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	PolishJews.org - The Polish Jews Home Page
		The cooperation of the Jewish lease holders with the magnates in the latter's colonial policy caused these revolts often to be held under the slogan of struggle against the Poles and Jews.
		As in the Middle Ages, every autonomous Jewish community was governed by its kahal or a collegiate body composed of elders elected as a rule from among the local wealthiest The kahal organized funerals and administered cemeteries, schools, baths, slaughterhouses and the sale of kosher meat.
		As a result of the general impoverishment of the Jewish population in the second half of the 17th and in the 18th century, differences between the people and the kahal oligarchy deepened, the latter trying to pass the burden of the growing state and kahal taxes onto the shoulders of the poorer classes.
	polishjews.org /history3.htm (2365 words)

	Judea and Civil War
		Jewish writers continued an attempt to glorify Jewish culture, to defend it as the oldest in the world, to describe the Jews as teachers of other peoples rather than having been influenced by others.
		The devout countered with the claim that Yahweh cared but that he worked in ways that were mysterious to people because mortals were limited in their understanding of Yahweh's labors, and they argued that eventually the righteous would be rewarded and the wicked punished.
		Revolt Against Antiochus IV After his successful war against the Ptolemies of Egypt and before his disastrous war with Rome, the Seleucid monarch Antiochus III, ruling from Syria, took control of Judea.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch17.htm (2502 words)

	The Jewish Roman War - Jewish Revolts - Historic Real Treasures Coins & Coin Jewelry
		The first Jewish-Roman War (66—73 CE), sometimes called the Great Jewish Revolt, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews of Iudaea Province against the Roman Empire (the second was the Kitos War in 115-117, the third was Bar Kokhba's revolt in 132-135).
		The defeat of the Jewish revolts against the Roman Empire notably contributed to the numbers and geography of the Jewish Diaspora, as many Jews were scattered after losing their state or were sold to slavery throughout the empire.
		The revolt began in 66 in Caesarea, provoked by the desecration of a local synagogue by Hellenists; the Greek-speaking Roman garrison did not intercede.
	www.realtreasures.com /jewish-roman.htm (883 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Jewish holy days and the Sabbath are, by law, observed throughout the country; only kosher food is served in the army, hospitals, and other official institutions.
		Jewish religious life was supervised by a Rabbinical Council that controlled marriage, divorce, and other family matters.
		As Jewish immigration to Palestine increased and as Jewish settlement spread, Arab opposition to British rule and to Zionism grew.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/nations/israel.html (7798 words)

	The New Jewish Public
		That the current revival of Jewish national existence in the land has led to a revival of those two of the three camps which had disappeared during the long exile is the most clear-cut step toward truly Jewish normalization yet taken.
		They were preeminently the party of Jewish statehood, in the sense that their Jewishness was principally expressed through the political institutions of a state and those religious institutions, such as the priesthood and the Temple, intimately bound up with statehood.
		While the Jewish definition of who is a Jew has changed at least once in the course of the long span of Jewish history, from the biblical patriarchal model to the matriarchal descent pattern of Rabbinic Judaism, it has otherwise remained remarkably stable over two periods of nearly two thousand years each.
	www.jcpa.org /dje/articles3/rwj5.htm (4420 words)

	Unit 4 - New Testament Backgrounds
		Under Antiochus, the Jewish law was banned and circumcision was forbidden since this was seen as a mutilation of the body (which the Greeks revered).
		Jewish apocalyptic writers began to describe angels and demons in a cosmic struggle behind the military and political struggles on earth.
		The Jewish people, therefore, considered these tax-collectors to be traitors against their own people since they were working for gentiles and were responsible for Jewish money leaving the land in the hands of gentiles.
	www.calbaptist.edu /jcate/cst100/Unit4.htm (7112 words)

	An Inquiry into the General Lack of Violent Jewish Resistance to the Holocaust
		The Jewish leaders, however, rejected the offer, arguing that if they behaved quietly the Germans might deport and murder 20,000 or 30,000, perhaps even 60,000 of them, but it was inconceivable that they should destroy the lot; while if they resisted, the Germans would certainly do so.
		The leadership of a revolt was needed for a variety of reasons to organize sources of money and arrange for its use in purchasing firearms and ammunition, to divide the fighters into units and coordinate their actions, and to give the revolt the legitimacy needed to attract participants.
		The revolts in the death camps of Treblinka and Sobibor are excellent examples of flexible and spontaneous leadership.
	www.a-human-right.com /jewsfight.html (4208 words)

	ch2
		Jews, including Jewish Christians, were forbidden to enter Jerusalem except on the ninth of Ab, the anniversary of the Temple's destruction, to mourn.
		As to the issue of establishing a sovereign Jewish national state, an issue that is distinct from immigration: After the two Jewish-Roman wars and before modern Zionism, with the exceptions of the revolts of A.D. 352 and 555, there were no significant attempts by Jews to establish a sovereign Jewish state in Palestine or elsewhere.
		Perhaps a Jewish state in part of Palestine proportionate in size to the percent of population that was Jewish might have been equi-table then.
	www.al-bushra.org /America/ch2.html (4981 words)

	Detail Page
		The revolt spread throughout Palestine, and in 67 Vespasian was placed in charge of subduing it.
		It ended in 117 with the Jewish population virtually destroyed in those areas; the Jews were excluded from Cyprus, and they never recovered their numbers or prosperity in Egypt and Cyrenaica.
		This revolt was suppressed in 135 by Julius Severus (previously governor of Britain), with great devastation and loss of life suffered by the Jews.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=RREL0661 (277 words)

	Term paper on Jewish Revolts under the Roman Empire
		His relationship with the Jewish population was projected to be cordial.
		After the failure of the Second Jewish Revolt, Hadrian brought back Israel under the Roman Empire and destroyed the Second Temple which in turn resulted in many of the Jews to leave Jerusalem and Israel and settle in various other sections of the Roman or Parthian empires.
		The Jewish War against the Roman Empire commenced in 66 AD and concluded with the destruction of Jerusalem in 70.
	www.termpapergenie.com /JewishRevolts.html (1227 words)

	Ancient Jewish History
		Jewish practice as embodied in the Chumash came along with the empowering of Jewish leaders, after the endof the Babylonian Exile.
		Jewish women who were sent (from out of Persia) to marry non-Jewish men were considered out of the realm of Persian rule.
		Jewish population in the Diaspora was roughly 500,000 by the end of the Hasmonean period (compared to the 100,000 population of the century before).
	www.tparents.org /library/religion/ota/ota-other/israel-history.htm (3625 words)

	The History of the Hebrew Language
		The language used in official documents laid the groundwork for the legal language that was later used in the rabbinical academies in Palestine.
		After the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 C.E., and the suppression of subsequent Jewish revolts, most of the rural (Jewish) population (whose language was Hebrew) was either killed or deported into slavery by the Romans.
		During the second century, the center of Jewish life shifted from Jerusalem to the Galilee, a region in which the mixed population spoke Aramaic and Greek.
	geocities.com /Ladydi270_99/History.html (990 words)

	The Jewish Post - News - INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE ISRAELI ART - HOW TO DEFINE JEWISH ART? WHO IS AND WHO IS ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Jewish artists from all eras and various nations contributed ad infinitum to various and multiple schools, styles, genres and aspects of classical, abstract and modern art.
		century Jewish philosopher, Moses Mendelssohn with a zealous Swiss Lutheran clergyman, Johann Caspar Lavater, Oppenheim was intentionally conveying the message of and explaining the implications of an experience that illustrated a primordial juncture in Mendelssohn's quest for a Judaic philosophical and an intellectual path.
		Ironically enough, several totally different Jewish experiences, divergent and convergent in collective Jewish attitude and social reactions, and determination (Of a new generation of brave Jewish nationalists) to fight back, instead of fleeing, mourning or hiding, deeply influenced Jewish artists who were not accustomed to paint Jewish uprisings, revolts and public protests.
	www.jewishpost.com /jp1101/jpn1101c.htm (691 words)

	newsobserver.com \| It's 1938 for the Jewish state
		America's Jewish population was about 5.5 million in 1990, dropped to about 5.2 million 10 years later and is in a precipitous decline that, because of low fertility rates and high levels of assimilation, will cut that number in half by mid-century.
		With every year, as the Jewish population continues to rise in Israel and decline in America (and in the rest of the Diaspora), Israel increasingly becomes, as it was at the time of Jesus, the center of the Jewish world.
		The establishment of Israel was a Jewish declaration to a world that had allowed the Holocaust to happen -- after Hitler had made his intentions perfectly clear -- that the Jews would henceforth resort to self-protection and self-reliance.
	www.newsobserver.com /559/story/435922.html (810 words)

	JewishJournal.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The film balances drama with instruction by using actors to recreate the daily life and bloody battles of half a millennium, alternating with the commentary of noted scholars.
		The slaughter, often triggered by desperate Jewish revolts, left the Jews again and again at the edge of extinction, only to recreate themselves and rise again.
		The latter proposes, for instance, that instead of the exodus from Egypt, the Israelites were natives of the land of Canaan, and lower-class natives at that.
	www.jewishjournal.com /home/print.php?id=10495 (363 words)

	RE-EXAMINING CHURCH HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This view is in harmony with the Pauline epistles where Paul sometimes appealed to the Jewish believers (Romans 2:17-29; 7:1) while at other times he appealed to the non-Jewish believers (Romans 11:13).
		The purpose of his epistle was to provide a basis for the total rejection of Judaism as a religious practice and to provide a theological basis for Christians to forsake "Jewish" practices and take on their new role as the true Israel.
		Jewish, is in quotes because these are actually Scriptural instructions to Israel and those grafted into Israel.
	home.att.net /~tnt_robinson/wsb/SeedsOfSep3.htm (2383 words)

	PATTERNS IN HISTORY: Crane Brinton and the Jewish Revolt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first Jewish revolt (see appendix for a discussion of the classification of this revolt as a revolution) will be compared in detail to the pattern of more modern revolutions noted by Crane Brinton.
		He did record that the early, moderate aristocratic leaders of the revolt, including himself, were of the priestly elite47 and that the property of the Herodian nobility was destroyed in the initial violence in Jerusalem.
		The bitter class conflict in the Jewish revolt was between the old Jewish elite whose prestige was based on the priesthood and the new aristocracy appointed by Herod.
	members.aol.com /FLJOSEPHUS2/brinton.htm (5160 words)

	Week 15 Course Notes for Biblical Archaeology - REL 433 - Dr. Rollinson's courses and resources
		The Romans allowed the funeral procession to leave, and, once clear of the city, Rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai revealed himself to the Roman commander, Vespasian, and asked to be allowed to go in peace with his students, to study in the north of the country.
		This was the time of the Jewish general Josephus (his Romanized name) - who also realized that he was on the losing side, and so deserted his Jewish soldiers, and went over to Vespasian's side.
		After the revolt was put down, Josephus settled down as a Roman citizen, and wrote accounts of Jewish history and culture for the Romans.
	www.drshirley.org /rel433/n15.html (1380 words)

	Seth Schwartz
		Instead of accepting the rabbis own narrative of Jewish resistance to Greek culture, Schwartz begins with the thesis that Palestinian Jews in antiquity and late antiquity were deeply shaped by the imperial powers under which they lived.
		Schwartz questions the degree to which sectarian disagreements filtered down to the populace at large; he also suggests that without a strong central authority, such disagreements were natural and were part of people’s participation in the fundamental ideological structure of Judaism, not of deviance from it.
		Schwartz claims that the situation in his second period, from the failure of the second revolt against Rome in 135 until the effective imposition of Christian Roman power in the mid-fourth century, is radically different.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/research/cjl/reviews/Imperialism.htm (1693 words)

	VIII. 신약 역사
		The historical background of the New Testament and its times must be viewed in conjunction with the Jewish matrix from which it evolved and the Hellenistic (Greek cultural) world into which it expanded during a period of Jewish religious propaganda.
		It is difficult, however, to separate the phenomena of the Jewish and Hellenistic backgrounds, because the Judaism out of which the church arose was a part of a very Hellenized world.
		Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a 2nd-century-BC Seleucid king, desecrated the Temple in Jerusalem; a successful Jewish revolt under the Maccabees, a priestly family, resulted in its purification (164 BC) and in freedom from Syrian domination in 142 BC.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/light/bibles/synop/lit08.htm (4093 words)

	First Jewish-Roman War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first Jewish-Roman War (66–73 CE), sometimes called The Great Revolt (Hebrew: המרד הגדול, ha-Mered Ha-Gadol), was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews of Judaea Province against the Roman Empire (the second was the Kitos War in 115–117, the third was Bar Kokhba's revolt, 132–135).
		It began in the year 66, sparked by persecution of the Jews; it ended when legions under Titus besieged and destroyed Jerusalem, looted and burned Herod's Temple (in the year 70) and Jewish strongholds (notably Gamla in 67 and Masada in 74), and enslaved or massacred a large part of the Jewish population.
		The defeat of the Jewish revolts against the Roman Empire notably contributed to the numbers and geography of the Jewish Diaspora, as many Jews were scattered after losing their state or were sold into slavery throughout the empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jewish_Revolts (1315 words)

	Masacre Of Romans Citizens In Cyprus - Ancient Roman Empire Forums
		The massacre of Roman citizens on a massive scale by armed Jewish mobs in Cyprus (recorded as 240,000) and Cyrene as well as the destruction of pagan temples forced brutal retaliation.
		The revolt and its suppression dragged on even into the reign of Hadrian (who would be faced years later with another considerable Jewish uprising in Judaea), but Trajan still yearned for his Alexander style eastern campaign and exacting revenge against the people of Hatra.
		A planned renewal of the offensive was brought to a halt as the emperor fell ill during the summer of AD 117, and Trajan began the trip back to Rome.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=3128 (1070 words)

	97.02.07: Blue Monday and Friends: Traditional Jewish Holidays Come Alive Through The Art of Story-Telling
		Jewish families meet in synagogues and thank God for all the things that have grown during the past year.
		Jewish families celebrate the victory of the Maccabees and their freedom to worship their God.
		They will be visiting a Jewish home for the elderly in our community, taking their pictures with them, as well as a small package of cookies for their new friends.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1997/2/97.02.07.x.html (7282 words)

	Detail Page
		As there was much interest in such a contemporary topic, Josephus went to great lengths to stylize the narrative and to display his knowledge of Greek literature.
		The result was entirely successful, although in his seven books comprising the Jewish War, he chose to ignore the source material used and shown in the Antiquities several years later (93–94).
		Because of his involvement with Rome and his reputation, Josephus was attacked by other Jewish writers and figures of note (see Justus).
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME0837 (387 words)

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