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	Jim Crow laws - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and in force between 1876 and 1967 that required racial segregation, especially of fls, in all public facilities.
		Since "Jim Crow law" is a blanket term for any of this type of legislation, the exact date of inception for the laws varies by state.
		It is thought that the term 'Jim Crow laws' originated from the 1828 popular song Jump Jim Crow, a flface song which made derogatory references to the character of colored people.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jim_Crow_law (4449 words)

	Who Was Jim Crow?
		The name Jim Crow is often used to describe the segregation laws, rules, and customs which arose after Reconstruction ended in 1877 and continued until the mid-1960s.
		His Jim Crow song-and-dance routine was an astounding success that took him from Louisville to Cincinnati to Pittsburg to Philadelphia and finally to New York in 1832.
		By 1838, the term "Jim Crow" was being used as a collective racial epithet for Blacks, not as offensive as nigger, but as offensive as coon or darkie.
	www.ferris.edu /news/jimcrow/who.htm (780 words)

	Jim Crow
		The term Jim Crow probably originated in 19th-century minstrelsy, and it had some pre-Civil War usage, not in the South but in the North, to describe separate facilities for fls and whites, including steamboats, hotels and restaurants.
		Jim Crowism was given the legal stamp of approval in the "separate-but-equal" principle in the Plessy v.
		During the first half of the 20th century Jim Crow was physically embodied in separate water fountains, eating places, bathrooms, Bibles in courtrooms and pervasive signs stating "Colored" and "White." The Brown v.
	www.heritagecenter.com /Museum/Exhibits/blackedu/jimcrow.htm (778 words)

	AFT - Publications - American Educator - Summer 2004 - Jim Crow's Schools
		Jim Crow schools—which taught their students only those skills needed for agricultural work and domestic service—fit the needs of the white economy and society.
		In some of the Jim Crow states, the fl literacy rate shot up dramatically between 1890 and 1930, from 30 to 74 percent in Georgia, and from 28 to 77 percent in Louisiana.
		In the Jim Crow states that stretched from Delaware to Texas, local school boards spent almost three times as much on each white student as they did on fls.
	www.aft.org /pubs-reports/american_educator/issues/summer04/crowschools.htm (2416 words)

	What Was Jim Crow?
		Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s.
		Jim Crow signs were placed above water fountains, door entrances and exits, and in front of public facilities.
		Under Jim Crow any and all sexual interactions between Black men and White women was illegal, illicit, socially repugnant, and within the Jim Crow definition of rape.
	www.ferris.edu /news/jimcrow/what.htm (2542 words)

	Wikinfo \| Jim Crow law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws (or Black Codes) were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African-Americans from doing things that a white person could do.
		The first Jim Crow law was passed in 1723, when fls in the state of Virginia were stripped of the right to vote and own property.
		"Jim Crow" became a standard character in Minstrel shows, being a caricature of a shabbily dressed rural fl; "Jim Crow" was often paired with the character "Zip Coon", a flamboyantly dressed urban fl.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Jim_Crow_law (882 words)

	AFRO-AMERICAN ALMANAC - African-American History Resource
		Jim Crow laws were named for an ante-bellum mistral show character.
		Jim Crow laws, named for the minstrel show character, were late-19th-century statutes passed by the legislatures of the Southern states that created a racial caste system in the American South.
		The Jim Crow laws were a response to a new reality that required white supremacy to move to where it would have a rigid legal and institutional basis to retain control over the fl population.
	www.toptags.com /aama/docs/jcrow.htm (756 words)

	Jim Crow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Jim Crow laws, state and local laws in the Southern and border states of the United States from 1876 to 1964 that required racial segregation.
		John James Crowe (December 28, 1876 - February 27, 1965) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross.
		Admiral William James Crowe, Jr., United States Navy (Ret.) (born January 2, 1925) is a former United States Navy admiral who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jim_Crow (334 words)

	A Hotlist on Jim Crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		AFRO-AMERICAN ALMANAC - African-American History Resource - Jim Crow laws, named for the minstrel show character, were late-19th-century statutes passed by the legislatures of the Southern states that created a racial caste system in the American South.
		Remembering Jim Crow - For much of the 20th Century, African Americans in the South were barred from the voting booth, sent to the back of the bus, and walled off from many of the rights they deserved as American citizens.
		The Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia - The actual museum is located on the campus of Ferris State University in Big Rapids, Michigan.
	www.kn.sbc.com /wired/fil/pages/listjimcrowmr.html (317 words)

	Jim Crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Jim Crow: Two words that conjure up some of the darkest times in our country’s history, a time few people would like to remember, a time to be forgotten.
		Mo, and Cartel are the men who form the rap trio Jim Crow, the newest and hottest crew to come out of Atlanta, the music capital of the South.
		Jim Crow brings you the best of what the South has to offer: honest lyrics, great music, and the will to overcome even when life’s obstacles seem too great to conquer.
	www.epicrecords.com /jimcrow (365 words)

	Legal Tyranny - America's Apartheid: Jim Crow Laws - What Were Jim Crow Laws? - Chapter 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Jim Crow" was an antebellum character in a minstrel show.
		Jim Crow sang a song to this music (You will need Real Audio):
		Soon the term "Jim Crow" became a euphemism for "Negro." Soon the term "Jim Crow Laws" became a euphemism for legal segregation.
	www.lawbuzz.com /tyranny/crow_laws/what_law.htm (88 words)

	Jim Crow Bibliography--Africana Library, Cornell University
		Reconstruction and the Rise of Jim Crow, 1864-1896.
		Jim Crow New York: A Documentary History of Race and Citizenship, 1777-1877.
		Remembering Jim Crow is produced in cooperation with the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University.
	www.library.cornell.edu /africana/guides/jimcrow.html (722 words)

	BBC - North West Wales History - Isabel Adonis
		Jim Crow was at that time a derogatory term for a fl person.
		Later in the century the term Jim Crow took on a slightly different meaning in referring to the infamous Jim Crow laws in America, which enforced a brutal segregation of fls and whites.
		Slaves on slave ships were often called crows, and though it is difficult to be definitive, a fl person might have been likened to a crow because of colour and mouth shape, in the same way that white people were referred to as 'palefaces' by the native American Indians.
	www.bbc.co.uk /wales/northwest/sites/history/pages/jimcrow.shtml (1314 words)

	PBS - JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns: Jazz in Time - Jim Crow Era
		The creation of the Jim Crow system after the Civil War was not sudden, but rather, occurred in fits and starts.
		Black Codes, the precursor of post-bellum Jim Crow legislation, were laws passed by antebellum northern states to regulate fls, and in many cases, to prohibit their entry into a particular state.
		Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and the Michigan territory had such laws in the early 19th century that required that fls pay a fee in order to settle in the state, and often that required that some white citizen of the state be able to vouch for their character.
	www.pbs.org /jazz/time/time_jim_crow.htm (2403 words)

	Jim Crow Era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		One informant referred to this culture as "the code" that one should not break--even in the present day from which Jim Crow's specter is fading, the identity of those who passed (and continue to pass) should not be revealed.
		On a day-to-day level, many southern fls resisted Jim Crow by hoping for the day when they could escape the Jim Crow South--much as their ancestors had used the Underground Railroad to escape slavery by going to the North.
		For most southern fls, Jim Crow was not an easy or acceptable condition for them to tolerate, nor was it always possible for them to avoid whites.
	nubiansioux.tripod.com /negro (5662 words)

	Jim Crow Laws
		The term "Jim Crow" originally referred to a fl character in an old song, and was the name of a popular dance in the 1820s.
		Beginning in the 1880s, it saw wide usage as a reference to practices, laws or institutions that arise from or sanction, the physical separation of fl people from white people.
		Jim Crow laws in various states required the segregation of races in such common areas as restaurants and theaters.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1559.html (713 words)

	The Mavens' Word of the Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Jim Crow is the discrimination against, or segregation of, fl people in any of the myriad forms that it can take in this vast, paradoxical country of ours.
		Rice himself came to be known as "Jim Crow," and soon enough his cork-darkened grinning character became an archetype.
		The expression "Jim Crow law" refers to the restrictive, anti-fl laws passed to insure that fls stayed repressed.
	www.randomhouse.com /wotd/index.pperl?date=20010215 (529 words)

	Jim Crow laws — Infoplease.com
		Jim Crow's long goodbye.(judicial discussions of affirmative action and racial justice)(From Brown to Bakke to Grutter: Constitutionalizing......
		Jim Crow's drug war: race, coca cola, and the southern origins of drug prohibition.
		(Jim Crow: Racism and Reaction in the New South, Richmond, 1865-1940; Valentine Museum, Richmond, Virginia)...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0826301.html (479 words)

	Jim Crow Propaganda - Center for Media and Democracy
		The term "Jim Crow" was originally taken from a character performed in flface by Thomas Rice, a pre-Civil War white actor who dressed in rags to portray a shabbily dressed, rural fl man.
		One of our most fascinating stops was the "Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia" that has been assembled by sociology professor David Pilgrim.
		They were used to buttress Jim Crow laws and Jim Crow etiquette." However, the purpose of the museum is not to offend but "to educate visitors about race relations in the United States.
	www.prwatch.org /node/4005 (2409 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow \| PBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow
		Jim Crow was not a person, yet affected the lives of millions of people.
		Named after a popular 19th-century minstrel song that stereotyped African Americans, "Jim Crow" came to personify the system of government-sanctioned racial oppression and segregation in the United States.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/jimcrow (50 words)

	Bluegrass Messengers
		By then "Jim Crow" had proliferated in prints and sheet music, and he became a stock character in minstrel shows, along with his counterparts Jim Dandy and Zip Coon.
		The south is sometimes referred to as the “Jim Crow South,” meaning that it perpetuates racial stereotypes from an earlier age.
		Dave Evans remarks on the similarity of the title "Jim Crow" to "John Crow," a folk name for a buzzard, and suggests that the "Jim Crow" song and dance is perhaps derived from the slave dance "The Buzzard Lope" (see Parish, Slave Songs of the Georgia Sea Islands, 1942).
	www.bluegrassmessengers.com /master/jimcrow5.html (1533 words)

	Amazon.com: Jim Crow's Children: The Broken Promise of the Brown Decision: Books: Peter Irons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Jim Crow's Children: The Broken Promise of the Brown Decision by Peter Irons
		Jim Crow is a weak explanation for the status of fls in France or Haiti.
		"Jim Crow's Children" illuminates a progressive evolution that embarks upon the journey through slavery, to sharecroppers, to `nigras', to Negro's, to Blacks, and to present day African-American socioeconomic plights.
	www.amazon.com /Jim-Crows-Children-Promise-Decision/dp/0670889180 (3339 words)

	96.01.01: An Analysis of Jim Crow Laws and their Effects on Race Relations
		Jim Crow was the name of an early Negro minstrel song.
		Jim Crow, within the context of this unit, refers to the official discrimination against or segregation of African Americans.
		Jim Crow legislation was officially instituted by the southern states when racial attitudes hardened in the 1890’s, shortly after the Emancipation and abolition of slavery.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1996/1/96.01.01.x.html (3239 words)

	Remembering Jim Crow : Presented by American RadioWorks
		Remembering Jim Crow is produced in cooperation with the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University, and its Behind the Veil oral history project.
		Blacks in the Jim Crow South faced lynchings, insults and thievery at the hands of whites.
		Funding for Remembering Jim Crow was provided, in part, by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
	www.americanradioworks.org /features/remembering (280 words)

	Jim Crow laws. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		By World War I, even places of employment were segregated, and it was not until after World War II that an assault on Jim Crow in the South began to make headway.
		In 1950 the Supreme Court ruled that the Univ. of Texas must admit a fl, Herman Sweatt, to the law school, on the grounds that the state did not provide equal education for him.
		A march on Washington by over 200,000 in 1963 dramatized the movement to end Jim Crow.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ji/JimCrowl.html (338 words)

	Remembering Jim Crow : presented by American RadioWorks
		Jim Crow ruled the South from about 1890 to well into the 1960s.
		The Jim Crow system emerged towards the end of the historical period called Reconstruction, during which Congress had enacted laws designed to order relations between Southern whites and newly freed fls, and to bring the secessionist states back into the Union.
		All railroad companies are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white and colored passengers.
	americanradioworks.publicradio.org /features/remembering/bitter.html (153 words)

	Amazon.com: The Strange Career of Jim Crow (Galaxy Books): Books: C. Vann Woodward (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Beyond these things, Woodward's treatment of the Jim Crow era itself, as well its demise, were and are excellent, and were especially provocative at the time of their writing.
		Much of his explanation of the racist sentiment that so desired segregation is framed in the context of politics, and he tries to analyze many of the events he discusses in terms of political and economic pressures, as well as in terms of reactions to preceding actions.
		But Jim Crow laws were a product of the twentieth century, and the racial tensions still exist in a very real way.
	www.amazon.com /Strange-Career-Crow-Galaxy-Books/dp/0195018052 (2762 words)

	SwissEduc:
		What followed was Jim Crow, a time of repression and segregation of fl people.
		The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow: an acclaimed PBS feature with lesson plans.
		Radio Fights Jim Crow; During the World-War-II years a series of groundbreaking radio programs tried to mend the deep racial and ethnic divisions that threatened America.
	www.swisseduc.ch /english/resources/jimcrow.html (419 words)

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