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Topic: Jews in the United Kingdom

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	History of the Jews in England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Under this charter, Jews were permitted to move about the country without paying tolls, to buy and sell goods and property, to sell their pledges after holding them a year and a day, to be tried by their peers, and to be sworn on the Torah rather than on a Christian Bible.
		The Jews of York were alarmed by the preceding massacres and by the setting on fire of several of their houses by the anti-Jewish rioting in the wake of religious fervor during crusaders' preparations for the Third Crusade aganist the Saracens, led by Richard.
		Jews were allowed to have their own jurisdiction, and there is evidence of their having a bet din with three judges.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom (4348 words)

	Jew - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The waves of immigration to the United States at the turn of the 19th century, massacre of European Jewry during the Holocaust, and the foundation of the state of Israel (and subsequent Jewish exodus from Arab lands) all resulted in substantial shifts in the population centers of world Jewry during the 20th century.
		The Kingdom of Judah continued as an independent state until it was conquered by a Babylonian army in the early 6th century BC, destroying the First Temple that was at the centre of Jewish worship.
		Jews were subject to explusions from England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire throughout the Middle Ages, with most of the population moving to Eastern Europe and especially Poland, which was uniquely tolerant of the Jews through the 1700s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jew (4813 words)

	Learn more about Timeline of Jewish history in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Jews at this time in Israel were living under the oppressive rule of the Byzantines.
		Jews in southern Europe and Asia Minor lived under the often intolerant rule of Christian Kings and clerics.
		In France, Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, is falsely accused of treason.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /t/ti/timeline_of_jewish_history.html (3722 words)

	The Peace Encyclopedia: Jews, Jewish, The Jewish People
		Jew: this is a term derived from a geo-political designation; Jews are identified with the country of Judea and its nation; this indicates ethnic and national identity rather than just belief or practice.
		A sample of Jews subdivided according to the birth-place of their parents or grand-parents have been examined for a large number of genetic markers in the course of a long-term project on the genetics of Jews.
		The Jew saw them all beat them all, and is now what he always was, exhibiting no decadence, no infirmities of age, no weakening of parts, no slowing of his energies, no dulling of his alert and aggressive mind.
	www.yahoodi.com /peace/jews.html (4418 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He asserted that He was the Messias of Jews, the expected of the nations, Whose mission it was to undo the effects of the Fall and to reconcile man with God; and He claimed to be Himself God, equal to, and one with, the Father.
		To the Jews they dwelt upon the marvellous fulfilment of the prophesies in Christ, showing that, in spite of the manner of His life and death, He was actually the Messias, and that their redemption from sin had really been accomplished by His sacrifice on the Cross.
		The Jews rejected Christ in spite of the evidence of prophecy and miracle; the world rejects the Church of Christ, the "city set upon a hill", conspicuous though she be through the notes that proclaim her Divine.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03712a.htm (8642 words)

	Zionist, Jews Who Are Not - The Khazar's Kingdom, Gog and Magog, Jewish Khazars
		Yet upon closer scrutiny this kingdom, known as Khazaria, or the Kingdom of the Khazars, is clearly revealed in a vast body of historical evidence, much of which has come to light only in the last three to five decades.
		According to Benjamin H. Freedman, himself a Jew and an apparent long-time associate and confidant of presidents and statesmen, in an address presented in 1961 at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., the Khazars were so belligerent and hostile that they were eventually run out of Asia and scattered amongst the nations of Eastern Europe.
		The swan song of the Khazar kingdom was not a precipitous decline in a climactic or decisive series of battles, but rather a gradual, evolutionary succumbing to superior forces over a protracted period of time.
	www.holywars.us /war/khazars.html (7128 words)

	Past Chief Rabbi's (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Jews were beginning to integrate into English society, taking their place (among other areas) in municipal academic and legal spheres.
		During his Chief Rabbinate, the emancipation of Jews within the United Kingdom was completed.
		Baron Lionel de Rothschild took his seat as an MP in 1858, his son was raised to the peerage as the First Lord Rothschild in 1885, while Sir David Salomons became the first Jewish Lord Mayor of London in 1855.
	www.chiefrabbi.org /history/adler.html (338 words)

	THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY
		As Archbishop of Canterbury, Donald was ex officio a co-President of the Council of Christians and Jews in the United Kingdom.
		Jews and Christians, each in their own way, recognise the unredeemed state of the world as reflected in the persistence of persecution, poverty, and human degradation and misery.
		Jews might object to this ‘Christianising’ of Auschwitz but we Christians can only approach it from a perspective of God where weakness, sacrifice and abandonment are part of the way we see theological truth.
	www.archbishopofcanterbury.org /carey/speeches/010424.htm (5191 words)

	main5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In many ways Jews in the United Kingdom are demographic pioneers for the rest of society, in terms of higher proportions of older people, higher (on average) socio-economic status and lower birth rates.
		Many Jews see themselves as more an ethnic than a religious group and, as such, may not have given 'Jewish' as their answer to a question on religion (there is no category of 'Jewish' in the question on ethnicity).
		Since the 1950s numbers of Jews in the United Kingdom have shown a steady decline, with the population at the turn of the twenty-first century more than 25 per cent lower than that of fifty years ago.
	www.jpr.org.uk /Reports/PJC_Reports/no_1_2002/main5.htm (5117 words)

	The Zionist Century - Concepts - Israel Diaspora Relations
		Some 70,000 Jews from the United States, 30,000 Jews from France and 25,000 Jews from the United Kingdom have made Aliyah since 1948.
		A community such as that of the United Kingdom, which has certainly been deeply touched by the existence of Israel, has nevertheless continued to exist on its own terms with its own central institutions which are not specifically Zionist.
		Sizeable additions have been made to the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Germany among the communities that we have explored.
	www.jafi.org.il /education/100/CONCEPTS/d2-8.html (782 words)

	World Jewish Congress Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		During this period, the emigration of young Jews to the United Kingdom, Israel, and the United States has halved the community's population and diminished its activism.
		Jews played a role in the struggle for Irish independence, and the constitution of the Irish Republic, adopted in 1937, recognizes Jews as a minority and accords special status to the Irish chief rabbi.
		Briscoe was later elected lord mayor of Dublin-the first Jew to attain that honor.
	www.worldjewishcongress.org /communities/world/weurope/ireland.cfm (360 words)

	MUST JEWS BECOME CHRISTIANS? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Jews were on the outside and needed to come in by accepting Jesus.
		He acknowledges that the history of Christian contempt for Jews was a mistake because Jews were made to feel excluded from the Gospel.
		Jews are born into a covenantal relationship, Christians enter a relationship by means of a decision.
	www.j-cinstitute.org /Articles/Blewett_Must_Jews_become_Christians.htm (2181 words)

	World Jewish Congress Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Small numbers of Jews from the United Kingdom, the United States, and central and eastern Europe made their homes in Japan (especially in Yokohama and Nagasaki).
		After World War I, several thousand Jews were living in Japan, with the largest community in Kobe.
		In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an influx of gaijin (foreign workers), which consequently increased the number of Jews living in Japan.
	www.worldjewishcongress.org /communities/world/asia-oceania/japan.cfm (404 words)

	Jewish Studies in United Kingdom survey for BAJS and Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester
		It was conducted on behalf of the British Association for Jewish Studies and the Centre for Jewish Studies at the University of Manchester by Daniel Langton.
		The rise of Hasidism in the Ukraine in the middle of the 18th century and its rapid spread in the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe, against the background of the decline of the Polish kingdom, the collapse of centralised Jewish self-government in the region and the aftermath of the Sabbataean heresy.
		The Medieval Jewish community in England from 1066 to 1290, the readmission of the Jews to England in the 17th century, Sephardi and Ashkenazi immigration, colonial settlements, emancipation, the influx of Jewish immigrants from Russia in the 1880s, to the present.
	www.mucjs.org /jsstats04.htm (7853 words)

	Jews Don’t Need Jesus? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Citing teachings dating back to the Second Vatican Council, and statements by Pope John Paul II throughout his papacy, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops declared unequivocally that the biblical covenant between Jews and God is valid and therefore Jews do not need to be saved through faith in Jesus.
		One of its goals is to state that “campaigns that target Jews for conversion to Christianity are no longer theologically acceptable in the Catholic Church.” Although this is somewhat ambiguous, the delegates are apparently referring to coercive or aggressive forms of proselytism that do not respect the religious freedom of the individual.
		While this proclamation was accepted by some Jews, notably His mother and the Apostles, Jesus was rejected by the religious authorities and many of the Jewish people.
	www.catholicexchange.com /vm/index.asp?vm_id=2&art_id=15428 (2687 words)

	Adherents.com
		In 1995 there was a count of 139 ashrams/or teaching centers in the United States, 11 in Canada, and 86 additional centers in 26 other countries.
		six of the new churches are African: the United Church of Christ in Zimbabwe, the Harrist Church in Ivory Coast...
		"The ultra-orthodox Haredim Jews are a sect of the 3.5 million Jews in Israel.
	www.adherents.com /Na/Na_302.html (4027 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: A History of the Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		His sole reason for declaring the Jews superior to all other cultures is that their beliefs were based on the One True God rather than a "childish" pantheon.
		From the standpoint of ethical monotheism, which he rightly so attributes to the Jews, he offers a thrilling travelogue across 4,000 years of human history, being honest enough to Christianity and Islam as Jewish sects which finally found a life of their own.
		For all that "A history of the Jews" is precisely that and answers many questions both for the Jew and Gentile.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0060915331 (876 words)

	B'nai B'rith UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		With its head office in Washington, DC, members in 58 countries, an office at the EU in Brussels, and Non-Governmental status at the United Nations, it is the largest and most active Jewish association in the world.
		B’nai B’rith United Kingdom is a Major National Structure within B’nai B’rith Europe which itself consists of 27 countries covering both Eastern, Western and Central Europe.
		Their dream was for a society which would bring together Jews from different backgrounds, who would meet and learn understanding, tolerance and respect for each other.
	www.bbuk.org /bb_bbuk.htm (419 words)

	European Association for Jewish Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Her EAJC project, Re-generations, is a photograph, video and sound exhibit exploring the perceptions of the Holocaust in society and its personal meaning for young Jews.
		Born in 1962, she is a graduate of The City of Guilds of London Art School and the University of Arts, Crafts and Design in Sweden.
		Currently she is co-ordinating an exhibition on the history of the Jews of Sweden for the Jewish Museum in Stockholm and is a recipient of a grant from the Swedish government's Arts Grants Committee.
	www.jewishcultureineurope.org /bio.htm (3326 words)

	holocaust.klup.info, History of the Holocaust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fate of Jews during WWII: either deported to death camps or murdered by mobile killing squads, after being interned in ghettos.
		Fate of Jews during WWII: some were sent to slave labor camps, and others to Belzec death camp.
		When the Dutch bishops issued a pastoral letter protesting the deportation of the Jews and the expulsion of Jewish children from the Catholic school system, the Nazis arrested all Catholics of Jewish extraction in Holland.
	holocaust.klup.info (1476 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The most thorough and detailed study of this question to date, Louise London's Whitehall and the Jews is remarkably balanced and authoritative.
		Whitehall and the Jews is the fullest study yet of the British response to European Jewry under the Nazis, and the first detailed account of British immigration policy toward refugee Jews.
		Nonetheless, aided by the sympathy of certain officials and ministers, many Jews obtained refuge, albeit subject to severe restrictions.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0521631874 (368 words)

	European Jews
		Fifty-seven years after the murder camps of World War II were brought to an end by the defeat of Nazi Germany, the lives of the 2.5 million Jews now still living in Europe are in doubt again.
		Today there are 600,000 Jews in France because many Jews moved to France from North Africa after the French abandoned their erstwhile colonies there and these colonies became independent Arab countries.
		Yet, the European Parliament, as always concerned with the annihilation of Jews, is seeking to use economic “sanctions” against Israel.
	www.jbuff.com /c042502.htm (1146 words)

	Am Yisrael - The Jewish Communities of the United Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first Scottish Jewish community is thought to have been formed in Edinburgh in the late 18th century, but today's community is descended from a congregation founded in 1816 in the same city.
		Waves of immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe, who came to settle across the United Kingdom during the 19th century, brought thousands of Jews to Scotland, most of whom chose to make their homes in industrial Glasgow.
		Glasgow's contemporary community has moved from the industrial parts of the city into the suburbs, where many of the city's seven synagogues are located.
	www.shemayisrael.co.il /britishnet/scotland.htm (138 words)

	International Religious Freedom Report 2002: United Kingdom
		There were no reports of forced religious conversion, including of minor U.S. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States, or of the refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States.
		According to the Board of Deputies of British Jews, there were 310 reported anti-Semitic incidents during 2001, compared with 405 in 2000 (adjusted figure).
		The Council of Christians and Jews works to advance better relations between the two religions and to combat anti-Semitism.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/irf/2002/13989.htm (2891 words)

	Synagogues of the World - United Kingdom
		From the beginning of the reign of Queen Victoria many Jews began to migrate to the West End district, Westminster and Hyde Park.
		In 1848 the authorities of the Great Synagogue, the long-standing centre of Synagogue life in London, felt that with the establishment of the Reform Synagogue a few years earlier some of their members would become attached, notwithstanding their own inclination, to the solitary place of worship within easy reach of their own homes.
		The Synagogue's treasures include some twenty Sifrei Torah, as well as superb examples of embroidery and silver, some dating back to the early eighteenth century; some of the Torah bells and breastplates which are not in regular use are on loan for display at the Jewish Museum.
	www.us-israel.org /jsource/Judaism/synuk.html (983 words)

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