressed resistance with a determination that cost the lives of several protesters, and by the new year the stunned nation was again under the firm grip of a conventional communist regime.
		Jaruzelski presented himself as a realistic moderate, a proponent of reform who nevertheless insisted on the leading role of the party.
		In the next year, the Jaruzelski government suffered embarrassment when secret policemen were discovered to have abducted and murdered Father Jerzy Popieluszko, a priest who had gained recognition as the spiritual adviser of the repressed Solidarity.
	countrystudies.us /poland/20.htm (808 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski ( voy-tsyekh vit-old yar-uz-el-shkee) (born July 6, 1923) in the family of Polish gentry was a communist Polish political and military leader, Prime Minister from 1981-1985, and President from 1985-1990.
		Jaruzelski became the party's national secretary and prime minister in 1981, when Lech Wałęsa 's movement ( Solidarity) was starting to earn national and external popularity.
		In 1990 Jaruzelski resigned as Poland's leader, succeeded in December, by Lech Wałęsa.
	wojciech-jaruzelski.biography.ms (470 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Poland's last communist leader seeks commission to deal with Cold War past
		Jaruzelski, however, prefers for it to be independent, arguing that the institute has failed to behave as a neutral and objective arbiter.
		Jaruzelski repeated his long-standing argument that martial law – which led to the roundup of opposition figures, curfews, and military control of society – was the lesser of two evils.
		Jaruzelski was cleared by a left-dominated parliament in the mid 1990s on charges he had violated the constitution by imposing martial law.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20050523-1323-jaruzelski-apinterview.html (813 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Poland charges Jaruzelski for 1981 crackdown
		Jaruzelski, 82, who was questioned by the prosecutors on Friday, will soon be officially charged with a 'communist crime' – an offence punishable by up to three years in jail.
		Jaruzelski, who some see as a tragic figure, has always defended his decision, arguing it was necessary to prevent a violent confrontation between the 10-million-strong Solidarity movement and Soviet troops which could have divided Poland.
		Jaruzelski is already on trial for the massacre of shipyard workers in 1970, when he was the country's defence minister.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20060331-1148-poland-jaruzelski.html (546 words)

	OpinionJournal - THE WEEKEND INTERVIEW
		Jaruzelski's self-obsession has filled several memoirs, including his Polish best-seller, "Martial Law: Why?" A man so closely associated with the darkest episodes in his nation's recent past wants the future not so much to forgive him as to understand him--and even give him a little credit for a free, undivided Europe.
		Jaruzelski believes the ruling right-wing politicians want to put him on trial at year's end to mark the 25th anniversary of his imposition of martial law--the most recent of many national traumas.
		Jaruzelski has put forward two arguments about the past, the first particular and the second general, that are often deployed by left-wing politicians in Poland and elsewhere in Eastern Europe and fiercely resisted on the right, more so now than in the early postcommunist years.
	www.opinionjournal.com /forms/printThis.html?id=110008498 (2040 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		The restriction allowed Jaruzelski to be elected president by a one-vote margin in the national assembly.
		Jaruzelski was succeeded as president by Wałęsa in Dec., 1990.
		In 1993, Jaruzelski was charged with criminal conduct in a 1970 incident in which demonstrating workers were killed after he allegedly ordered soldiers to fire on them, but court proceedings, which began in 1996, have progressed slowly because of delays and disputes.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Jaruzels.html (577 words)

	Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Born in Kurów, Jaruzelski and his family were deported at the outbreak of World War II (1939-1945) by the invading forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
		Jaruzelski was educated at the Infantry Officer's School and Karol Swierczewski General Staff Academy in Warsaw and joined the Polish United Workers' Party, also known as the Communist Party, in 1947.
		In July 1989 Jaruzelski was elected by the Sejm to the renovated post of president, at which time he relinquished his positions in the Communist Party.
	ome.ksu.edu /lectures/landon/bio/jaruzelski.html (367 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski Summary
		Wojciech Jaruzelski was born in Kurów near Pulawy in the Lublin province on July 6, 1923.
		The disintegration of PUWP authority and Soviet pressure for a decisive resolution of the crisis propelled Jaruzelski and the military to the fore of Polish politics.
		Jaruzelski became the party's national secretary and prime minister in 1981, when Lech Wałęsa's Solidarity movement was starting to gain popularity, both within Poland and abroad.
	www.bookrags.com /Wojciech_Jaruzelski (2470 words)

	USNews.com: The Past As Prologue
		On the second day of hearings both of Jaruzelski's lawyers quit: One said his life had been shattered by the dredging up of an old manslaughter conviction; the other simply claimed he was too old to handle the case.
		Born in Kurow, Jaruzelski, at 16, was deported to Siberia by the invading Soviet Army.
		Jaruzelski is on trial for the deaths of 44 workers shot during strikes at three Baltic ports in December 1970 when he was defense minister.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/news/articles/010528/archive_000200_2.htm (673 words)

	Chapter 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Jaruzelski's declaration that he would retain the position of Defense Minister was described by CIA analysts as meant to underscore regime hints that martial law would be declared if necessary.
		Jaruzelski was seen as an outstanding professional army officer under whose leadership the military had been organizationally improved and modernized.
		Jaruzelski passed the plans to the Soviets on 3 March in Moscow, at a meeting with Soviet Prime Minister Tikhonov, at the conclusion of the 26th Soviet Party Congress.
	www.cia.gov /csi/books/poland/ch7.htm (4114 words)

	[No title]
		Jaruzelski and company were in a foul mood because they were losing the battle against the underground, and the economy was in worse shape than ever.
		Jaruzelski´s claim to be the savior of Poland stands or falls on his assertion that he faced a Hobson´s choice between martial law and Soviet military assistance.
		Jaruzelski sent a letter to the commission of constitutional responsibility in the Sejm (parliament) in which he took issue with Kuklinski´s claim to have prevented a Soviet invasion.
	aboutfacts.net /People16.htm (8503 words)

	USNews.com: The Past As Prologue
		Wojciech Jaruzelski, the last communist leader of Poland, is on trial for allegedly giving shoot-to-kill orders that cost 44 striking workers their lives in 1970.
		Jaruzelski himself was defense minister, and that's the hitch: The orders to use force to break up demonstrations in three Baltic port cities initially came not from him but from Poland's leader at the time, Wladyslaw Gomulka.
		In 1989 Jaruzelski was instrumental in organizing negotiations between communists and Solidarity activists that led to the Round Table Accord that same year, which paved the way for the Eastern bloc's first partially free elections.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/news/articles/010528/archive_000200.htm (672 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Jaruzelski joined Poland's communist party, which later changed names to the Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP), after graduating from the Polish Higher Infantry School and the General Staff Academy.
		During this time, Jaruzelski was also elected as the first secretary of the party on October 18, 1981 while the Solidarity movement was becoming popular.
		Jaruzelski became President in July 1989 until 1990 when Lech Walesa was elected president.
	www.historyguide.org /europe/jaruzelski.html (196 words)

	[No title]
		Jaruzelski's failure to obtain Soviet military assistance, as revealed in the latest evidence, nearly caused him to postpone the whole operation in the hope that he would then be given a concrete external assurance.
		Jaruzelski was unable to travel to Moscow for a meeting of the Pact's Committee of Defense Ministers on 2-4 December, but in his place he sent his closest aide, the chief of the Polish General Staff, General Florian Siwicki.
		Jaruzelski, in particular, should have a strong incentive to pursue the release of new documents, for he is well aware that the issue is of more than purely historical or scholarly interest.
	wwics.si.edu /index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=library.print_this&id=62&stoplayout=true (7017 words)

	The Institute of World Politics > News & Publication > Professor exposes Jaruzelski as Soviet GRU agent
		Wojciech Jaruzelski was born into Poland's landed nobility in Kurów near Lublin in 1923.
		On June 14, 1941, the Communists deported the Jaruzelskis to the Altaiski Krai, in the U.S.S.R.'s Far East, near the Mongolian border.
		Fortunately for them, the Jaruzelskis were not incarcerated in a concentration camp but, rather, held in a so-called "open" settlement.
	www.iwp.edu /news/newsID.324/news_detail.asp (2615 words)

	CNN.com - Polish leader faces massacre charges - May 15, 2001
		Jaruzelski is charged with ordering the military to shoot at workers protesting against price rises while he was defence minister.
		Jaruzelski has denied the charges repeatedly, saying that the Polish leader at the time, Wladyslaw Gomulka, disliked him and kept him out of key decisions.
		Jaruzelski escaped punishment for imposing martial law in 1981, when thousands of opposition activists were jailed and many killed, thanks to an act passed in 1996 by a parliament dominated by parties rooted in the communist system.
	edition.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/europe/05/15/poland.jaruzelski (575 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Profile: Poland's last communist leader
		Poland's last communist leader, Wojciech Jaruzelski, who has gone on trial in Warsaw over the deaths of 44 strikers in 1970, is better known as the man who imposed martial law more than a decade later.
		Jaruzelski was already leader of the Polish Communist Party, prime minister and minister of defence.
		Jaruzelski became the chief "political officer" of the Polish armed forces in 1960, chief of staff in 1964; and defence minister in 1968.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/1332541.stm (485 words)

	President of The Republic of Poland - Wojciech Jaruzelski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Jaruzelski did not find his way to the Polish Army in the USSR being formed by General Wladyslaw Anders; he enlisted with the forces being organised by the communist Union of Polish Patriots.
		In 1947 Jaruzelski joined the Polish Workers’ Party, which led to his rapid promotion in the ranks of the Polish Peoples’ Army.
		In 1968 Jaruzelski became Minister of National Defence; he was responsible for participation of the Polish Peoples’ Army in the invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968); accused of complicity in the bloody quashing of workers’ protests on the Coast (1970).
	www.president.pl /x.node?id=477 (404 words)

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