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Topic: Java Intermediate Language

	Intermediate language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A variation in the meaning of this term, is those languages used as an intermediate language by some high-level programming languages which do not output object or machine code, but output the intermediate language only, to submit to a compiler for such language, which then outputs finished object or machine code.
		Languages used for this fall in complexity between high-level languages and low-level languages, such as assembly languages.
		C is used as an intermediate language by numerous programming languages including Eiffel, Sather, and Esterel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Intermediate_language (377 words)

	Java programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unlike conventional languages which are generally designed to be compiled to native code, Java is compiled to a bytecode which is then run (generally using JIT compilation) by a Java virtual machine.
		Java servlets are server-side Java EE components that generate responses to requests from clients.
		Java libraries that are the compiled byte codes of source code developed by the JRE implementor to support application development in Java.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Java_programming_language (4247 words)

	Java Intermediate Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Java Intermediate Language (JIL) is a subset of XML and SGML.
		Its goal is to provide an intermediate representation of Java source code suitable for machine use.
		JIL benefits from the features of XML, such as extensibility and portability, while providing a common ground for software tools.
	www.sable.mcgill.ca /jil (306 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Java programming language
		Java is an object-oriented programming language developed initially by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems.
		The Java platform and language began as an internal project at Sun Microsystems in the December 1990 timeframe.
		Java 1.0a was made available for download in 1994, but the first public release of Java and the HotJava web browser came on May 23, 1995, at the SunWorld conference.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Java_programming_language (4016 words)

	Microsoft Java
		Java, on the other hand, was intended to remain separate, retain its special integrity, and even advocated a slogan of "100% Pure." Each side could plausibly view its own position as enlightened.
		Java's contribution was to combine and use these technologies in a new way and demonstrate their ability to solve new problems introduced by the Internet and the Web.
		The structure of the intermediate language and the tests made during the final translation insure that the program is well behaved and only uses memory properly.
	www.yale.edu /pclt/mscase/microsoft_java.htm (7009 words)

	Common Language Runtime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The CLR is a generalized multi-language, reflective execution engine on which code originally written in various languages runs.
		The CLR runs a form of bytecode called the Common Intermediate Language.
		The CLR is Microsoft's commercial implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure standard for desktops running Microsoft operating systems.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common_Language_Runtime (157 words)

	Lecture ## (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The designers had a wonderful goal of developing a language in which all features were orthogonal (could be applied in combinations to yield meaningful results) and that had a complete formal definition (using Aad van Wijngaarden's W-grammars).
		Barbara Liskov's CLU language was one of a handful of data abstraction languages.
		Java did finally put in place a language using a Common Intermediate Language (Java Bytecode -- earlier attempts with Pascal used something call P-code) that could be compiled anywhere and run anywhere (using the Java Virtual Machine).
	www.cise.ufl.edu /~jnw/COP5555-200308/Lectures/03.shtml (600 words)

	CS207 Final Exam, Fall 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Some of the features that made Java appropriate for for programming for these kinds of embedded systems--security, good exception handling, automatic garbage collection (that is, the prevention of memory leaks due to allocation of memory that is never later freed), etc.--have also made it appropriate for transmitting programs over the Web.
		When Java programs (applets) are shipped from Web server to Web browser, they are sent as bytecodes, which the browser translates (or gets translated by a separate program, usually called a JVM implementation, or just a JVM) to the machine language of the real machine on which the browser is running.
		Its intermediate language was called "p-code," which survived for a while until Turbo Pascal came along (this is an over-simplification of the events, but it is true that Borland, in a sense, exploited a weakness in the p-code idea).
	www.mathcs.carleton.edu /faculty/jondich/courses/cs207_f99/Tests/final.html (890 words)

	Edison Design Group, JFE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The intermediate language attempts to accurately represent the meaning of the source program in Java terms; implicit operations (e.g., conversions) are made explicit in the IL tree, but constructs are not otherwise added, removed, reordered, or flattened.
		The intermediate language is not machine dependent (e.g., it does not specify registers or dictate the layout of stack frames).
		JIL files can also be read from JAR or ZIP files.
	www.edg.com /jfe.html (1606 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Java programming language [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		One major problem with languages such as C++ is the need for manual memory management.
		Although the language has special syntax for them, arrays and strings are not primitive types: they are objects.
		Java has been lauded for what some see as being simpler than other popular object-oriented languages such as C++, its garbage collection mechanisms as simplifying memory management, and having a consistent set of classes available across supported platforms.
	encyclozine.com /Java_programming_language (3625 words)

	Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O - OSNews.com
		This article discusses a small-scale benchmark test run on nine modern computer languages or variants: Java 1.3.1, Java 1.4.2, C compiled with gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2, Python compiled with Psyco 1.1.1, and the four languages supported by Microsoft's Visual Studio.NET 2003 development environment: Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual C++, and Visual J#.
		With Java, the intermediate language is called bytecode and the interpreter/compiler is called a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
		This language is syntactically identical to Java (although it implements only version 1.1.4 of the Java spec, which is by now quite out of date), so any differences in speed between Java and J# should be attributable purely to differences between the Sun and Microsoft runtime overhead.
	osnews.com /story.php?news_id=5602&page=1 (810 words)

	developerWorks : Java technology : New to Java technology
		Java (as well as Linux) was one of the first technologies to support open standards in the enterprise, opening the door to using XML and Web services to help share information and applications across business lines.
		Java 2D API is a set of classes for advanced 2D graphics and imaging that provides extensive support for image compositing and alpha channel images, a set of classes to provide accurate color space definition and conversion, and a set of display-oriented imaging operators.
		Java Message Service (JMS) is an API that adds a provider framework that enables the development of portable, message-based applications for the Java platform by defining a common set of messaging concepts and programming strategies that will be supported by all JMS technology-compliant messaging systems.
	www-128.ibm.com /developerworks/java/newto (4067 words)

	The Chicken of Tomorrow
		Now that Java is old enough to document its own failure in copious detail, it is not okay to keep using it in new projects as if it were fresh, unproven ``technology'' with great promise, but a lot of kinks that we will have to tolerate as the price for working on the bleeding edge.
		Java borrows its syntax from C and its runtime architecture from Pascal.
		Java is thus the only realistic alternative to C for programmers who want to code for more than academic curiosity.
	web.ivy.net /~carton/academia/java_languageoftomorrow.html (9542 words)

	Sun Invites IBM, Cray To Work On New Computer Language - Technology News by TechWeb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sun's goal is to apply its expertise in Java to defining an architecture-independent, low-level software standard - like Java bytecodes - that a language could present to any computer's run-time environment.
		"We think languages are one area where the three of us should cooperate, not compete," said Jim Mitchell, who took on leadership of Sun's HPCS effort in August.
		The language could be used not just for the petascale systems in the project, but for a broader class of scientific and technical computers.
	www.techweb.com /wire/story/TWB20031217S0001 (561 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A Type System For Object Initialization In the Java Virtual Machine Bytecode Language Stephen Freund and John Mitchell Stanford University {freunds,mitchell}@cs.stanford.edu The Java language enables the creation of portable, compact programs which can be transmitted over a network and run safely on any computer.
		This intermediate language is a typed, machine-independent bytecode language, and it is the foundation for many of Java's features, including portability across platforms, dynamic type resolution, and run-time type safety.
		Despite the bytecode language's important role in the success of Java, there is no formal definition of its type system.
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /~amp12/hoots/Stanford97/A/freund-mitchell (358 words)

	Java JIT compiler
		is one of the most dominant programming languages, and used for a wide range of applications including games and pervasive devices and mission-critical e-business applications.
		A Java program is compiled into an intermediate language called bytecodes, and it can be downloaded through the network and executed on any computers that have Java execution environment.
		We have been researching and developing various techniques for the Java Just-In-Time Compiler, which allows much faster execution by compiling bytecodes into native machine code on the fly.
	www.trl.ibm.com /projects/jit/index_e.htm (131 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Smith said Microsoft has continually modified its attitude toward Java, which it licenses from Sun, as the threat of Java has waxed and waned.
		Microsoft's most recent strategy is to try to convince developers that Java is simply a programming language and not a platform.
		Smith said that over the next few years, Microsoft won't be able to relegate Java to almost-ran status; nor is Java likely to make a huge dent in Windows.
	condor.depaul.edu /~elliott/shared/ds-articles/java-killer.mem (492 words)

	Halcyon takes .Net down the Java road (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Java was developed by Sun and has emerged as a fierce competitor to Microsoft's own programming technologies.
		Microsoft left support for Java out of the Windows XP operating system, and both companies are battling to lure developers to use their respective programming languages.
		Similar to how a JVM (Java Virtual Machine) resides on a client and runs Java applications, the CLI is the engine needed to run.Net applications.
	www.infoworld.com /articles/hn/xml/02/01/25/020125hnhalcyon.html (1590 words)

	JIT and Mono [ ZefHemel.com ]
		Modern compilers compile to some intermediate format such as MSIL (for.NET) or bytecode (for Java).
		This intermediate language looks a bit like assembly code but preserves meta data and actually knows about objects, classes, interfaces, types etc. unlike assembly language.
		Interpret the intermediate language with an interpreter (the old Java approach)
	www.zefhemel.com /archives/2003/10/30/jit-and-mono (614 words)

	Java as an Intermediate Language
		The translator was easy to build, and the generated Java code achieves reasonable performance when using a just-in-time compiler.
		We conclude that Java is attractive both as a compilation target for rapid prototyping of new programming languages and as a means of improving the portability of existing programming languages.
		Views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of ARPA or the U.S. Government.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~scandal/html-papers/javanesl (188 words)

	CS 207 Final exam, Fall 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		That's why Java became famous overnight, and why its independent existence as a general-purpose programming language has been hard to see through all the hype about "applets" and little dancing men on Web pages.
		When Java programs (applets) are shipped from Web server to Web browser, they are sent as bytecodes, which the browser translates to the machine language of the real machine on which the browser is running.
		The performance costs of having an intermediate language between Java and machine language are not unknown to the people at Sun, which is why they will soon release a collection of Java chips.
	www.mathcs.carleton.edu /faculty/jondich/courses/cs207_f96/Tests/final.html (1128 words)

	Amazon.com: Codenotes for Java: Intermediate and Advanced Language Features: Books: Gregory Brill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		CodeNotes for Java: Intermediate and Advanced Language Features will introduce the reader with a grasp of basic Java to advanced object oriented design techniques, collections, I/O, multi-threaded applications, internationalization and more.
		Experienced Java programmers will also benefit from the numerous examples, tips and tricks and design notes that explain why these Java features are fundamentally important to every development effort.
		Under [priced]for a good Java book is something I really like given the fact that I buy books at an astronomical rate.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0812991923?v=glance (1069 words)

	Programming in Java Beginners & Intermediate - TutorGig Store - UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		About half a year ago or so, part of the A level specification in computer studies, was to write a set of programs using a programming language of your choice.
		I didn't at the time have much of a clue as to what programming was like, and actually just by chance found this software whilst browsing through amazon.
		I would recommend this to anyone interested in java or programming in general.
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /store/PRB000063VMJ (258 words)

	Java Virtual Machine ( Java Virtual Machine (Software) and JVM) Definition
		Java was designed to allow application programs to be built that could be run on any …
		Excelsior JET is a Java Virtual Machine enhanced with Ahead-Of-Time (AOT) compilation.
		A Java virtual machine makes this possible because it is aware of the specific instruction lengths and other particularities of the platform.
	www.bitpipe.com /tlist/Java-Virtual-Machine.html (367 words)

	JaCIL: A CLI to JVM Compiler
		JaCIL (pronounced "jackal") is a graduate capstone project to create a byte-code compiler to translate CLI binaries to binaries suitable for consumption by the JVM.
		As these two platforms become ubiquitous, it is of pragmatic and academic interest to have the capability of running CLI code on the JVM and visa-versa.
		The Common Intermediate Language (CIL) is the byte-code language of the CLI.
	www.cs.rit.edu /~atg2335/project (262 words)

	Codenotes for Java: Intermediate and Advanced Language Features - eBookMall
		Codenotes for Java: Intermediate and Advanced Language Features eBooks
		Codenotes for Java: Intermediate and Advanced Language Features Summary
		A global overview of a technology and explanation of what problems it can be used to solve
	www.ebookmall.com /ebooks/codenotes-for-java-intermediate-and-advanced-language-features-brill-ebooks.htm (339 words)

	Java Virtual Machine White Papers, Webcasts and Product Information from Top IT Vendors
		Java Virtual Machine White Papers, Webcasts and Product Information from Top IT Vendors
		Software and administration issues must also be managed in order to fully leverage the power of virtualization.
		JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE DEFINITION (continued): … Java was designed to allow application programs to be built that could be run on any
	www.bitpipe.com /data/rlist?t=soft_10_90_30_14_2_12 (321 words)

	[No title]
		IDATÁ1°ùWùå—ø}{ïí{÷J %”sî 4!uÊ61QJuRW&x&vxÈIEND®B`{äÿÿ?Ù Ú%ðö ó¨.NETAn Overview¡ ¨Yingcai Xiao 01/23/06ó) ª ¨ What is.NET?¡$óB'ª ª óW;ª ¨Common Binary Code?¡$óI-ª ¨+OS-Independent Code: Intermediate Languages¡,,$óD(ª ª óE)ª ¨FProgram statements are interpreted one at a time during the run-time.
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		IDATÁ1°ùWùå—ø}{ïí{÷J %”sî 4!uÊ61QJuRW&x&vxÈIEND®B`{äÿÿ?Ù Ú%ð—óZ>¨"Windows Programming .NETOverview¡#" ¨ Yingcai Xiaoó[?ª ¨What is a Computer?¡$ó\@ª ¨What is a program and what is programming?¡++$ó]Aª ¨What is Windows programming?¡$ó) ª ¨ What is.NET?¡$óB'ª ª óW;ª ¨Common Binary Code?¡$óI-ª ¨+OS-Independent Code: Intermediate* Languages¡,,$óD(ª ª óE)ª ¨FProgram statements are interpreted one at a time during the run-time.
	www.cs.uakron.edu /~xiao/windows/DotNet-Overview.ppt (229 words)

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