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	Jiang Hu: Chinese Martial Underworld
		Jiang Hu members recognized each other via a complex system of secret signs and signals - a newcomer visiting an inn, for example, could arrange chopsticks and teacup in a certain pattern on his tabletop if he wished to contact the local affiliates.
		Stories of the Jiang Hu emphasize the complex web of obligations and feuds that proliferated in the shadow world and were refered to as "the love/hate relationships of the martial world".
		Although the Jiang Hu society operated outside of the law and not only tolerated but also plotted with and protected lawbreakers, a segment of the membership took it upon themselves to offer protection from evildoers, perhaps operating on the maxim that "it takes one to know one".
	www.kungfucinema.com /articles/2003-05-28-02.htm (736 words)

	China's Hu takes over military, full power \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Jiang's resignation, which came as a surprise to many party officials who expected the tenacious elder leader to cling to power for several more years, came after tensions between Jiang and Hu began to affect policy-making in the one-party state, some officials and political analysts said.
		Jiang and Hu appeared side by side, smiling, shaking hands and praising each other profusely in front of applauding members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, which formally accepted Jiang's resignation and Hu's promotion at the conclusion of its annual session.
		Hu and Jiang did not publicly spar, but there were signs that their relationship had become strained.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20040920/news_1n20china.html (1278 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Jiang Zemin
		Jiang was a member of the Communist student underground after participation in the nationwide university movement in 1947, achieving party membership in 1946.
		Jiang, fluent in Romanian and Russian, and capable of engaging foreign dignitaries with his grounding in Japanese, French, and English language and literature, served as Ambassador to Romania and Mayor of Shanghai.
		Jiang remained chairman of the Central Military Commission, and six out of the nine new members of Standing Committee, Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Zeng Qinghong, Huang Ju, Wu Guanzheng, and Li Changchun are linked to Jiang's so-called "Shanghai Clique." The 22-member Politburo is elected by the Party's central committee.
	www.upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=jiang_zemin (1068 words)

	Association for Asia Research- Hu maneuvering to prevent Jiang's comeback
		Hu knows that Jiang is unhappy, and will therefore handle things concerning him with the utmost care, including policy, human resources and so on, in order to prevent Jiang's faction from seeking to reinstate Jiang.
		Jiang used the statement "war in the Taiwan Strait is unavoidable" to create cross-strait tension and then exploited that tension as an excuse not to give up his hold on military power.
		If Hu, in addition to the army, also avoids going against the interests of members of the group around Jiang, I think they are unlikely to react very strongly, because everyone wants to protect the dilapidated CCP and no one wants to rock the boat.
	www.asianresearch.org /articles/2358.html (950 words)

	IHT: Jiang said to offer to quit army post
		Jiang’s offer to relinquish authority as chairman of the Central Military Commission potentially gives Hu Jintao, who became Communist Party chief and president in 2002 and is now vice chairman of the military commission, a chance to become China’s undisputed top leader, commanding the state, the army and the ruling party.
		Hu and Jiang have not openly sparred over military or foreign policy, but their struggle for influence is widely believed to have tipped China toward a harder line on several sensitive issues, including managing relations with Taiwan and political change in Hong Kong.
		Jiang was also suffering from throat cancer, though he appeared robust in a flurry of recent appearances on state television and in newly released newspaper photographs.
	www.taiwandc.org /iht-2004-08.htm (1310 words)

	Hu Jintao Summary
		Hu Jintao was born in Jiangyan, Jiangsu, in 1942.
		Hu was responsible for a political crackdown in early 1989 that lead to the deaths of several Tibetan activists.
		Hu and Wen Jiabao have also attempted to move China away from a policy of favouring economic growth at all costs and toward a more balanced view of growth that includes factors in social inequality and environmental damage, including the use of the green gross domestic product in personnel decisions.
	www.bookrags.com /Hu_Jintao (2693 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Hu Maneuvers to Prevent Jiang's Comeback
		Jiang Zemin was forced in September to step down from his post as chairman of China's Central Military Commission (CMC), and this ugly defeat is evidence that he has lost the support of his close allies.
		Jiang has used the statement “war in the Taiwan Strait is unavoidable” to create cross-strait tension and then exploited that tension as an excuse not to give up his hold on military power.
		Jiang’s unhappiness was demonstrated by the behavior of the PLA Daily, the People's Liberation Army’s (PLA) official newspaper under the direct control of the PLA's General Political Department.
	en.epochtimes.com /news/4-11-16/24415.html (1019 words)

	Red Hands, Black Hands - a short story by Chris Roberson
		Song had made guarded inquiries about Jiang during the week past, amongst those in her circle she knew had met with him, and learned that he had come to the city to raise funds from among those in the moneyed classes sympathetic to the miners' cause.
		Jiang read Song's handwritten manuscript pages for the article, the characters drawn in a swift and sure hand, while she looked on, serenely smoking from a long-handled engraved-silver pipe that had belonged to her father, and her grandfather before him.
		The Emperor finds him," she pointed a gold-nailed finger at the still form of Jiang Hu, "a threat to the stability of the planet, and the empire in general, and I couldn't help but agree, and so when I was ordered to eliminate him, I felt no hesitation.
	www.infinityplus.co.uk /stories/redhandsblackhands.htm (5977 words)

	CNN.com - Hu's new deal - Dec. 3, 2002
		What the Hu leadership is promising is that in two decades' time or so, almost half of Chinese will have entered the ranks of citizens with zhongchan or medium-level income, the equivalent of the middle class in industrialized societies.
		In fact, Hu and his Politburo colleagues are convinced the CCP might be able to indefinitely prolong its mandate of heaven if it could successfully nurture a relatively prosperous, pro-status quo middle class.
		It is well-known that Jiang's "the party is supreme" principle has resulted in special privileges for the CCP elite and their children, who have access to fat business deals -- and who seem more equal than others before the law.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/12/03/willy.column (1196 words)

	China's Jiang creeps back from political oblivion - Boston.com
		Jiang presided over a period of extraordinary reform-driven economic growth without many of the signs of social and environmental strains that have since come to light.
		Hu has stood on the side of reform in a recent debate about the scope and pace of further moves to unshackle the economy, but he has apparently sought to keep reform in check with calls to build a "harmonious society."
		Jiang, who held the top job in the party for 13 years, handed Hu the presidency in 2003 and the reins of the military in 2004, completing a historic peaceful leadership transition.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2006/07/19/chinas_jiang_creeps_back_from_political_oblivion (754 words)

	Pan Hu on China on National Review Online
		With President Hu Jintao finally assuming command of the Chinese military — a role that had been retained by his predecessor, Jiang Zemin, since the latter's semi-retirement in 2002-03 — the transfer of power to the so-called "fourth generation" of Communist leaders appears to have been completed.
		Thus, Hu's most politically promising approach is to rule moderately and shun policies that represent reversals from the Jiang era, thereby solidifying his authority at a measured pace.
		Should Hu decisively consolidate his position at the congress — a move that would be signaled by shuffling out some of Jiang's former underlings — he will finally have the means to pursue his own agenda with little restraint, whatever that agenda may be.
	www.nationalreview.com /voices/pan_hu200410040853.asp (1034 words)

	Hu: Jiang sets a splendid example
		"Jiang's decision to resign his post as chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission was made after meticulous consideration," said Hu, also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, who succeeded Jiang as China's top military chief at the end of the Fourth Plenum of the 16th CPC Central Committee on Sunday.
		Hu went on to say that Jiang has made "outstanding contributions" to the military and the country during the past 15 years when he served as CMC chairman and during the 13 years prior to the 16th CPC National Congress when serving as general secretary of the CPC Central Committee.
		Hu stressed that the most important issue for the building and development of the Chinese army is to adhere to the Party's absolute leadership over the armed forces.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-09/21/content_376175.htm (733 words)

	Asia Times Online - News from greater China; Hong Kong and Taiwan
		Jiang, the former paramount leader, may well turn over his command of the Chinese military in the upcoming plenary session, just as he yielded his Communist Party chairmanship to Hu Jintao in late 2002 and the state presidency in March 2003.
		Hu's elevation to the No 2 position in the CMC was more than a procedural and symbolic promotion, given his deep involvement in the de-commercialization of the PLA in the late 1990s.
		Hu and his new premier and ally Wen Jiabao quickly established themselves as a kinder and gentler fourth generation of leaders tilting toward the less fortunate groups in China.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/China/FI16Ad06.html (1980 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Jiang Puts Hard Line To the Test In China
		Jiang and his successor, President Hu Jintao, have not clashed over the policies, the sources said, and Hu also favors a firm stand against Taiwan's push for independence and Hong Kong's demands for democratic reform.
		For example, Hu and his partner, Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, want to devote resources to the country's interior and its rusting industrial northeast, while Jiang and his allies are trying to preserve economic benefits for their power base in the Shanghai region, the sources said.
		Jiang further asserted his authority over Hong Kong and Taiwan policy during a tour of southern Guangdong province in January and February that party officials said recalled a similar swing through the region in 1992 by China's last paramount leader, Deng Xiaoping, who was fighting a challenge by party conservatives at the time.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A3238-2004May30?language=printer (1476 words)

	Jiang Hu
		"Jiang Hu" is a Cantonese term that loosely translates to "underground/hidden world" and falls into the Chinese names of many Hong Kong crime or swordsplay movies.
		Jiang Hu's main problem is that it doesn't know how to deliver the story.
		Jiang Hu tries to be all of these and never delivers.
	www.hkfilm.net /movrevs2/jianghu.htm (556 words)

	The Giang Hu :: The site dedicated to the ressurection of the warrior world...
		"Jiang Hu" (or "Giang Hu") literally means "rivers and lakes", and refers to the itinerant status of many Jiang Hu members.
		Stories of the Jiang Hu emphasize the complex web of obligations and feuds that proliferated in the shadow world and were refered to as "the love/hate relationships of the martial world".
		According to an essay on the world of the Jiang Hu written by Ng Ho and translated in A Study of the Hong Kong Swordplay Film (1945-1980), there were three classes of members.
	www.freewebs.com /gianghusociety/justwhatwasgianghu.htm (699 words)

	Jiang Hu (2004)
		Like those films, Jiang Hu is loaded to the gills with established megastars and rising faces, and is a new take on HK Cinema's celebrated triad genre.
		Jiang Hu clocks in at less than ninety minutes, and this is already with tons of slow-motion and austere long takes in single locations.
		As it is, Jiang Hu lacks that intangible quality that turns screenplays from collections of words and described visuals into something that simply leaps from the page, onto the bigscreen, then back down to the audience.
	www.lovehkfilm.com /reviews/jiang_hu_2004.htm (1292 words)

	Asia Times Online - News from greater China; Hong Kong and Taiwan
		While Jiang is pompous and conceited, Hu has been modest, self-effacing, even awkward at times, and appears to be wise enough to know that he is not the sun.
		Even Jiang's resignation makes a pointed reference to Hu's position: while Jiang was the "core" of the third-generation leadership, the party congress only called on the CCP to "close ranks around the new leadership with Hu as the general secretary".
		Hu advocates thrift in government projects; he avoids spending the summer at the Beidaihe beach resort; he brings his own men into the Central Military Commission to strengthen his control over in the military.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/China/FI21Ad01.html (1438 words)

	: : subway cinema : : jiang hu - the triad zone (2000) : :
		Shredding genre conventions like wrapping paper, JIANG HU blasts off from the planet of the gangster movie, leaving behind the field of clichés that trap most crime flicks in their deadly serious, gravitational pull, and rockets out into a dazzling cosmos of possibilities.
		In Chinese, jiang hu is the world of the criminal, a society with its own complicated rules and codes of behavior that lives by night and doesn't answer to the squares who hold down 9 to 5 jobs.
		Pitch dark comedy that never talks down to its characters, JIANG HU is about the loyalty that binds friends to one another, and that holds a marriage together even as your joints grow stiff and old.
	www.subwaycinema.com /frames/archives/nyaff02/jianghu.htm (544 words)

	SinoTalk
		Although Hu Jintao, hand-picked by Deng Xiaoping, will take over Jiang's current position as President, it is widely acknowledged that for the next few years, Hu will stay low and tow the line with respect to present and past party dictates-particularly when it comes to policies enacted under Jiang's rule.
		To further his prestige and position within the military, Jiang has approved of generous military expenditures-double digit growth in military expenditures for every year of his 13 year tenure, and is a major proponent in modernizing the military.
		Jiang Zemin Thought, though perhaps self serving, nonetheless shows an attempt by some sectors of the government to implement new policies reflective of social changes.
	www.ocf.berkeley.edu /~sinotalk/jiang_1.html (1058 words)

	Jiang, Hu head for showdown
		But signals from Beijing indicate that despite speculation about Jiang's imminent resignation, the former President is unwilling to do so without ensuring a plum posting for himself as well his followers in the new dispensation.
		Jiang stepped down as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 2002 and President in 2003.
		The late Deng Xiaoping had relinquished command of the army to Jiang in 1989, two years after resigning from the ruling politburo.
	inhome.rediff.com /news/2004/sep/13hu.htm (290 words)

	Jiang: Hu's takeover natural and convincing
		Jiang Zemin, who just handed over his post as military chief of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to Hu Jintao Sunday, expressed his strong support to Hu 's succession in Beijing Monday, urging all to "resolutely support" Hu's work.
		Jiang Zemin, former chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China, delivers an important speech at an enlarged meeting of the CPC Central Military Commission (CMC) held in Beijing Sept. 20, 2004.
		Hu Jintao, chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China, delivers an important speech at an enlarged meeting of the CPC Central Military Commission (CMC) held in Beijing Sept. 20, 2004.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-09/21/content_376315.htm (748 words)

	CNN.com - Jiang secures loyalty of military - June 3, 2002
		Meanwhile, Jiang is slowly grooming his heir apparent, Hu Jintao, also CMC vice-chairman, to take over the helm at the PLA.
		Like Jiang, Hu was wearing a Mao tunic for the occasion, which got a lot of publicity among the rank and file.
		Analysts say while Hu is in line to become CMC chairman when Jiang vacates the post in a few years' time, it will take a long time before the younger leader can secure the same level of loyalty from the generals.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/02/china.pla/index.html (385 words)

	Jack Tilton Gallery_Past Exhibitions
		Jiang Hu Jiang Hu curated by Huang Zhuan, internationally recognized curator and professor of art theory at the Ganzhou Academy brings together 30 of the most important Chinese contemporary artists of our time.
		Jiang Hu can be translated literally as "rivers and lakes”, but its metaphoric meanings are rich and open-ended.
		In medieval literature the concept of Jiang Hu referred to an ideal fictional realm inhabited by itinerant outsiders, such as scholars, monks, fortune-tellers and artists who were said to have magical powers.
	www.jacktiltongallery.com /hu.html (436 words)

	JIANG
		Jiang, X.M. Yang, H.G. Zhou, J.S. Yang, "Analysis of surface acoustic wave pressure sensors", Sensors and Actuators A, 118, 1-5, 2005.
		Y.T. Hu, S.P. Qin, T. Hu, K.W. Ferrara, Q. Jiang, "Asymmetric oscillation of cavitation bubbles in a microvessel and its implications upon mechanisms of clinical vessel injury in shock-wave lithotripsy", International Journal of Non-linear Mechanics, 40, 341-350, 2005.
		S.P. Qin, Y.T. Hu, Q. Jiang, "Oscillatory interaction between bubbles and confining microvessels and its implications on clinical vascular injuries of shock-wave lithotripsy", IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 53, 1322-1329, 2006.
	www.engr.ucr.edu /~qjiang (1494 words)

	China's Hu takes Army reins \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Jiang's resignation on the last day of a bi-yearly communist party plenum is likely to relieve some of the bitter infighting between Jiang and Hu factions that has thwarted decision making in the world's most populous nation, analysts say.
		Jiang, who oversaw China's rapid economic development in the past decade, including the acceptance of capitalists in the communist party, was China's top ruler until 2002 - when he gave up his post to President Hu in a reshuffle designed to usher in a "fourth generation" of leaders.
		Jiang was reportedly seen as attractive since he was not associated with the decision to crack down on students, but was held in esteem for quickly putting down protests in Shanghai, where he was party secretary.
	www.csmonitor.com /2004/0920/p06s02-woap.html (987 words)

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