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	Java programming language - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Java tends to be more high-level than similar languages (such as C++), which means that the Java language lacks features such as hardware-specific data types and low-level pointers to arbitrary memory.
		Java's paradigm of bytecode interpretation is widely seen to provide portability only at the expense of performance degradation relative to native code.
		Java libraries - which are the compiled byte codes of source developed by the JRE implementor to support application development in Java.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Java_programming_language (3371 words)

	Program Transformation Wiki / Java Decompilers
		Decompilers that read Java bytecode programs usually decompile to Java, since that is the language that the majority of such programs are written in.
		SourceTec Java Decompiler (formerly the Jasmine Java Decompiler) is a patch to Mocha, a well known decompiler.
		Programming Languages for the Java Virtual Machine is a page by Robert Tolksdorf for all sorts of languages that can be compiled to bytecodes, or translated to Java source.
	www.program-transformation.org /Transform/JavaDecompilers (718 words)

	Java on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although Java is the fifth largest island of Indonesia, constituting only one seventh of the country's total area, it contains two thirds of the country's population; it is one of the most densely populated regions in the world.
		In Java are the republic's capital and largest city, Jakarta, and the second and third largest cities, Surabaya and Bandung.
		Java Bytecode Example Java is not compiled into machine language for a specific hardware platform like programs.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/J/Java.asp (740 words)

	SableVM - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SableVM is a clean room implementation of Java bytecode interpreter implementing the Java virtual machine specification, second edition.
		SableVM is the first Open Source virtual machine for Java to include the support for JVMDI (Java Virtual Machine Debugging Interface) and JDWP (Java Debug Wire Protocol).
		These standard Java debugging interfaces are used for example by Eclipse to provide a rich and user-friendly Java development environment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/SableVM (264 words)

	Open Source ByteCode Libraries in Java
		It is a class library for editing bytecodes in Java; it enables Java programs to define a new class at runtime and to modify a class file before the JVM loads it.
		Jen is a lightweight, high-level Java(tm) bytecode manipulation and generation library that permits Java classes to be modified in terms of 'rename this class', 'make a field public', and 'add a new constructor'.
		Java is a trademark or registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries.
	java-source.net /open-source/bytecode-libraries (808 words)

	Java Bytecode Compilation - a Special Case of Binary Translation
		Java [1] is a very successful object-oriented programming language from Sun that includes modern features like exception handling, garbage collection and thread support.
		Java programs are compiled to architecture-neutral bytecodes for a virtual machine, the Java virtual machine [2].
		The motivation for this thesis is to exploit the extensive use of binary translation for compiling Java bytecodes into native code.
	www.ifi.unizh.ch /richter/people/pilz/thesis/Thesis.html (1197 words)

	Checkpointing Java
		Java programs are compiled into a machine-independent format, called ``bytecode,'' and bytecodes are then executed by an interpreter (called the ``virtual machine''), or compiled themselves into native machine code for higher performance.
		Thus, when a user executes a Java application or applet from an untrusted source, he or she can be assured that the Java program will not use memory in unknown or perhaps malignant ways.
		The Java bytecode has been defined so that the types of all variables may be identified with none of the problems associated with languages like C.
	www.cs.utk.edu /~plank/javackp.html (1157 words)

	Kaffe.org
		Kaffe is a clean room implementation of the Java virtual machine, plus the associated class libraries needed to provide a Java runtime environment.
		The Kaffe virtual machine is free software, licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
		Kaffe is not an officially licensed version of the Java virtual machine.
	www.kaffe.org (445 words)

	Bytecode basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The bytecodes for a method are executed when that method is invoked during the course of running the program.
		The constant value is either implicit in the opcode itself, follows the opcode in the bytecode stream as an operand, or is taken from the constant pool.
		Java's garbage-collected heap -- Gives an overview of garbage collection in general and the garbage-collected heap of the JVM in particular.
	www.javaworld.com /javaworld/jw-09-1996/jw-09-bytecodes_p.html (3445 words)

	The Java Language Environment
		The bytecode verifier traverses the bytecodes, constructs the type state information, and verifies the types of the parameters to all the bytecode instructions.
		The important issue is that the Java class loader and the bytecode verifier make no assumptions about the primary source of the bytecode stream--the code may have come from the local system, or it may have travelled halfway around the planet.
		The bytecode verifier acts as a sort of gatekeeper: it ensures that code passed to the Java interpreter is in a fit state to be executed and can run without fear of breaking the Java interpreter.
	java.sun.com /docs/white/langenv/Security.doc3.html (490 words)

	JDC Tech Tips: August 29, 2000
		Most Java programmers know that their programs are not typically compiled into native machine code.
		Java bytecode is a first line of defense against this sort of attack, as the following example demonstrates:
		prefixes, which illustrate that Java bytecode instructions are strongly typed.
	java.sun.com /developer/TechTips/2000/tt0829.html (1815 words)

	Annotating Java Bytecode
		Java is part of the emergence of a whole new class of highly dynamic and object-oriented programming languages which present new challenges to the established field of Compiler Optimizations.
		Java is compiled to classfiles that hold platform independent bytecode.
		I have written a paper and a presentation describing how the Runtime performance of Java could benefit by annotating Java code by means of classfile attributes and which detail how support for this feature has been added and implemented in Soot.
	www.cs.mcgill.ca /~patrice/cs621 (480 words)

	Java compilers
		During the execution of Java bytecode, they convert parts of that bytecode to native code so that these parts are executed faster.
		Java Glossary — has a lot of smaller articles on various Java topics.
		Weighing in on Java native compilation — IBM developerWorks article by Martyn Honeyford on the (dis)advantages of creating native code from Java source.
	schmidt.devlib.org /java/compilers.html (349 words)

	Bytecode Outline plugin for Eclipse
		Bytecode Outline plugin shows disassembled bytecode of current java editor or class file, allows bytecode/ASMifier code compare for java/class files and shows ASMifier code for current bytecode.
		The main reason for this plugin was my study how Java generates bytecode and my interest in ASM framework.
		This documentation is taken from "Java Virtual Machine" by Jon Meyer and Troy Downing Copyright (c) 1997 by O'Reilly and Associates, and provided with permission of O'Reilly Media, Inc. Packaging, cleanup, reformatting and XSL transformation completed by Eugene Kuleshov (eu@javatx.org).
	andrei.gmxhome.de /bytecode (699 words)

	Java Development Kit -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a (A typical star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system) Sun product aimed at (An island in Indonesia south of Borneo; one of the world's most densely populated regions) Java developers.
		Since the introduction of Java, it has been by far the most widely used Java (additional info and facts about SDK) SDK.
		Also included are a wide selection of example programs demonstrating the use of almost all portions of the (additional info and facts about Java API) Java API.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/ja/java_development_kit.htm (214 words)

	The Functions of Java Bytecode - Jones (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abstract: Java bytecode provides a portable representation for programs that allows executable content to be embedded in web pages, transferred across a network, and executed on a remote user's machine.
		Java Bytecode as a Typed Term Calculus - Higuchi, Ohori (2002)
		In Workshop on the Formal Underpinnings of the Java Paradigm, October 1998.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /jones98functions.html (633 words)

	EETimes.com - ARM adds Java extensions to ARM9 core
		Called Jazelle, the Java extensions are applied in a manner similar to the way Thumb extensions allow a 16-bit ARM instruction set to be executed on the 32-bit ARM pipeline.
		The company claims the approach is optimal for running Java as well as legacy software with near best-in-class performance and with a minimal need for extra memory.
		About 80-to-90 percent of Java instructions will map to single-cycle ARM instructions, and the remainder are trapped as exceptions and translated into multiple ARM instructions and operations via roughly 8 kbytes of microcode memory.
	www.eet.com /conferences/mf/story/OEG20001011S0013 (911 words)

	Alternative Java Implementations
		Java is an outgrowth of the Green Project which was started in 1990 by Patrick Naughton, Mike Sheridan, and James Gosling.
		Note that some required portions of the Java language and byte code (e.g., garbage collection) may make it very difficult for a Java program to be equal in performance to a well-tuned C/C++ program; the extent of this difference is often debated.
		It can be used as the runtime library for JFE (the Java cross-compiler front end from Edison Design Group), or as a replacement core library for use with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
	www.dwheeler.com /java-imp.html (4111 words)

	Java Bytecode: free download of jclasslib (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Java Bytecode and ej-technologies means working with enterprise application development tools from the next generation.
		Java Bytecode powered by ej-technologies: perfectly working solutions from the experts in performance and deployment.
		With exe4j, the deployment of Java applications on Windows is finally on par with that of native applications.
	www.ej-technologies.com /docs/java_bytecode/java_bytecode.htm (666 words)

	Open Source Software in Java(tm)
		J.A.D.E. Java Addition to Default Environment - The JADE library provides "Context Programming" which allows: - Objects to be allocated on the "stack" to avoid garbage collection and provide faster execution speed (PoolContext).
		Groovy can be used as an alternative compiler to javac to generate standard Java bytecode to be used by any Java project or it can be used dynamically as an alternative language such as for scripting Java objects, templating or writing unit test cases.
		Java CVS Client - A library that implements a CVS protocol client in Java.
	java-source.net (3476 words)

	jilc - Java Bytecode to IL Compiler
		jilc - Java bytecode to IL compiler is being designed to be able to directly use the already available enormous resource of java libraries.
		1.2: Bytecode verifier, which includes making changes to the parsed code so as to incorporate the differences that exist in Java bytecode and the IL bytecode.
		This may be directly the bytecode or the asm code.
	jilc.sourceforge.net /about.shtml (173 words)

	Verified Java Bytecode Verification
		This thesis presents a fully formal, executable, and machine checked specification of a representative subset of the Java Virtual Machine and its bytecode verifier together with a proof that the bytecode verifier is safe.
		The specification consists of an abstract framework for bytecode verification which is instantiated step by step with increasingly expressive type systems covering all of the interesting and complex properties of Java bytecode verification: classes, objects, inheritance, virtual methods, exception handling, constructors, object initialization, bytecode subroutines, and arrays.
		The instantiation yields two executable verified bytecode verifiers: the iterative data flow algorithm of the standard Java platform and also a lightweight bytecode verifier for resource-constrained devices such as smart cards.
	www4.in.tum.de /~kleing/diss (213 words)

	java_series.html
		One of Java's most powerful capabilities is its built-in support for concurrent programming, a design technique in which multiple concurrent activities-threads take place inside a single Java program.
		The nucleus of the Java 2 platform, the Java(TM) virtual machine is the technology that enables the Java 2 platform to host applications on any computer or operating system without rewriting or recompiling.
		The Java virtual machine is also responsible for the compactness of applications targeting the Java 2 platform, and is the basis for its security capabilities.
	www.sun.com /books/java_series.html (4623 words)

	The Java bytecode verification problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The problem of byte code verification for Java raises interesting technical challenges, not the least because it is not well-formulated.
		The primary material for the specification of this problem is considered to be the description given in JVMS (P.118-137), and the (somewhat incomparable) C implementation provided with Sun's JDK implementation of Java.
		This yields, for each of the 200-odd opcodes, a description of constraints that can be verified statically, prior to execution, in such a way that the constraints are guaranteed to hold at run-time, and hence need not be checked explicitly.
	www.saraswat.org /bcv.html (332 words)

	obfuscator : Java Glossary
		Java is very easy to decompile and defang any simple minded authorisation just by removing the call to the authorisation routine.
		You need to hide this in JNI and also put into that same JNI code that has practical value so that if it is turned off the program stops working, ideally in a very non-obvious and non-immediate way.
		ObfuscatePro is a Java bytecode obfuscator that allows you to customize the obfuscation by specifying classes to exclude from the obfuscation.
	mindprod.com /jgloss/obfuscator.html (1531 words)

	The FLINT Project: Functional Java Bytecode (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We describe the design and implementation of lambda-JVM, a functional representation of Java bytecode that makes data flow explicit, verification simple, and that is well-suited for translation into lower-level representations such as those used in optimizing compilers.
		It is a good alternative to stack-based Java bytecode for virtual machines or ahead-of-time compilers which optimize methods and produce native code.
		We use lambda-JVM as one component in a sophisticated type-preserving compiler for Java class files.
	flint.cs.yale.edu /flint/publications/lamjvm.html (97 words)

	Java(tm) Bytecode Assembler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Java Bytecode Assembler (or simply Assembler) is a program that converts code written in "Java Assembly Language" into a valid Java.class file.
		This provides developers a simple means of either programming directly in Java assembly language or making Java bytecodes the target of a compiler.
		The Java Assembly Language is similar to the output of Sun's javap utility, but also uses Java-like syntax to make it more readable.
	www.bestuff.com /html/mirrors/javaa (160 words)

	work on Java bytecode verification
		The following paper on Java bytecode verification is available from URL: http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/personal/Martin_Abadi/Papers/jvm-short-preprint.ps A Type System for Java Bytecode Subroutines Raymie Stata and Martin Abadi Java is typically compiled into an intermediate language, JVML, that is interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine.
		Subroutines are a major source of complexity for the bytecode verifier because they are not obviously last-in/first-out and because they require a kind of polymorphism.
		This intermediate language is a typed, machine-independent bytecode language, and it is the foundation for many of Java's features, including portability across platforms, dynamic type resolution, and run-time type safety.
	www.cis.upenn.edu /~bcpierce/types/archives/1997-98/msg00217.html (580 words)

	Javassist
		It is a class library for editing bytecodes in Java; it enables Java programs to define a new class at runtime and to modify a class file when the JVM loads it.
		The whole API is designed with only the vocabulary of the Java language.
		You can even specify inserted bytecode in the form of source text; Javassist compiles it on the fly.
	www.csg.is.titech.ac.jp /~chiba/javassist (622 words)

	Java Bytecode Verification: An Overview - Leroy (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abstract: Bytecode verification is a crucial security component for Java applets, on the Web and on embedded devices such as smart cards.
		This paper describes the main bytecode verification algorithms and surveys the variety of formal methods that have been applied to bytecode verification in order to establish its correctness.
		57 Java intermediate bytecodes (context) - Gosling - 1995 ACM
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /leroy01java.html (686 words)

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