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Topic: Jews in the Middle Ages

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	JewishEncyclopedia.com - BANKING:
		The financial activity of the Jews in the Middle Ages is generally called Banking; but this is erroneous, as they did not receive money of others on deposit, which is an essential element of Banking.
		In several cases, however, the capital utilized by these financiers probably belonged in some measure to other Jews; so that their operations were really in the form of banking corporations, though the conditions were so dissimilar from those of modern Banking that it would be misleading to treat them as of the same order.
		In the middle of the eighteenth century the Pintos, Delmontes, Bueno de Mesquita, and Francis Mels of Amsterdam were the leading financiers of northern Europe; while in London, which, owing to the relations of William III.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=210&letter=B (1854 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of the Jews in Poland
		Over 90% of the Jews in Poland were killed by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust, though, with a few tragic exceptions, such as the Jedwabne pogrom, Poles did not cooperate in the destruction of the Jewish community, and many protected their Jewish neighbors.
		Jews enjoyed undisturbed peace and prosperity in the many principalities into which the country was then divided, they formed the middle class in a country where the general population consisted of landlords (developing into szlachta, the unique Polish nobility) and peasants, and they were instrumental in promoting the commercial interests of the land.
		Moreover, the horrors of the war were aggravated by pestilence, and the Jews and townsfolk of the districts of Kalisz, Cracow, Poznan, Piotrkow, and Lublin perished en masse by the sword of the besieging armies and the plague.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-the-Jews-in-Poland (3966 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of the Jews in France
		It manifested itself in 1171 when the Jews of Blois were burned on the charge of having used Christian blood in their Passover, and it allowed Philip Augustus in the year of his accession (1180) to decree the confiscation of all the unmovable goods of his Jewish subjects and their banishment from his domains.
		They oppress the Jews by starvation, imprisonment, and by tortures and sufferings; they afflict them with all kinds of punishments, and sometimes even condemn them to death, so the Jews, although living under Christian princes, are in a worse plight than were their ancestors in the land of the Pharaohs.
		The Jews of Italy fared better during the same period, owing to the fact that the flourishing republics of Venice, Florence, Genoa, and Pisa appreciated and needed them as capitalists and diplomatists; and it is worthy of notice that the Italian Jews were very prompt in availing themselves of the newly invented art of typography.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-the-Jews-in-France (3089 words)

	Catholic Culture : Library : Church And The Jews In The Middle Ages, The
		The Jews are enemies of God only with regard to the Good News, and enemies only for your sake; but as the chosen people, they are still loved by God, loved for the sake of their ancestors.
		The medieval papacy's unfailing defense of the Jews was not lost on the Jews themselves, who frequently came to the throne of St. Peter for justice and support against their enemies.
		Jews were commonly believed to use Christian blood in their rituals, to desecrate the host, and to engage in ritual murder.
	www.catholicculture.org /library/view.cfm?recnum=4705 (3805 words)

	History of the Jews in Norway
		The ban on Jews entering Norway was now total, with no lawful opportunities for exemption based for example on a letter of safe conduct or on special conditions granted to those who had previously come under the category of Sephardic Jews.
		In 1890, 214 Jews were resident in Norway, while the census held at the turn of the century, recorded 642 Jewish residents in a population totalling just over 2 million.
		The fate of the Jews in Norway was sealed in 1942.
	www.amscan.org /benkow.html (1851 words)

	info: Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The trials which the Jews endured from time to time in the different kingdoms of the Christian West were only indications of the catastrophe which broke over them at the time of the Crusades.
		Throughout the Middle Ages, Jews were frequently accused of ritual murder and of using human blood (allegedly, the blood of Christian children was especially coveted) in Jewish services.
		The Jews, who were driven out of England in 1290, out of France in 1394, and out of numerous districts of Germany, Italy, and the Balkan peninsula between 1350 and 1450, were scattered in all directions, and fled preferably to the new Slavic kingdoms, where for the time being other confessions were still tolerated.
	www.napoli-pizza.net /Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages.html (2499 words)

	Anti-semitism and anti-judaism in the Roman Catholic Church
		This includes Jews who lived throughout the Roman Empire in the first century CE who never heard of Jesus, and Jews who were born as much as 19 centuries after Jesus' death.
		During this period, there were dozens of other instances of persecution of Jews by the church, including exiling Jews from cities, dioceses and entire countries; destruction of synagogues; denial of the right to own land or to hold office; and their reduction to serfdom and slavery.
		Jews could escape oppression by giving up their religion, converting to Christianity, and being baptized.
	www.religioustolerance.org /vat_hol11.htm (1359 words)

	ORB: Jewish Bibliography
		The Friars and the Jews: The Evolution of Medieval Anti-Judaism.
		The Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Age of Renaissance and Reformation.
		The Popes and the Jews in the Middle Ages.
	www.the-orb.net /bibliographies/xnjewbib.html (617 words)

	The Church and the Jews in the Middle Ages
		The Jews are enemies of God only with regard to the Good News, and enemies only for your sake; but as the chosen people, they are still loved by God, loved for the sake of their ancestors.
		The medieval papacy’s unfailing defense of the Jews was not lost on the Jews themselves, who frequently came to the throne of St. Peter for justice and support against their enemies.
		Jews were commonly believed to use Christian blood in their rituals, to desecrate the host, and to engage in ritual murder.
	www.crisismagazine.com /january2003/feature4.htm (3736 words)

	The Jews in Normandy in the middle ages
		Little was known of the history of the Jewish communities in Normandy in the Middle Ages until the reinterpretation by Norman Golb of the name of a town in France, RDWS, which was transcribed as Rodez and which proved to be Rouen.
		He was then able to assemble a number of Hebrew texts from the middle ages referring to Rouen and to conclude that this town was an important centre of Jewish culture for many centuries.
		Under the Plantagenets, the status of Jews in Normandy and in England was on many occasions defined in favourable terms by Henry II, and subsequently by King John.
	www.mondes-normands.caen.fr /angleterre/cultures/GB_FR/culture4_2.htm (461 words)

	The badge, hat and clothing laws for Jews in the Middle Ages
		In 1360 an ordinance of the city of Rome required all male Jews, with the exception of physicians, to wear a coarse red cape, and all women to wear a red apron, and inspectors were appointed to enforce the regulation.
		Jews on a visit to Nuremberg were required to wear a type of long, wide hood falling over the back, by which they would be distinguished from the local Jews.
		The obligation to wear the yellow badge was imposed upon all the Jews in Germany in 1530 and in Austria in 1551.
	www.geschichteinchronologie.ch /MA/judentum-EncJud_judenfleck-u-judenhut-im-MA-ENGL.html (3207 words)

	The Arcane Archive - Magic in the Middle Ages - Jewish vs. Christian Perspectives
		Jews and Christians: the Interaction of Perceptions of Magic The interaction of Jews and Christians in medieval Europe cannot be reduced to the extreme manifestations of either harmony or disorder, love or hate.
		As far a certain Christians were concerned Jews were the children of the Devil, making secret pacts with him and performing obscene rites, they stink of the pit, have their eyes fixed on the earth, sport the goat's beard, the men have horns, the women tails, and they sacrifice innocent life to prolong their own.
		Jews, Turks and heretics, in addition to the heathen, were believed in all Christian lands to be the allies of the infernal powers.
	www.arcane-archive.org /occultism/magic/magic-in-the-middle-ages-jewish-vs-christian-perspectives-1.php (7189 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - CATALOGUES OF HEBREW BOOKS:
		These were of frequent use among the Jews in the Middle Ages.
		Unfortunately, such catalogues, so important to bibliography, are very scarce; and this scarcity has caused a distinct gap in the history of Hebrew literature in the Middle Ages.
		It is only within the last two and a half centuries that public as well as private libraries have adopted the practise of publishing catalogues.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=269&letter=C (796 words)

	Jew - Cunnan
		The Jews were expelled from England in 1209, France in 1306 and again in 1394, subject to the inquisition in Spain from 1391, expelled from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal in 1496.
		Modern historians rate the expulsion of the Jews from Spain as the single act that was most greatly to blame for the economic decline and later collapse of Spain.
		The Jews tended not to be lawyers, and were rarely of the noble or other arms-bearing classes, except amongst the Khazars where even the King was Jewish.
	cunnan.sca.org.au /index.php?title=Jew&redirect=no (867 words)

	ORB --Judaism
		History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period, tr.
		Jews, Visigoths & Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation & Conflict.
		The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages.
	the-orb.net /encyclop/religion/judaism/contjews.html (485 words)

	The new Muslim anti-Semitism \| Jerusalem Post
		Moreover, Jews were one of two and in some place three non-Muslim minority religions, which also diffused the natural hostility towards the "other." The contrast with the Christian West is revealing.
		Partly because of shared religious beliefs, Islamic polemics against Judaism and the Jews in the Middle Ages were minimal and banal compared to the large body of anti-Jewish polemics in the Christian world in the 13th century.
		Jews were, however, rarely forced to convert to Islam (the Koran forbids compulsion in religion) and, with two major exceptions proving the rule, they were not expelled from Muslim lands.
	www.jpost.com /servlet/Satellite?cid=1198517277167&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer (1134 words)

	My Jewish Learning: Jewish Clothing
		1005, the fanatical caliph al‑Hakim ordered Jews and Christians to wear fl robes, and in the public baths Christians had to wear iron crosses around their necks, and Jews bells (in the street they were required to wear a wooden image of a calf, in "memory” of the biblical golden calf).
		While many of the manuscript illuminations portray either biblical characters, albeit in contemporary costume, or Jews celebrating a holiday or in the synagogue, some few show more mundane examples of working Jews, men and women, or on horseback, and in such scenes may be seen the more typical daily clothing worn for working purposes.
		Also in late medieval Italy, particularly in the north, Jews were lavish in their costume, with fur‑trimmed garments and cloaks, luxurious cloth, and often with hose of contrasting colors for the men.
	www.myjewishlearning.com /history_community/Medieval/MedievalSocialTO/Clothing.htm (918 words)

	Point of no return: Jews and Muslims 'got on better in the Middle Ages'
		Writing in The Jerusalem Post, Mark Cohen's appeal to Jews to recall that relations between Jews and Arabs were friendly, even decent, especially in the Middle Ages, has attracted a torrent of comments accusing him of revisionism.
		They did so by acknowledging, at least by their behavior in public, the superiority of Islam, by adhering to the prescribed restrictions of Islamic law, by paying an annual head tax called jizya, and by refraining from serving in government offices, where they might be in a position of superiority over Muslims.
		Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa
	jewishrefugees.blogspot.com /2008/01/were-medieval-arab-jewish-relations.html (1835 words)

	ArabStudiesJournal.org
		The first, characterized as "neo-lachrymose" by historian Mark Cohen in his 1994 work Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages, depicts the history of Jews in the Middle East from the rise of Islam until the twentieth century as a period of continuous persecution.
		Isaac Hollander's Jews and Muslims in Lower Yemen: A Study in Protection and Restraint, 1918-1949 is one recent study that avoids this pitfall.
		In practice, this meant that the `uzla shaykh was responsible for the protection of the Jews in his territory, in much the same way as he was responsible for the Muslims.
	www12.georgetown.edu /sfs/ccas/asj/book_reviews.cfm?reviewid=67 (1365 words)

	The Jews in France In the Middle Ages
		The Jews in France In the Middle Ages
		Dating from before the Jews' expulsion from France, they illustrate the painful contrast between the cultural wealth of medieval Judaism in Northern France and Provence, and its violent extinction following Philippe le Bel's edict expelling the Jews from France in 1306 and then Charles VI's edict banishing them completely in 1394.
		The Jews in Italy from the Renaissance to the 18th century
	www.mahj.org /gb/01_visitez/3_parcours/02_juifs_en_france.htm (182 words)

	Why praise Jews: satire and history in the middle ages
		Lucan, who was often considered an historian and not a poet in the middle ages, had composed an encomium of Nero, that many medieval commentators understood to be ironic (Marti 1956), although not every medieval reader was convinced that Lucan intended the praise as blame.
		The anonymous Jew goes on to give mock-fatherly advice to the boy, denouncing London (in words borrowed from Horace Satire 1.2), as well as a number of other English cities, reserving all his praise, such as it is, for Winchester.
		Since no Jews had settled in Arras, as Berger shows with meticulous documentation, the poet is not likely to have been singing their praise out of personal experience, or in expectation of a reward.
	www.bu.edu /english/levine/dev.htm (2393 words)

	Electronic Resources
		Aspects of Jewish culture in the Middle Ages : papers of the eighth annual conference of the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton, 3-5 May, 1974
		Friars and Jews in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
		A short demurrer to the Jewes long discontinued remitter intoEngland : Comprising an exact chronological relation of their first admission into, their ill deportment, misdemeanors, condition, sufferings, oppressions, slaughters,plunders, by popular insurrections, and regal exactions in; and their to...
	sunzi1.lib.hku.hk /ER/search.jsp?the_key=Antisemitism&the_field=sb&the_lang=a (543 words)

	The Jews for Jesus Blog
		Jews who declare that they believe in Jesus are routinely “expelled” from among the Jewish people.
		A Jew can no more be expelled from the Jewish people than someone can be expelled from the human race because they believe the Creator is a frog from Neptune…or because they believe in Intelligent Design.
		Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), p.
	jewsforjesus.blogspot.com (2023 words)

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