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	JewishEncyclopedia.com - LITURGY:
		The liturgy for the fast was developed long before the common era, and it is highly probable not only that it was evolved independently of the Temple, but that it influenced the beginnings of the daily form of worship.
		Prayers for weekdays, Sabbaths, and fast-days, the liturgy for fastdays, and grace before and after meals, as well as all kinds of benedictions and prayers of thanksgiving, have retained the same fixed form to the present day, and may, therefore, be discussed in some detail here, together with their historical development.
		After the "Shema'" the Jewish ritual placed the "salvation benediction" ("ge'ullah"); and Christian circles, in harmony with folk-beliefs, derived from this benediction various prayers for deliverance from the persecutions of the devil.
	jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=475&letter=L&search=Liturgy (7943 words)

	Liturgy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A liturgy comprises a prescribed ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular group or event.
		In the Christian church, liturgical churches are those that use a well-defined liturgy dating to the second century and earlier, in which many of the words and music used follow basic patterns each time the service is conducted.
		At Athens, the Assembly assigned liturgies to the wealthy, and there was a law by which any man who had been assigned a liturgy while a richer man had had none could challenge him either to undertake the liturgy or to exchange property with him.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liturgy (324 words)

	MyJewishLearning.com - Texts: Overview: What is Jewish Liturgy
		Liturgy is not just the words that are recited, whether fixed or spontaneous, it also includes the actions, the occasions for the worship, and the gathering of the participants.
		The basic challenge of liturgy is that, on the one hand, we expect conversation with God to be intimate and real and spontaneous, as one might speak with a parent; on the other hand, we approach God with the images of royalty, and royalty has a defined protocol.
		Jewish law defines a requirement of three daily prayers with set liturgies, and it is very difficult to be spontaneous on a schedule with a familiar text.
	www.myjewishlearning.com /texts/liturgical_texts/TO_about_liturgy3050.htm?GL=true (656 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com
		This website contains the complete contents of the 12-volume Jewish Encyclopedia, which was originally published between 1901-1906.
		The Jewish Encyclopedia, which recently became part of the public domain, contains over 15,000 articles and illustrations.
		Since the original work was completed almost 100 years ago, it does not cover a significant portion of modern Jewish History (e.g., the creation of Israel, the Holocaust, etc.).
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com (202 words)

	Judaism 101: Yom Kippur
		The liturgy for Yom Kippur is much more extensive than for any other day of the year.
		In recognition of this history, the Reform movement restored this prayer to its liturgy.
		There are many additions to the regular liturgy (there would have to be, to get such a long service ).
	www.jewfaq.org /holiday4.htm (1216 words)

	Jewish Liturgy
		The next major development in Jewish prayer occurred during the Babylonian Exile, 6th century B.C.E. People were not able to sacrifice in the Temple at that time, so they used prayer as a substitute for sacrifice.
		It is also referred to as the Amidah (standing, because we stand while we recite it), or Tefilah (prayer, as in The Prayer, because it is the essence of all Jewish prayer).
		The Torah and haftarah readings are performed with great ceremony: the Torah is paraded around the room before it is brought to rest on the bimah (podium), and it is considered an honor to have the opportunity to recite a blessing over the reading (this honor is called an aliyah).
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Judaism/liturgy.html (1240 words)

	jewish liturgy a comprehensive history (Site not responding. Last check: )
		the jewish history institutez i h in warsaw
		jewish history in the united states pre 20th century
		jewish history timeline according to the hebrew calendar
	www.clubdomain.org /jewish-history/sitemap.html (103 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Liturgy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Methods of dress, preparation of food, application of cosmetics or other hygienic practices are all considered liturgic activities of various religions.
		In the Christian church, liturgical churches are those that use a well-defined liturgy, where many of the words and music used are identical each time the service is conducted.
		A Liturgy, A Legacy, and A Ragamuffin Band
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Liturgy (139 words)

	Jewish Liturgy: The Siddur and the Mahzor
		While the roots of Jewish prayer can be found in the Hebrew Bible, the fundamentals of the synagogue service as we know it today were initially described in the rabbinic literature of the first centuries of the common era.
		The Siddur (containing the daily and Shabbat prayers) and the Mahzor (containing holiday prayers), did not emerge as separate texts and as compendia of Jewish liturgy until the period of the Geonim, the heads of rabbinic academies in Babylonia in the early Middle Ages.
		Immigrant Jews brought their local liturgies with them, but many of these rites did not survive as it became impossible for each group to maintain a separate synagogue in each community.
	www.library.upenn.edu /exhibits/cajs/exhibit1996/Liturgy.html (1368 words)

	Lima Liturgy (E)
		At ecumenical meetings, the liturgy of the Word will be shared by wor-ship leaders (officiants) of several traditions, while the liturgy of the eucharist will associate as assistants of the principal celebrant those authorized by their own church to concelebrate on such occasions.
		The liturgy of the Eucharist begins with the presentation of the bread and wine, accompanied by two benedictions from the Jewish liturgy (also used in the revised Roman Catholic liturgy), and by a prayer inspired by the Didache.
		The blessing of the bread and the cup is accompanied, as in the Jewish liturgy, the passover meal in particular, by thanksgiving.
	www.wcc-coe.org /wcc/what/faith/lima-e.html (5448 words)

	MessianicJewish.net: Messianic Jewish Webstore
		From the first page of Genesis to the last page of Revelation, the bible is a Jewish book.
		Be an arm-chair traveler to the land where Yeshua walked, ministered and taught.
		Traditional Jewish items used in the home and congregation.
	www.messianicjewish.net /webstore.html (180 words)

	Knights of Columbus - Catechism
		For both Jews and Christians Sacred Scripture is an essential part of their respective liturgies: in the proclamation of the Word of God, the response to this word, prayer of praise and intercession for the living and the dead, invocation of God's mercy.
		The Liturgy of the Hours and other liturgical texts and formularies, as well as those of our most venerable prayers, including the Lord's Prayer, have parallels in Jewish prayer.
		The relationship between Jewish liturgy and Christian liturgy, but also their differences in content, are particularly evident in the great feasts of the liturgical year, such as Passover.
	www.kofc.org /publications/cis/catechism/getsection.cfm?partnum=2&SecNum=1&ChapNum=1&articlenum=1&ParSecNum=0&subSecNum=3&headernum=1&ParNum=1094&ParType=a (678 words)

	Jewish Heritage Online Magazine
		In Jewish tradition, the nullification of vows can only be performed a religious court, which always consists of at least three judges and is convened only on weekdays.
		Although all Jewish sources and interpretations of Kol Nidrei agree that the formula covers only vows between the individual and God, many anti-Semites have taken Kol Nidrei as evidence that a Jew's oath is worthless.
		The source of the melody is still a subject of research, and the frequent attempts to relate it to the Sephardi traditions have not been successful.
	www.jhom.com /calendar/tishrei/kolnidrei.html (998 words)

	Dead Sea Scrolls Conference Abstract: Nitzan
		The liturgical scrolls from Qumran containing fixed statutory prayer are the earliest written testimony of fixed Jewish liturgy held during the Second Temple period, and possibly in Judaism.
		Although the Qumran community seceded from the mainstream Jewish congregation, its statutory prayers do not include sectarian ideas, apart from the controversial calendrical system, whose influence is prominent in the liturgical system of Qumran.
		Comparison between the liturgical motifs of Sabbath, festivals and weekdays in Qumran liturgy and biblical and apocryphal literature, on the one hand, and of Rabbinic liturgy, on the other, reflects the common tradition regarding themes and ideas that became the common tradition of all Jewish congregations and generations from the Second Temple period.
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~www_sd/qumran_conf_nitzan.html (380 words)

	Barmitzvahs.org - Jewish Liturgy
		It is also reffered to as the Amidah (standing, because we stand while we recite it), or Tefilah (prayer, as in The Prayer, because it is the essence of all Jewish prayer).
		The blessings of the Shemoneh Esrei can be broken down into 3 groups: three blessings praising G-d, thirteen making requests (forgiveness, edemption, health, prosperity, rain in its season, ingathering of exiles, etc.), and three expressing gratitude and taking leave.
		The Torah and haftarah readings are performed with great ceremony: the Torah is paraded around the room before it is brought to rest on the bimah (podium), and it is consideed an honor to have the opportunity to recite a blessing over the reading (this honor is called an aliyah).
	www.barmitzvahs.org /judaism/liturgy.php (2784 words)

	Jewish Origins of the Catholic Church
		To the Jews Rom 9:4 “belong the sonship, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the worship, and the promises; to them belong the patriarchs, and of their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ,” Rom 11:29 “for the gifts and the call of God are irrevocable.
		For both Jews and Christians Sacred Scripture is an essential part of their respective liturgies: in the proclamation of the Word of God, the response to this word, prayer of praise and intercession for the living and the dead, invocation of God’s mercy.
		The relationship between Jewish liturgy and Christian liturgy, but also their differences in content, are particularly evident in the great feasts of the liturgical year, such as Passover.
	www.secondexodus.com /html/basics/jewishorigins.htm (466 words)

	Jewish Music Articles
		Jewish Heritage Online features an article on the musical and cultural significance of Kol Nidrei.
		Interesting series of articles, sketching the development and history of Jewish liturgy.
		Akiva Zimmermann wrote a Hebrew study on the Halachical rules involved in using a tuning fork.
	www.chazzanut.com /articles-list.html (204 words)

	Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History
		This book is, in contrast, is the most thorough academic study of the Jewish liturgy ever written.
		This study covers the entire range of Jewish liturgical development, beginning with the early cornerstones of the siddur; through the evolution of the medieval piyyut tradition; to modern prayerbook reform in Germany and the United States.
		The only problem is that it doesn't deal with the liturgy of Conservative Judaism.
	www.xmlwriter.net /books/viewbook/Jewish_Liturgy:_A_Comprehensive_History-0827604459.html (279 words)

	Liturgica.com \| Liturgics \| Jewish Liturgics
		During the sojourn in Egypt it appears much of what had been revealed was forgotten, but during the Exodus from Egypt, God began an on-going process of revelation, which included the foundations of Jewish liturgical worship.
		The First Temple, while small in size, was glorious in construction, and became the center of Jewish worship until its destruction by the Babylonians.
		After the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in 70 A.D., synagogue worship and its liturgical form became the central aspect of Jewish worship.
	www.liturgica.com /html/litJLit.jsp?hostname=liturgica (965 words)

	Jewish liturgy — FactMonster.com
		liturgy, Jewish, rites, observances, and procedures of Judaism.
		The Jewish liturgy is traditionally in Hebrew, with a few elements in Aramaic.
		Cairo geniza - Cairo geniza Cairo geniza, archive of ancient Jewish manuscripts found in the synagogue of...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0830007.html (140 words)

	Jewish Liturgy / Torah 101 / Mechon Mamre
		Undoubtedly our oldest fixed daily prayer is the Shema. This consists of Deuteronomy 6,4-9, Deuteronomy 11,13-21, and Numbers 15,37-41. Note that the first paragraph commands us to speak of these matters "when you retire and when you arise". From ancient times, this commandment was fulfilled by reciting the Shema twice a day: morning and night.
		Many holidays have special additions to the liturgy. See Yom Kippur Liturgy for additions related to that holiday.
		In Orthodox, the person leading the service has his back to the congregation, and prays facing the same direction as the congregation; in Conservative and Reform, the person leading the service faces the congregation.
	www.mechon-mamre.org /jewfaq/liturgy.htm (398 words)

	[No title]
		Jewish College Students to Attend Climate Change: Judaism and Global Warming, the HUC-JIR Religious Action Center Weekend, October 12-14, 2007
		Rabbi Ellenson to Lecture on "Jewish Obligations to Our Own Community and to the Larger World: The Wisdom of Jewish Source" at HUC-JIR/Cincinnati -- May 30th at 12:30 p.m.
		Rabbi David Ellenson to speak on Jewish Unity for Synagogue Council of Massachusett's Birnbaum Memorial Lecture -- Sunday, March 25 at 7:30 pm
	www.huc.edu /newspubs/pressroom (3319 words)

	AbeBooks: Suchergebnisse - Elbogen und Liturgy
		MwSt-Nachweis.; Erscheinungsjahr: 09/93; Titel:Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History; Autoren: Ismar Elbogen; Übersetzung: Raymond Scheindlin; Verlag: JEWISH PUBN SOC.
		"Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History" is the most complete, scholarly study of Jewish liturature in existence today.
		Elbogen's analysis covers the entire range of Jewish liturgical development--beginning with the early cornerstones of the siddur, such as the Amidah, the Shema, and the Ashrei, through the evolution of the medieval piyyut tradition, to modern prayerbook reform in Germany and the United States.
	www.abebooks.de /search/sortby/3/an/Elbogen+/tn/+Liturgy (432 words)

	Bibliography
		"Jewish Shrines of the Hellenistic and Persian Periods." Symposia Celebrating the Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the American Schools of Oriental Research (1900-1975), ed.
		"The Diffusion of the Qedushot of the 'Amidah and the Yozer in the Palestinian Jewish Ritual." Tarbiz.
		Jewish Settlements and Synagogues in the Golan, 2nd ed..
	www.zahavy.com /biblio.html (2953 words)

	worship, liturgy, and celebration
		One of the great heroes of the Jewish tradition is David, who was not only a King, but a good musician and songwriter (something said of no other ancient Jewish hero).
		Indeed, it appears that Jewish worship in ancient times, and Christian worship to this day, has been a prime generator of musical styles and forms and instruments.
		These new kinds of music worked their way into the world at large, giving it great joy, expressing deep sadness, touching people in a way that can only be described as 'spiritual'.
	www.spirithome.com /worship.html (2551 words)

	WHAT'S NEW -AND NOT SO NEW- IN MESSIANIC JUDAICA
		Many Messianic Jewish congregations appear to have come, or are coming to the realization that Messianic Jewish worship should be structured in an authentically Jewish manner.
		Responsive sections of the liturgy are usually clearly designated in the translation and/or transliteration, but not with the Hebrew.
		One reason for this may relate to varying minhagim, such as is the case with the Kaddish, which some congregations recite responsively and some recite in unison.
	www.messianicliturgy.com /reviews.htm (1066 words)

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