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Topic: Jews in Portugal

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	PORTUGAL - LoveToKnow Article on PORTUGAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Six-sevenths of the population of continental Portugal inhabit the provinces north of the Tagus.
		In 1095 Portugal was an obscure border fief of the kingdom of Leon.
		The royal authority in Portugal was delegated to Margaret of Savoy, duchess of Mantua, whose train of Spanish and Italian courtiers aroused the jealousy of the Portuguese nobles, while the harsh rule of her secretary of state, Miguel de Vasconcellos de Brito, provoked the resentment of all classes.
	88.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PO/PORTUGAL.htm (21258 words)

	Jew - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following the Spanish Inquisition in 1492, the Spanish population of around 200,000 Sephardic Jews were expelled by the Spanish crown and Catholic church, followed by expulsions in 1493 in Sicily (37,000 Jews) and Portugal in 1496.
		Jews were subject to explusions from England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire throughout the Middle Ages, with most of the population moving to Eastern Europe and especially Poland, which was uniquely tolerant of the Jews through the 1700s.
		Many of the newly secular Jews who had embraced Haskalah found themselves deeply troubled by the continuing virulent anti-semitism of the late 1800s, especially the massive pogroms of the 1880s in Russia and the Dreyfus Affair, which occurred in France in 1894, a country many Jews had previously thought of as particularly accepting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jews (4941 words)

	Encyclopedia: Sephardi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Jews from these Near Eastern communities are also sometimes called "Oriental Jews" or the Hebrew equivalent MizrÄÄ§Ã®m, some of whom were once also referred to as "Arab Jews", a phrase that is rarely used today.
		Spanish and Portuguese Jews, also known as Portuguese Jews and Jews of the Portuguese nation, is that distinctive sub-group of Sephardim who have their main ethnic origins within the crypto-Jewish communities of the Iberian peninsula and who shaped communities mainly in Western Europe and the Americas from the...
		However, the spread of Jews into Europe is most commonly associated with the Diaspora which ensued from the Roman conquest of Judea, emigration from Palestine into the greater Roman Mediterranean area antedated the destruction of Jerusalem at the hands of the Romans under Titus.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sephardi (9113 words)

	Jew - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jews (identifiable by the distinctive hats that they were required to wear) being killed by Christian knights.
		While some Jews remained in Judea, renamed Palestine by the Romans, some Jews were sold into slavery, while others became citizens of other parts of the Roman Empire.
		Many Jews tried to escape Europe before or during Holocaust, but were unable to find refuge, giving new urgency to the Zionist goal of establishing a Jewish homeland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jew (4941 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Portugal
		Jews became the intellectual and economic elite of the country.
		Jews were involved in all aspects of the explorations, from financing the sailing fleets to making scientific discoveries in the fields of mathematics, medicine and cartography.
		Following the revolution in Portugal in 1974 and the ensuing unrest, about half of Portugal’s Jewish population left the country and immigrated to Israel, Brazil, Canada and the U.S. Today there are about 600 Jews living in Portugal, as well as a Marrano community numbering close to 100 individuals.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Portugal.html (3316 words)

	Sephardi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Jews from these Near Eastern communities are also sometimes called "Oriental Jews" or the Hebrew equivalent Mizrāħîm;, and were once also referred to as "Arab Jews", a phrase that is rarely used today.
		This changed with the marriage of D. Manuel I of Portugal with the daughter of the Catholic Kings of the newlyborn Spain.
		Although the Sephardim lived on peaceful terms with other Jews, they rarely intermarried with them; neither did they unite with them in forming congregations, but adhered to their own ritual, which differed widely from the Ashkenazic.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/se/sephardi.html (1433 words)

	The Jews In Portugal
		However with massive christianization, voluntary or coerced, the Portuguese Jews, with their family links with Christians, and resultant dissemination in all towns and villages, the “Judiaria” of Lisbon by the time of King John III (1521/1557) was no longer an exclusive quarter of the Jews.
		The Jews enjoyed a privileged situation in Portugal, choosing their own quarters, and occupying the most desired places.The nobles in Portugal took beautiful Jewish maidens as mistresses and recognized their offspring, making them Knights and having their illegitimate sons join the Order of Christ.
		The Jews were money lenders, and usury was allowed, and the Jews went as far as to look for Christians in debt, in Church, during mass, making them ashamed and forcing the debtors to pay.
	www.saudades.org /chapivjewsinport.htm (1828 words)

	Jewish Portugal
		The Jews that integrated into Portuguese Christian society were able to retain relative autonomy and their own organization by a delicate balance of compromise, concession and interdependence, until the 15th.
		The crisis culminated in the establishment of the Avis dynasty and the accession of Joao I to the throne.
		Nevertheless, if this was the golden age of the Jewish community in Portugal, when crucially important contributions were made to the development of the county at the economic, cultural and scientific level, it was also a period during which the first, major social tensions between Jews and Christians were to appear.
	www.isjm.org /country/portugal.htm (1583 words)

	HADASSAH MAGAZINE
		Some legends trace Jewish residence in Portugal to biblical times and there is documentary evidence of community life under the Visigoths in the fifth century B.C.E. When Portugal emerged as a distinct nation in the twelfth century there were established communities in several cities and King Alfonso I appointed the first of many Jewish treasurers.
		When four years later King Manoel I of Portugal agreed to rid his country of Jews (a promise he made to arrange for the marriage of his son to Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter), he chose forced conversion so as not to lose a community he regarded as an asset.
		It was in northern Portugal that the largest numbers of secret Jews lived, and Porto was the center of a modest revival that began in the 1920's under the leadership of an army captain, Arturo Carlos de Barros Basto.
	www.hadassah.org /news/content/per_hadassah/archive/2000/Nov/travel.htm (2425 words)

	The Inquisition
		A later pope, Pope Gregory IX established the Inquisition, in 1233, to combat the heresy of the Abilgenses, a religious sect in France.
		Conversos (Secret Jews) and New Christians were targeted because of their close relations to the Jewish community, many of whom were Jews in all but their name.
		Among the Jews who died at the hands of the Inquisition were well-known figures of the period such as Isaac de Castro Tartas, Antonio Serrao de Castro and Antonio Jose da Silva.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Inquisition.html (768 words)

	FactsOfIsrael.com: Portugal, 1497, racist king kicks the Jews out
		He also was aware of the great talent of the Jews in many fields including the mechanics of arms making, which he hoped he would call upon and he did not want that talent to be available to the Moors.
		The status of the Jews of Portugal appeared to be improving and they must have felt secure to be ruled by such a seemingly merciful king.
		Manoel was in a dilemma; he did not want to lose the wealth and skills of Jews and he feared that these skills would be used to the advantage of the Moors in the coming war.
	www.factsofisrael.com /blog/archives/000445-print.html (1587 words)

	Jews, New Christians and Crypto-Jews of Portugal
		Throughout the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, Jews and New Christians constituted the intellectual and economic élite of the country.
		On the other hand, Jews were regarded by the Church and the masses with the usual European misconceptions of the time: they poisoned wells, killed Christian babies to celebrate fl masses with their blood, brought about the plague and earthquakes, prostitution and sodomy were prevalent in their midst, and Jewish men had tails and menstruated.
		Thousands of Jews entered Portugal after their expulsion from Spain in 1492 subject to the payment of a sizable head tax.
	www.orthohelp.com /geneal/Sticks.htm (934 words)

	Popular saints in Portugal: Santa Isabela of Portugal
		Elizabeth, or Isabel, daughter of King Peter III of Aragon, was named after her great-aunt, Elizabeth of Hungary, but she is known in Portugal by the Spanish form of that name, Isabela.
		In Portugal she is remembered for the miracle of the roses in which she was taking bread (or coins) to the poor only to be asked by her less than generous husband what she was carrying.
		Portugal, a country often criticised by other equally culpable nations for its propensity to corruption in public life, can at least claim a daughter whose body has remained incorrupt for nearly 700 years.
	www.portcult.com /OPS_11.htm (2211 words)

	The Sephardic Jews in Portugal
		When the kingdom of Portugal was formed, in the 12th century, there were already a number of important Jewish communities in several cities re-conquered by the Christians.
		Many Jews accepted the new religion which had been imposed upon them and with the passage of time gradually adapted to Christian society, but equally there were many others who covertly remained resistent.
		Among the Jews who died at the hands of the Inquisition were well-known names of the period such as Isaac de Castro Tartas, Antonio Serrao de Castro and Antonio Jose da Silva, who was known to history as "The Jew."
	www.saudades.org /jewsinport.html (1668 words)

	The Jews of Africa -- Sao Tome and Principe
		The islands were not yet under Portuguese influence in 1496 when Portugal expelled its Jews in accordance with the Spanish Inquisition.
		To punish the Jews who would not pay the head tax, King Manuel deported almost 2,000 of two to ten year old children to the islands.
		Today there are no known practicing Jews on the Islands but the descendants of the children, who distinguish themselves by skin that is slightly lighter than that of their neighbors, have expressed interest in learning more about the customs of their ancestors.
	www.mindspring.com /~jaypsand/mozambique.htm (251 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		At a certain point in the documentary a knock at the door is heard, to which the participants react in absolute panic, notwithstanding the fact that the Inquisition had been abolished for some hundred and fifty years and that no harm could come from possible intruders.
		Also almost all of the Crypto Jews David Augusto Canelo, a gentile, interviewed for his 1987 book Os Ultimos Criptojudeus em Portugal (The Last Crypto-Jews in Portugal) asked that their names not be mentioned, for fear of being "tried by the Inquisition".
		Non-Jews are faced with a wall of silence and distrust and even Jews are subject to close scrutiny before they are allowed into the privacy of a family.
	www.cryptojews.com /cryptoJewsinPortugal.htm (1125 words)

	Arutz Sheva - Israel National News
		The oil bears a “triangle-K” kosher symbol and is under the supervision of Rabbi Elisha Salas, an emissary of the Jerusalem-based Shavei Israel organization (www.shavei.org),who serves as rabbi of the Jewish community of Oporto, Portugal’s second-largest city.
		Most of Portugal’s Jews were either expelled or forced to convert en masse to Catholicism in 1497 after King Manuel I launched a brutal campaign to purge his realm of any Jewish presence.
		At the time of the decree, Jews constituted nearly 20% of the population, such that many Portuguese today are believed to have at least some Jewish ancestry.
	www.israelnn.com /news.php3?id=80847 (382 words)

	The Jews, New Christians and Crypto Jews of Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By the time Portugal acquired her independence, circa 1139, sizable Jewish communities had already been established in the country.
		Throughout the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, Jews and New Christians constituted the intellectual and economic elite of the country.
		Their descendants, and others who later emigrated to Portugal including refugees from Nazi Germany and occupied countries, although scarce in number, now only about 1,500 have distinguished themselves in banking, medicine, education and other activities.
	www.geocities.com /papagaia2/dias2.html (929 words)

	Portugal HQ : Portugal Economy
		Jews in Cape Verde and on the Guinea Coast
		Portugal HQ does not warrant or guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the content available on this Website.
		Portugal HQ excludes all liability of any kind (including negligence) in respect of any third party information or other material made available on, or which can be accessed using, this Website.
	portugalhq.com /portugaleconomy/index.php (793 words)

	Judaism 101: Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews
		Sephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East.
		Although some individual Sephardic Jews are less observant than others, and some individuals do not agree with all of the beliefs of traditional Judaism, there is no formal, organized differentiation into movements as there is in Ashkenazic Judaism.
		Sephardic Jews have a different pronunciation of a few Hebrew vowels and one Hebrew consonant, though most Ashkenazim are adopting Sephardic pronunciation now because it is the pronunciation used in Israel.
	www.jewfaq.org /ashkseph.htm (719 words)

	The Hebrew Roots Movement
		The Sephardic Jews are descendants of the large Jewish community living in Spain and Portugal in the Middle Ages.
		Jews had allied with the Moslem invaders and infiltrated the orders of Roman Catholicism to subvert the Church/State government and to purvey their occult practices throughout Christendom.
		Queen Isabella was evidently reluctant to expel the Jews until the ritual murder of a young child occurred in 1490 at the hands of certain Cabalists.
	www.ovrlnd.com /Cults/thenamegame.html (8371 words)

	500 ANNIVERSARY OF THE FORCED CONVERSION OF THE JEWS OF PORTUGAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The founders of this temple and most of its members today are descendants of those Jews.
		It is to honor the memory of the victims of that event that we gather here tonight.
		Here they were harangued by priests and apostate Jews in an attempt to bring them to the baptismal font.
	home.earthlink.net /~benven/annivers.html (1313 words)

	Sephardic Genealogy and Sephardim, Portugal, Jewish Genealogy
		Inquisition records from Brazil sent to Portugal (Record numbers at Torre do Tombo).
		The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience.
		Liebman, Seymour B. The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World.
	www.orthohelp.com /geneal/portugal_sites.htm (201 words)

	Colloquy on Jews in Portugal, Spain, Morocco
		"Sephardi Jews between Portugal, Spain and Morocco" is the theme of a three-day colloquy to open doors this Tuesday in Lisbon with experts from the three countries attending.
		The encounter will focus on the expulsion of Jews from the Iberian peninsula between 1492 and 1496 and their return to Portugal as of 1819.
		Participants will debate Jews' economic, social and cultural activities in Portugal and their popular cultures.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Daily/Day/991116/1999111651.html (142 words)

	Crypto-Jews Assert Themselves in Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		of Portuguese have Jewish ancestry, but, since the majority of the hidden Jews in that country stem from the 160,000 or so who (they claim) fled from Ferdinand and Isabella's Spain -- and many of those quickly went to Holland or elsewhere -- the figure seems wildly inflated.
		It's a strange story of Jews who didn't get to know they were Jews until adolescence, of secret circumcisions by barbers (though other stories on crypto-Jews claim they eschewed circumcision as it could lead to death), of peculiar rituals only dimly understood.
		A Jewish group called Amishav is making contact with potential crypto-Jews and attempting to bring them back into the Jewish fold openly, possibly seeing this as a partial antidote to falling Jewish birthrates across the globe.
	www.nationalvanguard.org /story.php?id=651 (374 words)

	FactsOfIsrael.com: Portugal, 1497, racist king kicks the Jews out
		[03/17] Czechoslovakia, 1389, 3000 Jews are murdered in Prague
		[11/16] England, 1278, 269 Jews are hanged; England, 1290, 16,000 Jews are expelled
		[11/04] Italy, 1735, Jews forced to choose between fines or public beatings
	www.factsofisrael.com /blog/archives/000445.html (1874 words)

	Jews Marranos Crypto-Jews
		The Jews, New Christians and Crypto-Jews of Portugal
		Mistaken Identity - The Case of New Mexico's Hidden Jews
		500 Anniversary of the forced conversion of the Jews of Portugal
	www.haruth.com /JewsMarranos.html (94 words)

	The Hebrew Roots Movement
		As the Jewish Encyclopedia observes, 'the Cabala, is not really in opposition to the Talmud,' and 'many Talmudic Jews have supported and contributed to it.' Adolphe Franch does not hesitate to describe it as "the heart and life of Judaism." (Webster, p.
		Their writings about manipulating the divine name in the form of permutations of the Hebrew alphabet to achieve mystical and magical goal, decidedly influenced later Jewish mysticism in Spain." (Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol.
		In 1492, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon who occupied the Spanish throne forcibly expelled the Sephardic Jews, who are credited with disseminating Cabalism throughout Europe.
	www.watch-unto-prayer.org /HRM.html (8381 words)

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