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	The Jews in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1922, China was among the members of the League of Nations that voted in favour of the Palestine Mandate, proposing a Jewish homeland.
		In China, he was adored and beloved for his humane acts, and the dedication and self-sacrifice with which he treated his patients - soldiers, generals, and peasants alike.
		China and Israel established formal relations in January 1992, and trade and cultural exchange between the two countries are flourishing.
	www.sen.parl.gc.ca /vpoy/english/Special_Interests/speeches/jews_in_china_021002.htm (3924 words)

	Jews in China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 20th century, many Jews arrived in Hong Kong and Shanghai during those cities' periods of economic expansion in the first decades of the century, as well as for the purpose of seeking refuge from the Nazi -led Holocaust in Western Europe.
		Also, the study of Judaism and Jews in China as an academic subject began to blossom in the late 20th century, alongside the study of religion generally.
		It is apparently recorded that by the 8th century, Jews had already become large enough in number that the imperial regime appointed a government position to administer or monitor the population.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jews_in_China (1689 words)

	Religion in China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first Jesuit attempt to reach China was made in 1552 by Francis Xavier, but he died the same year on the Chinese island of Shangchuan, without having reached the mainland.
		Estimates of Christians in China are difficult to obtain because of the numbers of Christians unwilling to reveal their beliefs, the hostility of the national government towards some Christian sects, and difficulties in obtaining accurate statistics on house churches.
		The People's Republic of China was established in 1949 and for much of its early history maintained a hostile attitude toward religion which was seen as emblematic of feudalism and foreign colonialism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Religion_in_China (1685 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - CHINA: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Jews came to China by sea, and not by crossing central Asia; they were members of the Jewish colonies settled in India.
		So long as the Jewish inhabitants of China continued to enjoy the imperial protection as mighty men of commerce, their Persian brethren furnished them with all the necessary means of religious education.
		When the existence of Jews in China became known to their European brethren, steps were taken to communicate with them by Isaac Nieto, haham of London (1760), who addressed a Hebrew letter to them imploring them to give information of their origin, their condition, and their needs.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=461&letter=C (4437 words)

	History of the Jews in China Summary
		China's Jewish communities have been ethnically diverse ranging from the Jews of Kaifeng and other places during the history of Imperial China, who, it is reported came to be more or less totally assimilated into Chinese culture, to 19th and 20th century Baghdadis, to Indians, to Ashkenazi Jews from Europe.
		A surge of Jews and Jewish families was to arrive in the late 1930s and 1940s, for the purpose of seeking refuge from the Nazis in Western Europe and were predominantly of European origin.
		The study of Judaism and Jews in China as an academic subject has been of interest to Westerners from the earliest period of Western knowledge of China and has come to achieve moderate success in Chinese academia in the late 20th century, alongside the study of religion generally.
	www.bookrags.com /History_of_the_Jews_in_China (2796 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Church in China
		This is a proof of the influence of the Mongols of China.
		The conquest of China by the Manchus (1644) was a
		This seems to confirm the theory of Chavannes and the text of the inscription of 1489; the arrival of the Jews at the court of the Sung, which was Ling-ngan, or Hang-chou.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03669a.htm (10613 words)

	Are There Really Jews in China?: An Update
		At the same time, they are seeking recognition for the Jews as China's ninety-seventh recognized nationality, which would bring them many benefits, not the least of which would be an exemption from the severe restrictions on childbearing, which allow Han Chinese (the group which comprises 93 percent of the chinese population) couples only one child.
		The largest group of actual Jews in China are temporarily stationed in the country either in foreign embassies as members of the foreign diplomatic corps - particularly that of the United States - or in connection with business interests and technical assistance programs.
		Jews from both communities are in the process of forging contacts with the other countries of the Pacific rim.
	www.jcpa.org /dje/articles2/china.htm (2165 words)

	Jewish Heritage Untouched in China
		A recent survey in Harbin, capital of northeast China's Heilongjiang province, shows that hundreds of buildings, which were built by Jews in the early 20th century, such as banks, residences, shops, synagogues and beadhouses have not changed in appearance.
		Jews with a Chinese background and their offspring now mainly live in the Middle East, Australia, Europe and the United States.
		China and Israel have increased cooperation in the fields of technology, agriculture, aviation and telecommunications.
	www.senac.com /nb/1627/bin/311.html (569 words)

	Women in China
		The All-China women's Federation is a patriotic organization under the leadership of the Communist Party.
		China has also taken an active role in international women's activities sponsored by the United Nations.
		In accordance with China's foreign policy of peace, it has strived to develop friendly exchanges and cooperation with women from all over the world while making efforts to realize the goal of worldwide equality between men and women,women's participation in social development and the maintenance of world peace.
	www.chinastartour.com /newsDetail.asp?id=70 (302 words)

	The Jews in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Archaelogical evidence suggests that Jews were in China as early as the 8th Century, having arrived from Persia along the Silk Road.
		Marco Polo recorded that Kublai Khan celebrated the festivals of the Muslims, Christians and Jews, indicating that there were a significant number of Jews in China in the 13th Century.
		Jews arrived in Shanghai in the 1850s from British colonies in the Middle East, India and Hong Kong.
	www.vcn.bc.ca /alpha/Jewish1.htm (423 words)

	Canadian Jewish News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		By 1949, the year the People’s Republic of China was founded, virtually all the Jews in China had left for greener pastures.
		A fresh influx of Jews, largely transient businessmen, arrived in China with the unveiling of far-reaching economic reforms enunciated by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s.
		China, which will host the 2008 summer Olympics and the 2010 Expo, is home to a considerable Muslim community, the majority of whose adherents can be found in the far-western province of Xinjiang.
	www.cjnews.com /viewarticle.asp?id=2027 (1333 words)

	He Chose China
		The first Jesuit missionaries posted to China four hundred years ago enthusiastically described the discovery of a lost tribe of Chinese Jews in Kaifeng, but admitted bafflement over their exact origins.
		The China shelves are already crammed with far too many books pounded out in a year or two visiting reporters, or after a two-week bike tour by some wide-eyed westerner.
		While "I Chose China" is clearly in the pro-China camp, it also offers refreshing insight into tumultuous events of the past half-century by one man who fell in love with a foreign land.
	www.gluckman.com /Shapiro.html (1713 words)

	China Judaic Studies Association - West-to-East Trip Reports
		While most Jews left China in the years after the Chinese Communist takeover particularly after the Cultural Revolution of the, a new influx of Jews began arriving from Israel, North America and Europe with the liberalization of the Chinese economy and the establishment of diplomatic ties with Israel.
		Born in Shanghai of Russian and Ukraine parents who fled to China in the early 1900’s, she can recall the vibrant Jewish life created by Russian immigrants as well as the huge influx of thousands of Jewish refugees who fled Nazi Europe and were offered safety in Shanghai.
		The current re-appearance of Jews on the mainland follows closely upon the expansion of foreign trade and investment in China and the signing of diplomatic relations between Israel and China in 1992.
	servercc.oakton.edu /~friend/trip_stern.html (1458 words)

	China Jewish Heritage Tours with Joy Katzen-Guthrie: Jewish-Chinese History & Links
		Jews are raising their Chinese daughters with the goal of giving them a tri-fold heritage as Chinese, Americans, and Jews.
		Greater attention is being paid in China to the history of the Harbin Jews and their contribution to the development of the city of Harbin and the whole of Northeast China.
		China remains today one of the only nations in the world that does not have a history of persecuting the Jews because of their faith.
	www.joyfulnoise.net /JoyChina2.html (3853 words)

	Short report on the international symposium with exhibition: Youtai — Jews and Judaism in China
		In recent years, however, in China and abroad more and more research is being done about the history and culture of the Jews in China and in the future too we can expect an increasing academic interest in all questions connected with it.
		Jews in China," with exhibition) and in 2002 in Nanjing ("History of Jewish Diaspora in China") — emphasis was laid on the continuity of the research results and a broad spectrum of various, new approaches with up to date references.
		The efforts of these Sephardic Jews in the periods 1898-1904 and 1924-1932 to revive the Jewish culture in Kaifeng were in vain but testified to their strong identity with the Jewish culture present in Shanghai until 1949.
	www.hagalil.com /archiv/2003/12/youtai-eng.htm (1313 words)

	Chinese Jews: History
		The Jewish presence in China is at least one thousand years old, and elements remain today, depite assimilation and Communist anti-religious persecution.
		Russian Jews were numerous in Harbin around the turn of the century.
		Jews fleeing Russia in the 1900s were followed by refugees from the Nazis during World War II.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/chinesejews1.html (332 words)

	Refugee Jews of Shanghai - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		China History Forum is an online chinese history forum, discussion board or community for all who are interested in learning and discussing chinese history from prehistoric till modern times, including chinese art of war, chinese culture topics.
		The Jewish ghetto of Hongkou is not the oldest ghetto in China, for your informaiton.
		This is where the Kaifeng Jews have a problem, religiously speaking, they haven't followed Jewish rites for at least a century, and racially they do not share the features of the major Jewish groupings.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=9231 (2512 words)

	Jews in Kaifeng, China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		By and large, the history of Jews in the Diaspora is conditioned not only by their own heritage, tradition, adaptability, and cohesiveness but also by the social environment of their country of residence.
		It is not surprising that so many Jews flocked to enroll in Chinese schools, studied diligently, and prepared for the examinations.
		The Jews were now completely cut off from the Catholic missionaries, who we may suppose gave them some encouragement after earlier links were severed.
	www.oakton.edu /user/~friend/kaifhistory.htm (1223 words)

	Jews of China - About Igud Yotzei Sin - Igud Yotzei Sin (IYS) - Association of Former Residents of China in Israel
		These were the years of the biggest ingathering of the exiles from around the world to Israel, and among them the Jews from China, most of the immigrants were settled temporarily in transit camps, ”Maabarot”, that were put up all over the country.
		The Jewish immigrants left China during the final stages of the Chinese civil war, as a result of which its economy was going through a period of very deep inflation.
		Plans also exist in China, which are in various stages of execution, to establish museums in Shanghai and Harbin to perpetuate the memory of the Jews who resided in China.
	www.jewsofchina.org /JewsOfChina/igud/about.asp (1764 words)

	j. - China's historic Jews, synagogue honored in `Silk Road' exhibit
		Although Gabow said the Chinese Jews had some distinctive physical features, the differences were "not noticeable unless you really looked." One of the reasons, he said, is that they had become biologically and culturally assimilated.
		However, the Kaifeng Jews claim their ancestors came from the lost tribes of Israel, rather than from Persia or India.
		Gabow is scheduled to speak on "The Jews of China" at 7:30 p.m.
	www.jewishsf.com /content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/7136/format/html/displaystory.html (696 words)

	MACHAR, The Washington Congregation for Secular Humanistic Judaism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Jews started traveling to Kaifeng in the 3rd century AD and Shanghai grew in its population of Jews in the 20th century between World War I and World War II.
		The Jews who came to Kaifeng were in search of a new life, for they had been persecuted and driven out of their homes.
		China was a possibility because they heard it was a wonderful and prosperous land where you had freedom of religion.
	www.machar.org /chinajews.html (1446 words)

	versionOfChineseJews
		Jews in China had struggled from once being a rich community to a society where they are known only by their surname, and the credit goes to the Christian missionaries for re-discovering them and spreading the word about them.
		Jews were considered as the mighty men of commerce and they were one of the rich communities during that time.
		Western Jews do not consider the Jews in China as Jews because, according to them, the Chinese Jews have violated the halakha (Jewish law) since the Chinese Jews pass down the religion from the father to the children instead of mother to the children.
	faculty.rmwc.edu /fwebb/buck/rshakya/versionOfChineseJews.html (1308 words)

	Mandarins, Jews, and Missionaries: The Jewish Experience in the Chinese Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		But now in Mandarins, Jews, and Missionaries, Michael Pollak has given us a scholarly yet accessible overview of the history of China's indigenous Jewish population (which is to be distinguished from the European Jewish population of China's treaty ports such as Shanghai).
		The oldest extant records of Jews in China are a letter written around 718 A.D. in Judeo-Persian (Persian written with Hebrew letters) on paper that was made in China, and a selihah (Hebrew penitential prayer) from the eighth or ninth century composed of Hebrew scriptures (pictures of both on pp.
		Pollak also discusses the relations of the Jews to their neighbors, which were fundamentally good except during times of anti-foreign sentiment.
	www.jewsforjesus.org /publications/bookreviews/mrb01-01/mandarins/ - !http://www.jewsforjesus.org/publications/bookreviews/mrb01-01/mandarins (1335 words)

	A Jewish Diaspora in the Orient
		He lectured on the fascinating Kaifeng Jewish community and Jews in China in the 20th century on behalf of the Jewish Values Education Institute at Jerusalem's Israel Center.
		Kaifeng, the imperial capital of China during the Sung Dynasty was an international, prosperous city.
		Documents in Judeo-Persian were found attesting to the fact that the Jews probably came in the 11th century from Persia and introduced cotton-cloth to China, known primarily for its silk industry.
	www.wzo.org.il /en/resources/view.asp?id=1473 (1423 words)

	[No title]
		But the first Jews came to China in the eighth or ninth century, most likely from Persia, traveling along the ancient Silk Road that crossed the mountains and deserts of Asia, ending in Xian, then the largest city in the world and the capital of China for 11 dynasties.
		Israelis tend not to participate with diaspora Jews, Silverberg said, and the Israeli Embassy "shows no interest at all." She said that is "upsetting" and "a mistake" because "such an important relationship is handled so badly" and because Beijing's Jews have knowledge and contacts that would be valuable to the Israelis but are ignored.
		Jews fled to Shanghai throughout the 1930s because it was the one place that did not require a visa.
	www.jewishworldreview.com /0298/china1.html (2109 words)

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