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Topic: Jet fuel

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	Jet fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft.
		JET B is a fuel in the naptha-kerosene region that is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance.
		Fuel for a piston-engine powered aircraft (usually a high-octane gasoline known as Avgas) has a low flash point to improve its ignition characteristics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jet_fuel (712 words)

	Aviation fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aviation Fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft; it is generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperatures, amongst other properties.
		Jet Fuel is clear to straw in color, and is dispensed from a special nozzle called a "J spout" that has a rectangular opening larger than 60 millimeters in diameter so as not to fit into AvGas ports.
		However, some jet and turbine aircraft, such as some models of the Astar helicopter, have a fueling port too small for the J spout and thus require a smaller nozzle to be installed in order to be refuelled efficiently.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aviation_fuel (748 words)

	Aviation fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aviation fuel is often dispensed from a truck or bowser which is driven up to parked airplanes and helicopters.
		The aperture on fuel tanks of piston-engined aircraft cannot be greater than 60 millimeters in diameter.
		Aviation fuel must be checked daily and before every flight for contaminants such as water or dirt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aviation_Fuel (748 words)

	Aviation Fuel - Jet Fuel Information
		There is another grade of jet fuel, Jet B which is a wide cut kerosine (a blend of gasoline and kerosine) but it is rarely used except in very cold climates.
		Jet A is a similar kerosine type of fuel, produced to an ASTM specification and normally only available in the U.S.A. It has the same flash point as Jet A-1 but a higher freeze point maximum (-40°C).
		Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Anti-icing additives) reduce the freezing point of water precipitated from jet fuels due to cooling at high altitudes and prevent the formation of ice crystals which restrict the flow of fuel to the engine.
	www.csgnetwork.com /jetfuel.html (1015 words)

	fuel
		The NTSB would have you believe that Jet A fuel vapors are a virtual bomb waiting to go off, yet every day hundreds of 747's are sitting on hot runways in places like Saudi Arabia, India, etc. with empty center tanks and none have ever exploded.
		In this test he inserts a lighted match into an open container of Jet A fuel and the fuel puts out the match because it needs to be heated to 127 degrees to ignite.
		The experiment starts with the fuel heated to 140 degrees which is the highest temperature that the NTSB estimated that the fuel could have reached at 14,000 ft. While the fuel is theoretically flammable at 127 degrees at sea level, you will see that there is no combustion until the fuel reaches 185 degrees.
	www.twa800.com /pages/fuel.htm (575 words)

	Jet fuel (Bruce Hamilton)
		Jet fuel is a variant >of diesel, and with additives it may work.
		Jet fuel is not a variant of diesel, it is a form of kerosine.
		Jet A is similar to Jet A-1 except that the maximum freezing point is -40C, and so it is not commonly used internationally.
	www.yarchive.net /env/jet_fuel.html (1083 words)

	Aviation Fuels: Chapter 4: Aviation Turbine Fuel Composition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fuel in contact with free water is saturated with water, i.e., the fuel has dissolved all the water it can hold.
		Since water is denser than jet fuel, free water, under the influence of gravity, forms a lower layer and the jet fuel an upper layer.
		As mentioned in Chapter 2, jet fuel is used as a heat sink in turbine engines.
	www.chevron.com /products/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/aviationfuel/4_at_fuel_comp.shtm (3614 words)

	Beginner's Guide to Propulsion and EngineSim: Fuel and Air Relationships - Activity
		For a jet engine to produce thrust, fuel and air must be combined in the combustor and ignited.
		For jet engine combustion, the important parameter is the fuel/air ratio (f/a) which is the ratio of the mass of fuel to the mass of air being burned in the engine.
		Fuel is normally a liquid, while air is a gas.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/BGP/PAT/Fuel_and_Air2_act.htm (562 words)

	Aviation Fuel
		Aircraft engines, from powerful piston engines to jet turbines, have always required a more sophisticated form of fuel than most ground vehicles, and the technological development of this fuel to power the engines is just as significant as other technological advances.
		They wanted fuels that did not produce visible smoke and which were also less likely to produce contrails (the visible trail of condensed water vapor or ice crystals caused when water condenses in aircraft exhaust at certain altitudes).
		Commercial jet fuel, known as Jet-A, is pure kerosene and has a flashpoint of 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius).
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Evolution_of_Technology/fuel/Tech21.htm (1414 words)

	NBAA-NATA Jet Fuel Tax Fraud Working Group
		A recent legislative change to the taxation of jet fuel is creating significant concerns for commercial and private aircraft operators as well as fuel vendors.
		The change is part of the recently enacted Highway Bill and requires aviation jet fuel (commonly known as Jet A or aviation-grade kerosene) to be taxed at a new, higher rate of 24.4 cents/gallon except under very controlled circumstances.
		Although there is little evidence of such diversion, this change to how aviation jet fuel is taxed is intended to cut down on the alleged fraud by taxing all kerosene fuels at the same tax rate, the highway rate.
	web.nbaa.org /public/ops/taxes/fuel200509.php (310 words)

	Financial Express: China may cut jet fuel imports in 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		China's civil jet fuel consumption has posted a robust two digit growth since 1990, with the period between 1990 and 1996 riding on an annual increase as high as 19.7 percent, said the senior CAOSC official.
		Jet fuel imports started at 500 tonnes in 1990 and picked up most dramatically since 1995 when it hit 761,000 tonnes and almost doubled to 1.38 million tonnes in 1997, customs figures showed.
		China's total notional 1998 jet fuel consumption, a figure derived from national production plus import minus export, was at 5.27 million tonnes, official statistic showed.Apart from consumption by civil aircraft, the remaining 1.35 million tonnes wasbelieved to have been consumed by the military.
	www.expressindia.com /fe/daily/19990208/fec08008p.html (633 words)

	Jet Fuel (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 45, 1989) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Jet fuels are produced mainly from straight-run [5] and hydrotreated kerosene [5A] or kerosene blended with heavy naphtha streams [4 and derived streams] from the atmospheric distillation of crude oil.
		Jet fuels are composed mainly of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with boiling ranges of 150-300 °C (kerosene type) and 45-280 °C (wide-cut type).
		Jet fuel is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/chemical/jetfuel/iarc608.htm (425 words)

	Aviation Fuels: Chapter3: Aviation Turbine Fuel Specifications and Test Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Jet A is used for almost all domestic commercial aviation flights in the United States.
		Fuel is transferred to a cylindrical container and a hydrometer is carefully lowered into the cylinder and allowed to settle.
		The fuel is ignited and the temperature increase of the calorimeter is used to calculate the heat of combustion.
	www.chevron.com /products/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/aviationfuel/3_at_fuel_specsandtest.shtm (3463 words)

	Jet-fuel prices outpace crude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The widening gaps between the price of crude oil and various types of fuel -- known in the industry as crack spreads -- are dealing a one-two punch to an industry that can ill afford it, where fuel is the second-biggest expense after labor.
		Jet fuel and diesel fuel have similar components, and soaring demand for diesel-powered vehicles, particularly in Europe, is pushing up prices for both fuels.
		UAL's fuel bill hit $955 million in the second quarter, up 38 percent from a year earlier, as the carrier, still mired in bankruptcy proceedings, posted a $1.43 billion loss.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05221/551003.stm (1111 words)

	Jet fuel (Bruce Hamilton)
		The reality is that fossil aviation fuels will probably be replaced with another hydrocarbon fraction (perhaps even a single HC) similar in properties to the Avgas and Jet A1 fractions, probably derived from renewable carbon processes.
		I agree that aviation fuels will be the hardest to replace, if only because of the long design life of aircraft - requiring backwards compatibity (because it will probably not be economic to have multiple fueling systems worldwide), and because of the need for large quantities of the Jet A1 fuel to be available worldwide.
		There are really only two types of Jet fuel used worldwide, "narrow cut " Jet-A1 which is used for almost all civilian aircraft, and Jet-B, the "wide-cut" (includes some of the gasoline fraction as well as the kerosine fraction) fuel used by the military.
	yarchive.net /env/jet_fuel.html (1083 words)

	Jet fuel from just coal close
		Johann van Rheede, spokesperson for Johannesburg and New York-listed fuel company Sasol, said its jet fuel from coal project was expected to gain world-wide approval from aviation authorities by August.
		Piet Roets, Sasol's research and development manager told the magazine that about three years ago, the company's semi-synthetic jet fuel took off commercially when it gained the approval of the international aviation fuels committee, which is part of Britain's ministry of defence.
		Fully synthetic fuels have far lower emissions of harmful substances such as sulphur, better thermal stability so they act as a coolant in high-temperature jet engines, and are substantially cheaper to produce.
	www.news24.com /News24/Finance/Companies/0,,2-8-24_1363828,00.html (334 words)

	Fuels - Products - Jet Fuel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For example, approximately 80 percent of the fuel used at the Minneapolis-St. Paul airport is provided by a pipeline that runs directly from the refinery.
		Jet Fuel is a highly refined kerosene petroleum distillate that meets demanding ASTM D-1655 specifications for jet fuel.
		Jet A batches are certified by rigid laboratory standards and samples are tested and approved at strategic locations in the distribution system to provide quality assurance.
	www.fhrfuels.com /products/jetfuel.asp (213 words)

	Jet Fuel and the World Trade Center Collapse
		Jet fuel is a colorless, combustible, straight run petroleum distillate liquid.
		We have assumed that the entire quantity of jet fuel from the aircraft was injected into just one floor of the World Trade Center, that the jet fuel burnt with the perfect efficency, that no hot gases left this floor and that no heat escaped this floor by conduction.
		We have found that it is impossible the jet fuel, by itself, raised the temperature of this floor beyond 280° C (536° F).
	www.the7thfire.com /jet-fuel-WTC.htm (2550 words)

	Mass. Dept. of Revenue - TIR 86-2: Jet Fuel Tax
		The jet fuel tax return (JFT-4) must be filed and tax payment due must be paid on or before the twentieth (20th) day of each month for aircraft (jet) fuel sold or purchased during the preceding calendar month.
		The aircraft (jet) fuel tax is five percent 5% of the average price of fuel as determined by the Commissioner on a quarterly basis or five cents ($.05) per gallon whichever is greater.
		I have determined that the average price of aircraft (jet) fuel for the third calendar quarter of 1986 (July, August and September, 1986) is less than one dollar ($1.00) per gallon.
	www.dor.state.ma.us /rul_reg/tir/TIR_86_2.htm (323 words)

	Aviation jet fuel filtration test facility
		he aviation jet fuel filtration test facility at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) is currently the only independent and unbiased source for developing and evaluating aviation fuel filtration systems.
		The SwRI Fuels and Lubricants Division has achieved certification to ISO 9001 and 14001, ensuring compliance with stringent quality control procedures in design, development, testing, and environmental management.
		Filtration is used during refueling to ensure clean fuel is being pumped into the aircraft.
	www.swri.org /4org/d03/fuellube/api-ip/default.htm (466 words)

	Jet Fuel - Products for Jet Fuel - Manufacturers,Exporters,Suppliers,Traders,Companies,Factories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Jet Fuel Aviation Colonial Grade 54 Jet Fuel A1 (Russian)
		Jet fuel aviation kerosene colonial grade 54 jet fuel a1 (russia
		Jet fuel Aviation kerosene colonial grade 54 jet fuel a1 (russ
	www.alibaba.com /productsearch/Jet_Fuel.html (600 words)

	Jet Fuel Intelligence
		Jet Fuel Intelligence (JFI) is an authoritative weekly newsletter devoted to insightful coverage and analysis of all aspects of the global aviation fuel business.
		It is the only source for global airport-by-airport jet fuel pricing, and coverage of spot cargo markets and swaps.
		The combination of climbing jet fuel prices and plummeting air fares has spilled red ink onto the balance sheets of private airlines, raising concerns about the sustainability of growth in India's aviation sector.
	www.energyintel.com /PublicationHomePage.asp?publication_id=7 (309 words)

	DRCNet::Airlines want to end jet fuel import tax
		The country’s top three airlines plan to appeal to the government to eliminate the tariff on jet fuel imports in a bid to reduce their operating costs, the 21st Century Herald reported.
		China’s jet fuel import tariff is currently 9 percent and the value-added tax for jet fuel imports and sales is 17 percent, according to the report.
		Jet fuel costs currently account for 40 percent of airlines’ overall costs from 25 percent in 2004, according to the report.
	www.drcnet.com.cn /DRCnet.common.web/DocViewEnglish.aspx?chnid=1283684&docid=1283684&leafid=928 (175 words)

	Jet fuel bottleneck - The Boston Globe
		Because of supply problems, airlines were forced to fly in extra fuel from other markets and scramble for deliveries by truck.
		But the near shortages underscore the added strain on refineries, pipelines, and the airlines' own fuel-procurement efforts as the industry recovers from its worst-ever downturn -- June passenger traffic was up 4 percent from 2001 -- and as energy demand rises worldwide.
		Part of the problem is that refining and pipeline capacity in some regions of the United States have grown slower than demand, meaning companies must run their equipment harder to satisfy growing fuel needs.
	boston.com /business/articles/2005/08/11/jet_fuel_bottleneck/?...+News (438 words)

	JETFUEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Jet's been recuperating, is feeling much better, and things are back on track.
		Jet, Mike, Peet, Dave, and I had gotten the set ready and up to full-on specs.
		Unfortunately, while Jet was doing his summer construction job, he kind of fucked himself up a bit.
	www.jetfuel-sound.com (637 words)

	USATODAY.com - Jet fuel consumes airlines' projected profit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		High jet fuel prices began before the Iraq war last year and dipped only for a moment last spring.
		In January, American officials told analysts that they expected jet fuel prices to average 91 cents a gallon in the first quarter and 87 cents for the year.
		But in the last 30 days, jet fuel prices have "rivaled anything seen during the Desert Storm war in the early '90s, or a year ago during the second Iraqi war," Brockwell says.
	www.usatoday.com /money/biztravel/2004-03-16-jetfuel_x.htm (554 words)

	Ram-Jet Fuel Saver
		The heart of the system is the patented jet which has been recently improved to add two-way efficiency car makers left out.
		- The Ram-jet Fuel Saver (has been tested by 6 Independent Government Certified Laboratories, 3 of which were sanctioned to do testing for the EPA) verified significant fuel savings in city and highway and at steady higher loading.
		In California the Ram-jet is not for fuel injection, Volvo 3-way catalyst, Chry, lean-burn, variable venturi carburetors or engines under 140ci.
	www.ram-jet.net (266 words)

	USATODAY.com - Researchers work to make alternative jet fuel affordable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It's heavier than the gasoline in most cars but not as heavy as diesel fuel, and is designed for the particular rigors of plane travel, such as cold conditions.
		A big problem, though, is that biodiesel freezes at a much higher temperature than traditional fuel, which could spell trouble in the frigid air at 35,000 feet.
		Although research into commercial jet fuel alternatives is still in the early stages, some expect quicker success in using alternative fuel for specialized aircraft.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/2006-06-19-alternative-jet-fuels_x.htm (1110 words)

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