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| | Judaism - Define |
 | | Ethnic Jews include both "Observant Jews", meaning those who practice the Biblical and Rabbinic laws, known as the mitzvot, and those who, while not practicing Judaism as a religion, still identify themselves as Jews in a cultural or ethnic sense. |
 | | Jews began to grapple with the tension between the particularize of their claim that only Jews were required to obey the Torah, and the universalism of their claim that the Torah contained universal truths. |
 | | Halakha, the rabbinic Jewish way of life, then, is not based on a literal reading of the Torah, but on the combined oral and written tradition, which includes the Tanakh, the Mishnah, the halakhic |
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