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	Jean Hoerni - Biocrawler
		Jean Hoerni (1924- January 12, 1997) was a silicon transistor pioneer and a member of the Traitorous Eight.
		But Shockley's strange behavior would compel the Traitorous Eight to abandon him and create the Fairchild Semiconductor corporation, where Hoerni would invent the planar process, which allowed integrated circuits to be created out of silicon rather than germanium.
		An avid mountain climber, Hoerni often visited the Karakoram Mountains in Pakistan and was moved by the poverty of the Balti mountain people who lived there.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Jean_Hoerni (249 words)

	Jean Hoerni Obituary, Central Asia Institute
		Hoerni's inspiration came to him during his shower one morning in 1958, at a time when he and the seven other Fairchild founders were completely stalled in their research.
		Hoerni's planar process, a means of fusing an insulating layer of silicon dioxide onto the chip before the application of the conducting metal circuitry, turned out to be the breakthrough.
		Hoerni was as stimulated by a Sherpa as by a Nobel scientist, and if his name is not often recognized in the rolling hills of the San Francisco Bay Area, it is sung with high praise in remote Pakistan.
	www.ikat.org /articles/obit.html (753 words)

	Jean Hoerni Summary
		Hoerni and several of his colleagues soon formed a new company to develop their own integrated circuit.
		Jean Hoerni (September 26, 1924- January 12, 1997) was a silicon transistor pioneer and a member of the Traitorous Eight.
		An avid mountain climber, Hoerni often visited the Karakoram Mountains in Pakistan and was moved by the poverty of the Balti mountain people who lived there.
	www.bookrags.com /Jean_Hoerni (369 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Jean Hoerni (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Jean Hoerni (1924- January 12, 1997) was a silicon transistor pioneer and a member of the Traitorous Eight.
		Hoerni's inspiration came to him during his shower one morning in 1958, at a time when he and the seven other Fairchild founders were completely stalled in their research.
		Hoerni's planar process, a means of fusing an insulating layer of silicon dioxide onto the chip before the application of the conducting metal circuitry, turned out to be the breakthrough.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Jean-Hoerni (468 words)

	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - Jean A. Hoerni (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Jean A. Hoerni, born in Geneva, Switzerland, revolutionized the semiconductor industry, and therefore the computer industry.
		Hoerni soon discovered that Shockley operated Shockley Transistor Laboratories, located in the Santa Clara Valley in California, with a wild temper and an iron fist.
		Hoerni won the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) Computer Pioneer Award in 1980 and the W. Wallace Mc Dowell Award for the chip in 1972.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=8CF5E5CB35CB42E1857F6F42970E2A2C&searchtype=1&DicID=17845&RefType=Encyclopedia (396 words)

	Jean Hoerni@Everything2.com
		Jean Hoerni is the Swiss born physicist who developed the planar process while working at Fairchild Semiconductor.
		Hoerni was one of the traitorous eight who left Shockley Semiconductor in 1957 to help form Fairchild.
		Hoerni came to the United States in 1952 with two doctorates in physics, one from Cambridge University and the other from the University of Geneva.
	everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=1356034 (630 words)

	The Planar Process
		Hoerni developed a new manufacturing process which relied heavily on the masking and passivating properties of sillicon oxide.
		Hoerni grew an oxide layer on top of the wafer at the very beginning of the process and used it to mask both the base and the emitter.
		As the boron atoms diffused both vertically and horizontally, the junction between the collector and the base moved laterally and was protected from outside contaminants by the oxide layer.
	www.nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/articles/lecuyer/planar.html (405 words)

	Central Asia Institute: History
		Initial funds to establish Central Asia Institute were provided by Dr. Jean Hoerni, a Swiss physicist, a Silicon valley microchip industry pioneer.
		Mortenson's work was catalyzed when he met Dr. Hoerni, who provided funding for the first two projects, a bridge over the Braldu River and a school in Korphe village.
		In 1996, Hoerni established Central Asia Institute, and appointed Mortenson as the director.
	www.ikat.org /history.html (742 words)

	Datasheets, Samples, and Buy, Fairchild Semiconductor - Global Leader in Power Optimization - Fairchild Semiconductor
		The original company was founded in 1957 by a group of scientists and engineers who develop a method of mass-producing silicon transistors using a double diffusion technique and a chemical etching system called the “mesa” process.
		In 1958, two of Fairchild original eight founders, Robert Noyce and Jean Hoerni, developed the monolithic integrated circuit, added a collector, base and emitter all on one plane and the planar transmitter was born and with it a new industry.
		In 1964, the company introduced the first static flip-flop in the semiconductor industry and by the 1980’s Fairchild’s Fast Advanced CMOS Technology was the first high performance CMOS logic family on the market and was the only one to survive aggressive market competition.
	www.fairchildsemi.com /company (822 words)

	Fairchild Semiconductor
		Co-founded, in 1957, by "Traitorous Eight" from Shockley Semiconductor: Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Gene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts
		Jean Hoerni founded Intersil (after co-founding Amelco, 1961, and Union Carbide Electronics, 1964 (UCE was later sold to Solitron in 1969)) to make digital watches in 1967
		1959 - Planar Transistors (Jean Hoerni and Robert Noyce)
	www.antiquetech.com /companies/fairchild.htm (158 words)

	Swiss Roots: Physics
		It was here that Hoerni invented the planar process, a means of fusing an insulating layer of silicon dioxide onto a chip before applying the conducting metal circuitry.
		Hoerni later left Fairchild and founded several other companies, including Intersil, which used the technology to pioneer digital watches.
		Hoerni was also a keen mountainer, and even partially scaled Mount Everest.
	history.swissroots.org /163.0.html (172 words)

	The First Transistors
		The original bipolar transistors were manufactured using the mesa process, in which a doped piece of silicon called the mesa (or base) was mounted on top of a larger piece of silicon forming the collector, while the emitter was created from a smaller piece of silicon embedded in the base.
		the Swiss physicist Jean Hoerni invented the planar process, in which optical lithographic techniques were used to diffuse the base into the collector and then diffuse the emitter into the base.
		One of Hoerni's colleagues, Robert Noyce, invented a technique for growing an insulating layer of silicon dioxide over the transistor, leaving small areas over the base and emitter exposed and diffusing thin layers of aluminum into these areas to create wires.
	www.maxmon.com /1926ad.htm (492 words)

	Jean Ingelow (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Jean Ingelow (March 17, 1820 - July 20, 1897), was an English poet and novelist.
		Born at Boston, Lincolnshire, she was the daughter of William Ingelow, a banker.
		Jean Ingelow followed this book of verse in 1851 with a story, Allerton and Dreux, but it was the publication of her Poems in 1863 which suddenly made her a popular writer.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Jean_Ingelow.html (1031 words)

	DIY Calculator :: First Microprocessors
		The original bipolar transistors were manufactured using the mesa process, in which a doped piece of silicon called the mesa (or base) was mounted on top of a larger piece of silicon forming the collector, while the emitter was created from a smaller piece of silicon embedded in the base.
		In 1959, the Swiss physicist Jean Hoerni (1924-1997) invented the planar process, in which optical lithographic techniques were used to diffuse the base into the collector and then diffuse the emitter into the base.
		One of Hoerni's colleagues, Robert Noyce (1927-1990), invented a technique for growing an insulating layer of silicon dioxide over the transistor, leaving small areas over the base and emitter exposed and diffusing thin layers of aluminum into these areas to create wires.
	www.diycalculator.com /popup-h-micproc.shtml (1843 words)

	The Lives They Lived - New York Times
		It is inevitable that in an issue with the scope of your biographies of the great who died in 1997, there would be some significant omissions (''The Lives They Lived,'' Jan. 4).
		I believe one was Jean Hoerni, who invented the planar structure for transistors.
		Hoerni was one of the scientists who left Shockley Semiconductor in 1957 to found Fairchild Semiconductor, the granddaddy of what we now call Silicon Valley.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E3D91038F936A15752C0A96E958260 (105 words)

	Jack Gifford
		Well, anyway, Jean Hoerni came into the business as really a mathematician physicist without any semiconductor background, and he ended up not learning enough, you know, physicist and mathematicians can do this, but he in my opinion made the two most significant contributions in our entire industry, including the integrated circuit.
		But Jean kept promising me that if I would, if I would help him with Intersil, give him some advice and look at some things, he would consider helping me, he would, he said he would help me raise money for Zatetics, and he was just really stringing me along.
		What had happened was that I was at Intersil and Jean Hoerni was no longer the CEO because they were, they were trying to groom the company.
	silicongenesis.stanford.edu /transcripts/gifford.htm (11242 words)

	The Accidental Entrepreneur
		Jean was a theoretician, and so was not very useful at the time we were setting up the original facility at Fairchild, building furnaces and all that kind of stuff.
		Hoerni said, "Why not leave the oxide on there?" The conventional wisdom from Bell Laboratories had been that by the time you got done, the oxide was so dirty that you wanted to get rid of it.
		We hadn't thought about expanding, but here again our theoretician, Jean Hoerni, had early on made a contribution by designing the layout of our facility to allow for what we presumed to be sufficient expansion - an extra furnace here, more nitrogen cylinders there.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/articles/moore (5810 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The group later known widely as the Traitorous Eight decided that was that, and all quit.
		The eight men were Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts.
		Robert Noyce -- Gordon Moore -- Jean Hoerni -- Jim Early -- Lester Hogan -- Eugene Kleiner -- Jerry Sanders -- Frank Wanlass --
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fairchild-Camera-and-Instrument-Corporation (959 words)

	Engology.com, The Integrated Circuit Story of Two Engineers Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, Billionaire Engineers, Nobel ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This accelerated the efforts at Fairchild Semiconductor, which were now focused on making the connections between the tiny transistors and components an integral part of the manufacturing process itself.
		Jean Hoerni, one of Fairchild’s original founders, came up with a workable method when he developed the "planar" process.
		This process, which uses oxidation and heat diffusion to form a smooth insulating layer on the surface of a silicon chip, allowed the embedding of insulated layers of transistors and other elements in silicon.
	www.engology.com /eng5icstory.htm (975 words)

	SEMI - Home
		Jean Hoerni was on the board of directors [of Applied].
		Jean was the investor of the planar process, the basis of which all production devices are made today.
		One of the reasons he left was Jean Hoerni had also left and formed Intersil.
	wps2a.semi.org /wps/portal/_pagr/103/_pa.103/248?&dFormat=application/msword&docName=P035091 (6979 words)

	IC Knowledge - History of the Integrated Circuit - 1950s
		By late 1958 Swiss-born physicist - Jean Hoerni at Fairchild had developed a structure with N and P junctions formed in silicon.
		Over the junctions a thin layer of silicon dioxide was used as an insulator and holes were etched open in the silicon dioxide to connect to the junctions.
		The metal layer connected down to the junctions through the holes in the silicon dioxide and was then etched into a pattern to interconnect the circuit.
	www.icknowledge.com /history/1950s.html (571 words)

	EETimes.com - Chip pioneers Widlar and Hoerni honored
		Another Fairchild alumnus, Swiss-born Jean Hoerni was honored as a scientist and entrepreneur who developed the planar processes which made ICs more manufacturable.
		Hoerni — who is also credited with developing the first field-effect transistors (FETs), the first matched transistor input stages, and one of the first digital watches (a concoction of timers and counters)— encouraged Fairchild to cover transistor junctions with protective oxide layers.
		For all his knowledge of timers and counters, and for all the semiconductor industry's dependence on military contracts at the time, Moore said Hoerni steadfastly refused to contribute to the development of timing fuses for land mines.
	www.eet.com /semi/news/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=4WHR235JN0SJ4QSNDBCCKH0CJUMEKJVN?articleID=49400705 (1116 words)

	The IC's surprising birth
		Not surprisingly, Hoerni's device came to be known as a planar transistor, and it's easy to argue that the integrated circuit of later days would not have been possible without Hoerni's planar transistors.
		Hoerni, one of eight founders of Fairchild Semiconductor Corp. in 1957, showed his planar transistors to some of his co-founders, including Bob Noyce.
		If we could make one planar transistor on a bar of silicon, we could make several, and if several transistors could be fabricated on one plane, he reasoned, we could interconnect a large number of transistors and other circuit elements through holes etched in an insulating layer with metal over the insulation.
	www.memagazine.org /backissues/membersonly/june00/features/ic/ic.html (2350 words)

	Community
		The first big break in funding came when Swiss-American scientist-philanthropist Jean Hoerni gave $12,000.
		Hoerni, who played a pioneering role in the early years of information technology and was an avid climber in the Himalayan and Karakoram ranges, later bequeathed $1 million to a nonprofit organization, the Central Asia Institute, at the time of his death in 1997.
		Hoerni established the institute and Mortenson today runs it.
	www.pakistanlink.com /Community/2006/May06/05/06.HTM (898 words)

	Living Compassion-Virtual Peace Center
		He found success when a climbing friend of Greg’s suggested he contact Dr. Jean Hoerni, the Swiss-born physicist whose invention paved the way for the silicon chip.
		Hoerni simply gave Greg the $12,000 to build the school, extracting the promise that the school would be built and Greg would deliver pictures of the completed project.
		It was a longer-than-expected process to build the Korphe school (including first building a bridge so that the supplies could be transported to the village), and an even longer one that followed as Greg, with support from Dr. Hoerni, began to build schools all across the remote northern reaches of Pakistan.
	www.livingcompassion.org /peaceproject/mortenson.html (689 words)

	[No title]
		Noyce, Hoerni, and 6 other scientists and engineers left the Lab to found Fairchild Semiconductors and develop advances in silicon transistors.
		Hoerni came up with a solution to the problem of the MESA, which was susceptible to contamination, and whose connection wires tended to slip.
		Hoerni diffused the MESA into a wafer, i.e., chemically-embedded the transistor into a piece of silicon.
	ieee.cincinnati.fuse.net /reiman/10_1996.html (465 words)

	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - Kurt Lehovec (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Among Lehovec’s contributions were the explanations of two phenomena that were known but not understood: the mechanism of solar cells and LEDs (light-emitting diodes).
		Although Robert Noyce and Jack St. Clair Kilby are most often credited with inventing the integrated circuit, credit also goes to Lehovec, Jean Hoerni, and William Shockley.
		Lehovec was employed at Sprague Electric Company at the time, working on improving alloy junction transistors that Shockley (who owned Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Mountain View, Calif.) invented.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?searchtype=2&DicID=17952&RefType=Encyclopedia&guid= (444 words)

	Chip pioneers Widlar and Hoerni honored
		Another Fairchild alumnus, Swiss-born Jean Hoerni was honored as a scientist and entrepreneur who developed the planar processes which made ICs more manufacturable.
		Hoerni — who is also credited with developing the first field-effect transistors (FETs), the first matched transistor input stages, and one of the first digital watches (a concoction of timers and counters)— encouraged Fairchild to cover transistor junctions with protective oxide layers.
		Moore said there is little question that Hoerni's process developments were cornerstones in the $200-billion global semiconductor industry.
	www.eetuk.com /bus/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=49900306 (812 words)

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