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Topic: Jews in Poland

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of the Jews in Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Over 90% of the Jews in Poland were killed by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust, though, with a few tragic exceptions, such as the Jedwabne pogrom, Poles did not cooperate in the destruction of the Jewish community, and many protected their Jewish neighbors.
		Jews enjoyed undisturbed peace and prosperity in the many principalities into which the country was then divided, they formed the middle class in a country where the general population consisted of landlords (developing into szlachta, the unique Polish nobility) and peasants, and they were instrumental in promoting the commercial interests of the land.
		Moreover, the horrors of the war were aggravated by pestilence, and the Jews and townsfolk of the districts of Kalisz, Cracow, Poznan, Piotrkow, and Lublin perished en masse by the sword of the besieging armies and the plague.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-the-Jews-in-Poland (3957 words)

	Poland - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Republic of Poland, a country in Central Europe, lies between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland used to be a single-party state and a satellite state of the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1989.
		Poland's principal ports and harbours are Gdańsk, Gdynia, Kołobrzeg, Szczecin, Świnoujście, Ustka, Warsaw, and Wrocław.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Poland (2352 words)

	Jews in Poland Table of Contents
		Ban on the Use of the Railroads in Poland by Jews
		Discussion Of The Compulsory Evacuation of Jews From The Wartheland to the Generalgouvernement
		Escape of Jews from Poland to the Soviet Union
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Holocaust/polandtoc.html (235 words)

	Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Republic of Poland is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland's borders shifted westwards; pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line and the western border to the Oder-Neisse line.
		Poland has a large agricultural sector of private farms, that could be a leading producer of food in the European Union now that Poland is a member.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poland (2379 words)

	History of the Jews in Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jews enjoyed undisturbed peace and prosperity in the many principalities into which the country was then divided, they formed the middle class in a country where the general population consisted of landlords (developing into szlachta, the unique Polish nobility) and peasants, and they were instrumental in promoting the commercial interests of the land.
		The szlachta and the townsfolk were increasingly hostile to the Jews, as the religious tolerance that dominated the mentality of the previous generations of the Commonwealth citizens was slowly forgotten.
		Estimating the population increase and the emigration from Poland between 1931 and 1939, there were probably 3,474,000 Jews in Poland as of September 1, 1939 (approximately 10% of the total population).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland (7342 words)

	About Poland - Hotels Poland QuoVadis.com - Online Booking Center
		Poland lies between the rivers Bug and Oder on one hand, and the Carpathian and Sudeten mountains and the Baltic Sea on the other.
		Poland has a generally cool northen European climate, with temperatures averaging 68 deg F. (20 deg C.) in the summer, and 26 deg F. (-3.3 deg C.) in the winter.
		Poland did not appear again on European maps for 123 years, until it was reestablished in the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I on 11th of November 1918.
	www.quovadis.com /about/poland.html (1178 words)

	Dimensions On Line - Using Testimonies for Researching and Teaching about the Holocaust
		Jews had long lived in Poland and their relations with Christian Poles were complicated by economic, social and political conditions.
		Jews had begun settling in Poland around 1000 C.E. The influx of Jews greatly increased in the 12th century when western European countries such as Italy and Spain expelled Jews, who sought refuge in Poland where Polish princes and nobles protected them against the Catholic Church.
		Austria, Prussia and Russia occupied the former Poland; Jews were confined to a portion of Russian occupied Poland known as the Pale of Settlement.
	www.adl.org /education/dimensions/background.asp (2338 words)

	History of the Jews in Poland
		Jews from Bohemia and Germany settled primarily in Silesia.
		The legal position of the Jews was still regulated by royal and princely privileges and Sejm statutes, with the difference that in 1539 Polish Jews from private towns and villages became subordinated to the judiciary and administration of the owners.
		Some Jews earned their living as paid kahal officials, musicians, horse drivers, factors on gentry estates and in the houses of rich merchants, as middlemen known as barishniki, servants, salesmen, etc. There was also a large group of beggars and cripples without any means of subsistence.
	members.core.com /~mikerose/history.html (6801 words)

	Sarmatian Review XVII.2: Dziewanowski
		Part Three is a collection of maps of the Polish state, as well as of Poland under the partitions, drawn from the standpoint of Jewish presence and interests in Poland.
		Poland was a shelter for Ashkenazi Jews during the worst of times, when expulsions from Western Europe thinned down the ranks of Jews there.
		In Poland, in contrast, Jews grew at a rate far surpassing that of the Polish population.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/497/dziew.html (725 words)

	Warsaw Poland \| Information \| Weather \| Facts and Figures \| Poland
		Poland's union with Lithuania in 1569 rendered Cracow somewhat out on a limb, and it was hence decreed that Royal elections were to be held at Warsaw, which lay at the centre of the two realms.
		Revival was impeded by a general stagnation of life in the Commonwealth, yet a renaissance did come with the reign of Poland's last king, the enlightened Stanislas Poniatowski (1764-1795).
		In spite of this, Poland's agricultural output is actually greater than that of Great Britain, France and Italy combined, which is why future EU subsidy levels have been a major area of political friction.
	www.warsaw-life.com /info/info.php (911 words)

	LNT Poland - Jews in Poland
		Poland became home to primarily the Ashkenazi (Jews from Central and Eastern Europe), and the Sephardi (Southern European Jews including refugees from 15th century Spain and Portugal).
		Jews were in the vanguard of modern banking, industry (including the sugar refining, textile, paper, and mechanical), commerce, export-import trade, and transportation (the construction of railway lines and river traffic on the Vistula).
		The interests of Jews in Poland were represented by politicians and leaders with seats in the Sejm or the Senate, as well as in municipal councils and in Jewish religious communities.
	cyberroad.com /poland/jews.html (1047 words)

	The Jews of Poland
		For the Jews of Poland, most of the eighteenth century, was a period of harassment and blood libels aimed at igniting the religious fanaticism of the mob.
		The third Partition of Poland which followed in 1795 was the end of an independent Poland until after World War I. Disturbances and pogroms in Russian areas of the Pale of Settlements led in 1882 to the influx of the so-called "Litvaks" into Poland.
		Jews were not employed in the civil service, there were very few Jewish teachers in the public schools, practically no Jewish railroad workers, no Jews employed in state-controlled banks, and no Jewish workers employed in state-run monopolies (such as tobacco and liquor).
	www.dangoor.com /72page02.html (1838 words)

	Crash Course in Jewish History Part 49 - The Jews of Poland
		Jews were always highly educated as they had to be literate to read and obey the Torah, and general education came along as part of the parcel.
		We saw previously that Jews (see Part 46) would be brought in as money-lenders (being excluded from other professions), then when a bishop or nobleman wanted his debt annulled, he brought a "blood libel" against the Jews and had them expelled or killed.
		In Poland, the Jews were allowed to have their own governing body called the Va'ad Arba Artzot, which was composed of various rabbis who oversaw the affairs of the Jews in eastern Europe.
	www.aish.com /literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_49_-_The_Jews_of_Poland.asp (3076 words)

	The Jews in Poland - Book Information
		This culture survived the decline and partition of the Polish state and in the 19th century became the seedbed for the intellectual movements that were to transform the Jewish world - zionism, secularism, socialism and neo-orthodoxy.
		With the development of mass emigration from the late 19th century onwards, the influence of Jews from the former Polish Republic was carried to Western Europe, North and South America, South Africa and Australasia.
		The Jews in Poland focuses on the relationship of the Jews to the other peoples with whom they lived - sometimes in harmony, sometimes in conflict - to offer a general outline of the most significant factors in the evolution of Jewish life in Poland from the beginnings of Jewish settlement to the present day.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /book.asp?ref=9780631165828&site=1 (182 words)

	Poland and the Jews
		Jews who live where there is no community can become members of the nearest one.
		The Jews of Poland were murdered through starvation and disease in ghettos or in death camps.
		In fact MANY Jews in Poland are cherished as wonderful artists, poets, sportsmen (and sportswomen), prominent politicians, etc. Sure, you'll find freaks or some extremist with weird ideas anywhere in the world but it is not fair to generalize, and extend their position to the entire country and its People.
	www.aish.com /jewishissues/jewishsociety/Poland_and_the_Jews.asp (4205 words)

	LNT Poland - Polish Jews in Present Day Poland
		Present conditions in Poland made the renewal of Jewish life and the cultivation of national traditions and cultural heritage possible.
		The Jewish Historical Institute in Poland is funded by the State and acts under the auspices of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
		Research papers linked to the history of Jews are published as are both of the Institute's periodicals: a quarterly Bulletin of the Jewish Historical Institute in Poland, printed in Polish (with summaries in Yiddish and English), and the Bleter far Geshichte [Pages from History] published in Yiddish.
	cyberroad.com /poland/jews_today.html (815 words)

	Jewish History in Poland, 1939-1945
		Polish Jews had a very strong sense of their own separate national identity as was demonstrated in the last census of 1931, when approximately 85 per cent of Jews who were Polish citizens put down Yiddish or Hebrew as their mother tongue.
		It certainly seems to be true, however, in the opinion of Poles living in the eastern provinces of pre-war Poland, that the fall of Poland and the tragedies which accompanied the occupation were less keenly felt by the Jewish population than they were by their Polish neighbors.
		It was well known throughout Poland that conditions in the poverty-stricken, disease-ridden ghettos gradually killed the physically weak and the poor, and these factors were discussed in the reports that were sent out to the Polish Government exiled in London and by the Polish underground press, which had a wide circulation.
	members.core.com /~mikerose/waryears.htm (5226 words)

	Conditions for Polish Jews During WWII
		By the 1920's and '30's the majority of Polish Jews were living in varying degrees of poverty, the result of the overall poor economy of the newly independent Polish state, compounded by government sanctioned anti-Jewish measures such as a 1938 law revoking the citizenship of Polish Jews living abroad.
		So even before the Nazi occupation, Jews in Poland were isolated from the mainstream and in a poor position to defend themselves against the extremely severe measures that were to follow.
		Periodic mass deportations from the ghettos to the death camps are followed by an influx of newly arrived Jews from all areas of the German Reich.
	www.humboldt.edu /~rescuers/book/Makuch/conditionsp.html (973 words)

	Term Papers 2000, Term papers, Pg.10, 070831
		He looks at the killing of the Jews in World War II often by neighbors or friends or at least fellow countrymen like the Poles and notes that people went along with the tide of what was happening.
		The author points out that, although the survival rate for Jews in Poland was only 1 percent, hostility and violence against them marked the post WWII period, including the 1946 Kiel pogrom.
		Avraham Tory's account is that of his daily diary that he kept during the ghetto in which we have a detailed chronological description of the destruction of the Lithuanian Jews and learn the daily struggles of the people of the ghetto, and especially the responsibilities the Jewish Council faced.
	www.termpapers2000.com /lib/essay/102_10.html (2511 words)

	Jewish Genealogy Roots Ancestry Ancestors Information Research History Names Surnames And Jewish Family Tree
		Germany/Poland: History of the Jews of Schneidemühl: 1641 to the Holocaust.
		Poland: History of the Jews in Russia and Poland.
		Poland: Naturalized Jews of the Grand Duchy of Posen in 1834 and 1835.
	www.avotaynu.com /recommend.htm (805 words)

	JEWS IN POLAND - The New York Review of Books
		The safe haven for Jews in Poland that was begun six hundred years ago lasted not until the nineteenth century, as Mr.
		On the other hand, England, France, and Spain, to name only three countries, expelled their Jews in the Middle Ages and admitted only a select few until the nineteenth and, in the case of Spain, until the twentieth century.
		It was clearly better than not accepting any Jews, or accepting only a few and then claiming, with breathtaking hypocrisy, that, unlike the Eastern barbarians, the civilized West had always been racially and religiously tolerant.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/15136 (732 words)

	The Schindler Jews
		No matter why, no matter that he was an alcoholic and a shameless womanisor of the worst sort - what matters to the Schindler-Jews is that he surfaced from the chaos of madness and risked everything for them.
		To more than 1200 Jews Schindler was all that stood between them and death at the hands of the Nazis.
		Today there are 7,000 descendants of Schindler's Jews living in US and Europe, and many in Israel.
	www.schindlerjews.com (369 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		However, Chief Rabbi Michael Shudrich last week said he believes there are many more Jews in the eastern European country, as many Jews who did not emigrate at the end of WWII and during Communism simply hid their Jewish identity.
		Examples the Rabbi gave included a dying mother who told her son that their family were Jews and even some skinheads who had told him that they too had just found out they were Jewish.
		He said there are many Jewish activities in a variety of towns and cities across Poland including Synagogue services in towns that have not seen one for decades.
	www.ynetnews.com /articles/0,7340,L-3284086,00.html (340 words)

	Reviews of 'Jews in Poland: A Documentary History'
		The Jews were shot by Communist police, and club-wielding fake "steel workers" also took their toll.
		The reader soon learns that, despite the frictions and mutual prejudices which sometimes developed between Poles and Jews, Poland was historically one of the most tolerant nations in the world for Jews.
		Despite the frictions and mutual prejudices which sometimes developed between Poles and Jews, the fact remains that Poland was historically one of the most tolerant nations in the world for Jews.
	www.usingenglish.com /amazon/us/reviews/0781806046.html (539 words)

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