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	[11 Sep 1998] AFR/98 L/2899: KAMBANDA APPEALS LIFE SENTENCE
		Kambanda, who was Prime Minister of Rwanda at the time the genocide occurred in 1994, to a term of life imprisonment, the maximum sentence the Tribunal can impose under its Statute and Rules of Procedure and Evidence.
		The plea agreement states, inter alia, that "Jean Kambanda agrees that he is pleading guilty to the crimes because he is in fact guilty and acknowledges full responsibility for his actions that are the subject of the indictment".
		Regarding penalties, the plea agreement states that "Jean Kambanda and the Office of the Prosecutor acknowledge that sentencing is at the discretion of the Trial Chamber as provided for in articles 22 and 23 of the Statute and rule 101 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the Tribunal".
	www.un.org /news/Press/docs/1998/19980911.afr98.html (1107 words)

	Jean Kambanda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jean Kambanda (born October 19, 1955) was the prime minister in the caretaker government of Rwanda from the start of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide.
		Kambanda holds a degree in commercial engineering and began his career as a low-level United Popular BPR banker, rising as a technocrat to become the chair of the bank.
		Kambanda's decision to defend himself for four months was scarcely recorded in the court's proceedings, and when he opted for counsel, the first act of the counsellor (who is characterized as 'inept') was to sign a confession to the prosecution's case.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jean_Kambanda (1157 words)

	Before:
		Jean Kambanda also acknowledges participation in the dismissal of the prefet of Butare because the latter had opposed the massacres and the appointment of a new prefet to ensure the spread of massacre of Tutsi in Butare.
		Jean Kambanda was born on 10 October 1955 at Mubumbano in the Prefecture of Butare.
		Jean Kambanda declared in the Plea Agreement that he had resolved to plead guilty even before his arrest in Kenya and that his prime motivation for pleading guilty was the profound desire to tell the truth, as the truth was the only way to restoring national unity and reconciliation in Rwanda.
	www.un.org /ictr/english/judgements/kambanda.html (6061 words)

	CNN - Former Rwanda leader pleads guilty to genocide - May 1, 1998
		Kambanda, who was interim prime minister at the height of the genocide, was making his first appearance at the ICTR since his arrest and extradition from Kenya nine months ago.
		Kambanda, looking fit and dressed in a blue suit with white shirt and patterned tie, told the court he was married and the father of two children.
		Kambanda's pleas were contained in a sealed agreement with the prosecution, indicating he may be called to testify against the others, the Switzerland-based Hirondelle news agency reported.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/africa/9805/01/rwanda.kambanda/index.html (646 words)

	Ex-official tells of role in carnage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kambanda acknowledged that he conspired with other government leaders to direct massacres, set up a network of roadblocks to trap Tutsis, arm the population and militias and allow local authorities to oversee killings.
		Kambanda, 42, is the highest former government official being held by the tribunal, which has captured 25 suspects accused of playing major roles in connection with massacres that killed at least 500,000 Tutsis and their sympathizers.
		Kambanda's plea is likely "to create panic among the suspects both in Rwanda and at the tribunal because their whole philosophy, their whole ideology -- to deny that there was a genocide -- is no longer valid," said Rakiya Omaar, director of African Rights, a London-based human rights organization.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/world/98/05/02/rwanda.2-0.html (562 words)

	Jean Kambanda: Judgement and Sentence
		Jean Kambanda was arrested by the Kenyan authorities, on the basis of a formal request submitted to them by the Prosecutor on 9 July 1997, in accordance with the provisions of Rule 40 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence (the "Rules").
		As far as the "individual circumstances of Jean Kambanda" are concerned, the individualisation of the sentence, as the expression itself seems to suggest, is not possible unless facts about his "personality" are known, including his background, his behaviour before, during and after the offence, his motives for the offence and demonstration of remorse thereafter.
		On this occasion, speaking on this radio station, Jean Kambanda, as Prime Minister, encouraged the RTLM to continue to incite the massacres of the Tutsi civilian population, specifically stating that this radio station was "an indispensable weapon in the fight against the enemy".
	www.afrol.com /Countries/Rwanda/documents/kambanda_verdict_98.htm (5997 words)

	Court gives life term to ex-prime minister for Rwanda genocide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Jean Kambanda, the highest-ranking former political leader in the tribunal's custody, is hated in Rwanda.
		"The sentencing of Jean Kambanda and the conviction of Jean-Paul Akayesu are the most significant steps to date in the eradication of the culture of impunity in Rwanda and elsewhere in the world," Justice Louise Arbour, prosecutor with the U.N. tribunals for Rwanda and former Yugoslavia, said in a statement.
		Kambanda had sought two years or no prison time in exchange for recording 90 hours of incriminating evidence against other alleged leaders of the bloodbath and for pleading guilty.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/world/98/09/05/rwanda.2-0.html (548 words)

	Africanews - 52 - July 2000
		When Jean Kambanda pleaded guilty to six counts of genocide in May 1998, he was hailed as being 'courageous' and having made a landmark decision.
		Jean Kambanda told the court that he had signed the plea agreement under coercive circumstances and that it should therefore be disregarded.
		She said that Kambanda appears only to have changed his mind about his plea when the life sentence was imposed upon him and noted that the reasons that Kambanda had given the court could not have compelled him to plead guilty.
	web.peacelink.it /afrinews/52_issue/p4.html (1630 words)

	Crimes Of War Project > Magazine > Precedent in the Rwanda Tribunal
		The accused, Jean Kambanda, was the Prime Minister of Rwanda during the 1994 genocide.
		Kambanda appealed both the sentence and the judgment, challenging the validity of the guilty plea and seeking a new trial.
		Jean Bosco Barayagwiza was charged with genocide and crimes against humanity.
	www.crimesofwar.org /tribun-mag/mag_rwanda3.html (309 words)

	Former Rwandan Premier Pleads Guilty to Genocide
		Kambanda fled to Congo, the former Zaire, and later came to Kenya, where he was arrested in Nairobi last fall and extradited to the tribunal in neighboring Tanzania.
		Kambanda could also provide pivotal testimony about Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, who served as the minister of Family and Social Welfare, and Andre Ntagerura, the interim Transportation minister, who are both in custody in Arusha.
		Kambanda has broken the pattern laid down by other leaders of the ousted regime, who have all disputed the extent of the killings and claimed the massacres were an unavoidable consequence of war.
	partners.nytimes.com /library/world/africa/050298rwanda-genocide.html (1075 words)

	E Law: Conspiracy to Commit Genocide: Prosecutor v Jean Kambanda and Prosecutor v Alfred Musema - Text
		The Kambanda and Musema cases address, inter alia, the issue whether it is sustainable under the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, (the Statute) to convict an accused person on charges of a substantive crime of genocide and that of conspiracy to commit genocide simultaneously.
		Jean Kambanda, a former Prime minister of Rwanda, was arrested by the Kenyan authorities on the basis of a formal request submitted to them by the Prosecutor on 9 July 1997 in accordance with the provisions of Rule 40 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence (the "Rules").
		Reverting to Kambanda and Musema cases, it may be recalled that, pursuant to Article 17 of the Statute, the Prosecutor charged Jean Kambanda and Alfred Musema respectively with, inter alia, committing genocide and, in the alternative, with conspiracy to commit genocide.
	www.murdoch.edu.au /elaw/issues/v8n1/obote-odora81_text.html (11877 words)

	The EastAfrican
		Kambanda and Akayesu, who are both Hutu, are the first people to be convicted in an international court for genocide.
		Kambanda was premier at the peak of the genocide.
		"The sentencing of Jean Kambanda and the conviction of Jean- Paul Akayesu are the most significant steps to date in the eradication of the culture of impunity in Rwanda and elsewhere in the world," Justice Louise Arbour, prosecutor with the UN tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, said in a statement.
	www.nationaudio.com /News/EastAfrican/0709/Regional/Regional19.html (444 words)

	Trial Watch : Jean Kambanda
		Jean Kambanda's main role during the time he was Prime Minister consisted in intervening publicly in the name of the government.
		As far as his indirect participation is concerned, Jean Kambanda is accused of abusing his authority and the civilian population's trust by omitting to take the necessary reasonable measures to prevent his subordinates from committing law and order violations.
		Jean Kambanda is arrested in Nairobi, Kenya on 18th July 1997 and transferred to Arusha, to the International Penal Court for Rwanda on the same day.
	trial-ch.org /en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/jean_kambanda_159.html (420 words)

	The EastAfrican
		JEAN KAMBANDA, the former prime minister for Rwanda, and five other convicts of United Nations International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda begun serving their sentences in Bamako, Mali, on December 9.
		"The entrance of the six —Jean Kambanda Jean Paul Akayesu, Clement Kayishema, Obed Ruzindana, Alfred Musema and Omar Serushago — convicts through the prison gates of Bamako has reaffirmed the gradual swing of the pendulum from a culture of impunity to a culture of accountability," said Mr Adama Dieng, the registrar of the tribunal.
		Kambanda, Akayesu, Kayishima and Musema were handed life imprisonment, while Serushago and Ruzindana were committed to 15 and 25 years in jail respectively.
	www.nationaudio.com /News/EastAfrican/31122001/Regional/Regional8.html (456 words)

	Tribunal Judges Uphold Life Sentence Against Former Rwandan Premier [Free Republic]
		Kambanda stood quietly flanked by U.N.-guards in the bulletproof encased courtroom as the verdict was read out by French judge Claude Jorda, president of the five-member appellate panel.
		Kambanda "was capable of understanding the consequences of the crimes he confessed to," the judges ruled.
		Kambanda's eight grounds of appeal included claims that he was misrepresented in the trial and that judges failed to take account of mitigating circumstances such as his guilty plea on all six counts.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a39ef1d3f18b0.htm (888 words)

	NewStandard: 9/5/98
		"Jean Kambanda abused his authority and the trust of the population," said Kama, of Senegal.
		Kambanda is accused of inciting massacres, telling Hutus to kill or be killed by Tutsi rebels: "You refuse to give your blood to your country, and the dogs drink it for nothing."
		Kambanda fled Rwanda when Tutsi rebels seized power in July 1994 and was arrested in Nairobi three years later with six other high-level officials.
	www.southcoasttoday.com /daily/09-98/09-05-98/a08wn043.htm (803 words)

	Ex-Rwandan PM reveals genocide planning
		Kambanda's testimony was recorded as a transcript of 60 hours of interrogations and according to Melvern's account of it, included in her book Conspiracy To Murder - The Rwandan Genocide *, it goes into remarkable detail about the way the genocide was organised.
		One of the most revealing episodes from the transcript is where Jean Kambanda reveals that the genocide was openly discussed in cabinet meetings.
		Kambanda described, according to Melvern, how one cabinet minister said she was personally in favour of getting rid of all Tutsi; without the Tutsi, she told ministers, all of Rwanda's problems would be over.
	www.artarabia.com /artman/publish/article_170.shtml (654 words)

	CNN.com - Rwanda genocide conviction upheld - October 19, 2000
		Kambanda had been appealing his original guilty plea at the tribunal in the Netherlands on the grounds that he had made it under duress and without fully understanding its consequences.
		"Jean Kambanda, a former prime minister of the government of Rwanda, given his intellectual and professional abilities, was capable of understanding the consequences of the crimes he had admitted committing," said appeals judge Claude Jorda.
		Kambanda, the most senior Rwandan official in U.N. custody, was the first head of government ever convicted by an international tribunal.
	edition.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/africa/10/19/genocide.rwanda.02 (577 words)

	Rwandan Ex-Premier Kambanda's Life Sentence Upheld - Global Policy Forum - International Justice
		The tribunal rejected Kambanda's appeal and instead upheld the decision issued in 1998 by the tribunal in Arusha, Tanzania.
		Kambanda all but confessed to genocide before the Arusha court, but later recanted and filed an appeal.
		Kambanda, 45, became prime minister of Rwanda following the murder of his predecessor in 1994 during the bloodiest phase of the conflict between the Tutsis and Hutus.
	www.globalpolicy.org /wldcourt/tribunal/rwn1000b.htm (195 words)

	Habyarimana cabinet discussed Genocide - The New Times - - News in rwanda
		Shocking reports indicate that a testimony that was recorded as a transcript of sixty hours of interrogations of former Rwandan Prime Minister Jean Kambanda, reveals that the Genocide was openly discussed in cabinet meetings of the defunct Juvenal Habyarimana regime.
		Kambanda’s testimony was recorded as a transcript of sixty hours of interrogations and according to Melvern’s account, it ‘goes into remarkable detail about the way the genocide was organised’.
		Kambanda described, according to Melvern, how one cabinet minister said she was personally in favour of getting rid of all Tutsi; without the Tutsi, he told ministers, all of Rwanda’s problems would be over.
	www.rwandagateway.org /article.php3?id_article=765 (558 words)

	Untitled Document
		Jean Paul Akayesu (ICTR-96-4-S) The second indictment of the tribunal was confirmed on 16 February 1996.
		Jean Kambanda (ICTR-97-23-I) The Kenyan government arrested Jean Kambanda, the former prime minister of the government of Rwanda, on the basis of a formal request made by the Prosecutor in July 1997.
		In that indictment the Prosecutor charged Kambanda with six counts due to his alleged criminal responsibility for the crimes committed throughout Rwanda in 1994.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~mclynch/5reports.html (2066 words)

	Blazing a Trail - the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda UN Chronicle - Find Articles
		Found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment for genocide and crimes against humanity were Jean-Paul Akayesu, former Mayor of Taba, and Jean Kambanda, former Prime Minister of Rwanda, who pleaded guilty to his crimes; Omar Serushago, a militia leader who also pleaded guilty, was sentenced to 15 years in prison.
		Jean Kambanda's guilty plea and sentence were also historic.
		Of these, 10 are former ministers in the Interim Government of ex-Prime Minister Jean Kambanda; the remaining are senior political, military and media leaders.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1309/is_2_36/ai_57590312 (901 words)

	BBC News \| AFRICA \| Ex-Rwandan PM contests genocide conviction
		The former prime minister of Rwanda, Jean Kambanda, has appealed against his conviction for involvement in the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
		Kambanda, who was sentenced to life imprisonment in September 1998, told the appeals court of the UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in the northern Tanzanian town of Arusha that he had not received enough advice before pleading guilty.
		Jean Kambanda's conviction was one of the few major achievements of the UN Tribunal which has often been criticised for its slow pace of work, especially by the Rwandan Government.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/808528.stm (421 words)

	UN Tribunal
		Among those sentenced was the Prime Minister of the interim government in power during the genocide, Jean Kambanda who is serving his time in a Malian prison.
		When the ICTR it condemned Kambanda, it established an international jurisprudence by showing that leaders were responsible for human rights violations committed in the course of exercising their duties.
		The ICTR set another precedence in the Akayesu trial when it concluded that rape, which is a crime against humanity, constituted a genocide when it was committed as part of a systematic and widespread attack against a civilian population because they belonged to a certain ethnic group.
	www.arushatimes.co.tz /2005/14/un_tribunal_1.htm (906 words)

	IRIN Update 495 for 4 Sep 1998.9.4
		Former Rwandan prime minister Jean Kambanda was today (Friday) sentenced to life imprisonment for crimes of genocide by the Arusha-based International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).
		Kambanda's defence lawyers had called for a lenient sentence of two years' imprisonment in view of the fact he had cooperated with the Tribunal, while the prosecution had urged the maximum life sentence.
		According to the statement, the chamber was of the opinion that "the aggravating circumstances surrounding the crimes committed by Jean Kambanda negate the mitigating circumstances, especially since Jean Kambanda occupied a high ministerial post at the time he committed the said crimes".
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Hornet/IRIN495.html (996 words)

	The Rwandan Genocide: How It Was Prepared : April 7, 1994: Massive Killing Begins
		The local military commander cooperated with administrative officials, the burgomasters and communal councilors to recruit young men who were to be selected according to the administrative unit in which they lived, to remain resident at home, and to be trained in the use of arms by communal police officers or reservists.
		The new prime minister, Jean Kambanda, and the minister of interior further formalized the self-defense program in decrees signed on May 25, 1994.
		According to Kambanda, the militarily trained Interahamwe were systematically incorporated into the civil defense under the label “youth of republican tendencies” (a phrase much like that found in the “Organisation de l’Auto-Défense Civile” document), thus in effect giving clear government approval to the crimes in which they had been engaged since early April.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/africa/rwanda0406/5.htm (830 words)

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