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	Jean Calas - LoveToKnow 1911
		JEAN CALAS (1698-1762), a Protestant merchant at Toulouse, whose legal murder is a celebrated case in French history.
		The fraternity of White Penitents buried the body with great ceremony, and performed a solemn service for the deceased as a martyr; the Franciscans followed their example; and these formalities led to the popular belief in the guilt of the unhappy family.
		Finally the king and council unanimously agreed to annul the proceeding of the parlement of Toulouse; Calas was declared to have been innocent, and every imputation of guilt was removed from the family.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Jean_Calas (285 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: People and Peoples (Je-Jn) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Jean Francois Casimir Delavigne was a French poet and dramatist.
		Jean Alexandre Joseph Falguiere was a French sculptor and painter.
		Jean Leon Gerome was a French painter and sculptor.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /C7B.HTM (2683 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Calas Case
		Jean Calas was a French Calvinist, born 19 March, 1698, at La Caparède near Castres, in the department of Tarn; executed 10 March, 1762, at Toulouse.
		Madame Calas was liberated; but her two daughters, who were absent from home at the time of their brother's death, were forced into a convent of the Visitation.
		Madame Calas and her daughters were living in Paris, when several of these were presented on the stage.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03149a.htm (627 words)

	Jean Calas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jean Calas (1698 - 1762) was a merchant living in Toulouse, France, famous for having been the victim of a biased trial due to his being a Protestant.
		On October 13-14, 1761, another of the Calas' sons, Marc-Antoine, was found dead in the ground floor of the familial home.
		On March 10, Jean Calas died tortured on the wheel, while still very firmly claiming his innocence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jean_Calas (300 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Jean Calas
		Jean Calas (1698 - 1762) was a merchant living in Toulouse, France, famous for having been the victim of a biased trial due to his being a Protestant.
		Jean Calas, along with his wife, was a Protestant.
		On March 9, 1762, the parlement (appellate court) of Toulouse sentenced Jean Calas to death on the wheel.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Jean_Calas (328 words)

	Voltaire: Treatise on Tolerance
		The murder of Jean Calas, committed in Toulouse with the sword of justice, the 9th of March, 1762, is one of the most singular events that calls for the attention of the present age and of posterity.
		Jean Calas, a person of sixty-eight years of age, had followed the profession of a merchant in Toulouse for upwards of forty years, and was known by all as a good parent in his family.
		Six of the judges persisted obstinate, resolved to sentence Jean Calas, his son, and Lavaisse, to be broken on the wheel, and his wife to be burned at the stake; the other seven judges, rather more moderate, were at least for having the accused examined.
	www.constitution.org /volt/tolerance.htm (3334 words)

	The Calas Case
		In the interrogatory the accused involved themselves in contradictions, and, on 9 March, 1762, the Parliament of Toulouse, by a vote of 8 to 5, pronounced sentence against Jean Calas.
		The Calas Case was not without its effect on contemporary art and literature.
		The responsibility of the condemnation in no way rested with the ecclesiastical authorities, and the penalty was inflicted not for a mere religious offence, but for murder alleged to have been committed for a religious motive.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/calas_case.html (656 words)

	Jean Calas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Jean Calas (1698 - 1762) was amerchant living in Toulouse, France,famous for having been the victim of a biased trial due to his being a Protestant.
		On March 9, 1762 the parlement(appellate court) of Toulouse sentenced Jean Calas to death on thewheel.
		On March 9, 1765, Jean Calas was found notguilty.
	www.therfcc.org /jean-calas-127425.html (275 words)

	Affaire Calas - Wikipédia
		Jean Calas, modeste commerçant, habitait 16 rue des Filatiers à Toulouse.
		Il interroge Jean et Pierre Calas, ainsi que Gaubert Lavaisse (invité le soir du drame), le 15 octobre 1761.
		Calas et sa famille sont définitivement réhabilités en 1765, par une assemblée de 80 juges et par le conseil du roi.
	fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Affaire_Calas (861 words)

	[No title]
		His son hanged himself, and as a result Jean was accussed of having strangled the youth to prevent him from adopting Roman Catholicism.
		She appealed to the town's population and the common soldiers, and often disregarded the war council's decisions.
		Jean Gabin stars as a Parisian physician who journeys to the rural countryside to promote natural childbirth, though his methods are met with opposition at every turn.
	www.lycos.com /info/jean-seberg--miscellaneous.html (436 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner - The tyranny of intolerance - Friday \| February 6, 2004
		Mon-sieur Calas and his wife were Protestants, in a city that was overwhelmingly Catholic and had a long history of persecutions dating back to the Albigensian wars.
		Jean Calas was arrested, tortured, tried for murder, broken on a wheel, and after a two-hour respite for "confession" (which was not obtained), executed by strangulation.
		In June 1764 the judgement against Jean Calas was annulled by the Paris Supreme Court.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20040206/cleisure/cleisure4.html (893 words)

	October 13
		In the year 1761, there resided at Toulouse, in the south of France, an old man, sixty four years of age, named Jean Calas, who for forty years had exercised the vocation of a respectable shopkeeper in that town, and had gained general esteem amid all classes for the amiability and probity of his character.
		The aged Jean Calas was repeatedly tortured to extort confession, but in vain, and a similar result attended all attempts to terrify the other accused parties into an admission of guilt.
		It is said that, latterly, the constancy and nerve of Jean Calas forsook him, and that in his last appearance before the parliament, he betrayed such signs of agitation as told strongly against his innocence.
	www.thebookofdays.com /months/oct/13.htm (3043 words)

	Sean Gabb - A Pamphlet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Jean Jacques Rousseau, his only contemporary rival in French literature, is frequently held up to us as a man of much finer and deeper feeling.
		The Calas family, however, was Protestant; and Toulouse was a town of fanatically devout Catholics.
		Jean was an old man of sixty eight, and was in poor health.
	freespace.virgin.net /old.whig/voltaire.htm (3986 words)

	Jean Calas -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		France was then a mostly (A member of a Catholic church) Catholic country; Catholicism was the (Click link for more info and facts about state religion) state religion.
		While the harsh repression of Protestantism initiated by King (King of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)) Louis XIV had largely receded, Protestants were, at best, tolerated.
		On March 10, Jean Calas died (The act of torturing someone) tortured on the wheel, while still very firmly claiming his innocence.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/je/jean_calas.htm (286 words)

	REVIEW / How human rights became self-evident
		Five months later, Jean Calas, Marc-Antoine's father, was found guilty of the murder and sentenced to death on the wheel.
		Before his execution, Calas was to be subjected to the "preliminary question," a euphemism for judicially supervised torture intended to get the prisoner to name his accomplices.
		The Calas case quickly became a scandal throughout France, with such luminaries as Voltaire protesting both the guilty verdict and the use of torture.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/03/09/DDGUNOGPDD1.DTL&type=printable (885 words)

	[No title]
		The dead man's father, Jean Calas, had begged everyone in his household on the night of his son's suicide, not to reveal the ignomious manner of his death.
		Although Jean Calas protested his innocence, he was convicted and condemned to be given "ordinary and extraordinary torture" followed by execution on the wheel.
		He spent three years gathering evidence exposing the judicial atrocity-- showing that Calas' torture and execution was not an exception, but one of many such cases whereby torture and murder were performed by the authorities in the name of religious superstition.
	www.entheology.org /library/winters/VOLTAIR2.TXT (2994 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - People and Peoples (Ja-Ji)
		His son hanged himself, and as a result Jean was accussed of having strangled the youth to prevent him from adopting Roman Catholicism.
		Jean Giraudoux was a French poet, novelist and playwright.
		Jean Louis Barrault was a French actor and director, noted particularly as a mime..
	www.fas.org /news/reference/probert/C7A.HTM (6759 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When Jessica (Angela Lansbury) is called to London to rewrite the stage adaptation of her novel, she must prove her actress friend (Jean Marsh) innocent of killing a producer.
		Parker, a visually impaired creator, producer and programme host of Disability Radio Worldwide, is quoted in an interview in Success and Ability (the Foundation's bi-monthly publication) as saying that her programmes, which discuss disability from a human rights perspective, get a surprisingly enthusiastic response from non-disabled persons too.
		The movie's most endearing trait is that the five central characters—Jimmie, Jean, and the three men—genuinely care about each other and treat each other with kindness and affection.
	www.lycos.com /info/jean-parker.html?page=4 (353 words)

	Encyclopedia: Jean Calas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Jean-François, knight de la Barre (1745 - July 1st, 1766) was a French nobleman, famous for having been tortured and burnt at the stake for not having removed his hat before a Catholic procession.
		March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years).
		The Iron Maiden of Nuremberg was a famous torture device Torture is the infliction of severe physical or psychological pain as an expression of cruelty, a means of intimidation, deterrent or punishment, or as a tool for the extraction of information or confessions.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Jean-Calas (946 words)

	Voltaire, Toleration and Other Essays - Jean Calas: The Online Library of Liberty
		Jean Calas, a man of sixty-eight years, had been engaged in commerce at Toulouse for more than forty years, and was recognised by all who knew him as a good father.
		Six of the judges long persisted in condemning Jean Calas, his son, and Lavaisse to the wheel, and the wife of Jean Calas to the stake.
		The judges, who were bent on executing Jean Calas, persuaded the others that the weak old man could not endure the torture, and would on the scaffold confess his crime and accuse his accomplices.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Texts/Voltaire0265/OnToleration/HTMLs/0029_Pt02_Calas.html (19679 words)

	Society Religion and Spirituality Christianity Denominations Catholicism Reference Catholic Encyclopedia C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Calas Case, The - Jean Calas was a French Calvinist, born 19 March, 1698, at La Caparède near Castres, in the department of Tarn; executed 10 March, 1762, at Toulouse.
		Chapeauville, Jean - Belgian theologian and historian, b.
		Charity, Sisters of, of Our Lady Mother of Mercy - A congregation founded in Holland in 1832 by the Rev. John Zwijsen, pastor of Tilburg, aided by Mary M. Leijsen, for the instruction of children and the betterment of a people deprived of spiritual aid by the disastrous effects of the Reformation.
	www.iper1.com /iper1-odp/scat/id/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Catholicism/Reference/Catholic_Encyclopedia/C (7517 words)

	Traité sur la tolérance à l ‘occasion de la mort de Jean Calas. (1763)
		Jean Calas, âgé de soixante et huit ans, exerçait la profession de négociant à Toulouse depuis plus de quarante années, et était reconnu de tous ceux qui ont vécu avec lui pour un bon père.
		Un des fils de Jean Calas, nommé Marc-Antoine, était un homme de lettres: il passait pour un esprit inquiet, sombre, et violent.
		Saint Jean lui dicta un symbole que saint Grégoire alla prêcher.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /dboudin/VOLTAIRE/Traite.htm (15294 words)

	FT January 2005: Books in Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1761 the Protestant merchant Jean Calas of Toulouse, his wife, and one of his sons were accused of murdering another son, though evidence strongly indicated the young man had killed himself.
		The capital sentence for Jean Calas was carried out: his arms and legs were broken on the wheel, and after priestly efforts to wheedle a confession out of him proved unavailing, he was strangled and his body burned.
		The Calas verdict was quashed, Calas was posthumously exonerated, and Louis XV paid generous compensation to the surviving family.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0501/reviews/valiunas.htm (1189 words)

	Oration on Voltaire, Victor Hugo
		In the month of March, 1762, a man with white hair, Jean Calas, was conductcd to a public place, stripped naked, stretched on a wheel, the members bound on it, the head hanging.
		Calas loses consciousness; they revive him, and the executioner begins again; and, as each limb before being broken in two places receives two blows, that makes eight punishments.
		After the eighth swooning the priest offers him the crucifix to kiss; Calas turns away his head, and the executioner gives him the coup de grace; that is to say, crushes in his chest with the thick end of the bar of iron.
	www.angelfire.com /mn3/mixed_lit/hugo_voltaire.htm (2573 words)

	[No title]
		Pierre Calas, the surviving son, was banished for life; the rest -were acquitted.
		The distracted widow, however, found some friends, and among them Voltaire, who laid her case before the council of state at -968 Versailles.
		See Causes celebres, tome iv.; Raoul Allier, Voltaire et Calas, une erreur judiciaire au X VIII° siecle (Paris, r 898) ; and biographies of Voltaire.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=12658&locale=en (308 words)

	L'affaire Calas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		La victime en fut Jean Calas (né à Lacabarède dans le Tarn en1698 et mort à Toulouse en 1762).
		Tout le monde accuse le père, Jean Calas, d'avoir tué son propre fils qui, dit-on, voulait se convertir au catholicisme.
		Jean Calas,le père, est torturé;, jugé et condamné à mort le 9 Mars 1765.
	www2.ac-toulouse.fr /eco-belbeze-union/calas.htm (177 words)

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