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Topic: Jim Crow law

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	The History of Jim Crow
		The word Jim Crow became a racial slur synonymous with fl, colored, or Negro in the vocabulary of many whites; and by the end of the century acts of racial discrimination toward fls were often referred to as Jim Crow laws and practices.
		Numerous race riots erupted in the Jim Crow era, usually in towns and cities and almost always in defense of segregation and white supremacy.
		Various registration laws, such as poll taxes, were established in Georgia in 1871 and 1877, in Virginia in 1877 and 1884, in Mississippi in 1876, in South Carolina in 1882, and in Florida in 1888.
	www.jimcrowhistory.org /history/creating2.htm (4463 words)

	What Was Jim Crow?
		Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s.
		Jim Crow etiquette prescribed that Blacks were introduced to Whites, never Whites to Blacks.
		Under Jim Crow any and all sexual interactions between Black men and White women was illegal, illicit, socially repugnant, and within the Jim Crow definition of rape.
	www.ferris.edu /jimcrow/what.htm (2542 words)

	Jim Crow laws - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and in force between 1876 and 1967 that required racial segregation, especially of fl, in all public facilities.
		Since "Jim Crow law" is a blanket term for any of this type of legislation, the exact date of inception for the laws varies by state.
		It is thought that the term 'Jim Crow laws' originated from the 1828 popular song Jump Jim Crow, a flface song which made derogatory references to the character of colored people.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jim_Crow_law (4355 words)

	Gilder Lehrman Center: Sources: Jim Crow Laws
		The legislature shall never pass any law to authorize or legalize any marriage between any white person and a negro, or descendant of a negro.
		Such poll tax shall become due and payable on the first day of October in each year, and become delinquent on the first day of the next succeeding February, but no legal process, nor any fee or commission shall be allowed for the collection thereof.
		The general assembly shall establish, organize, and maintain a system of public schools throughout the state, for the equal benefit of the children thereof between he ages of seven and twenty-one years; but separate schools shall be provided for the children of citizens of African descent.
	www.yale.edu /glc/archive/976.htm (288 words)

	Jim crow law - Preview of Remembering Jim Crow
		Since "Jim Crow law" is a blanket term for any of this type of legislation, the date of inception for the laws varies by state.
		Jim Crow Law Law that enforced racial segregation in the US South between 1877 and the 1950s.
		Ferguson were critical episodes in the career of Jim Crow in the nineteenth century, followed in the twentieth by the Montgomery bus boycott, the sit-ins,
	bizlib.cn /vdmv/jim-crow-law.html (591 words)

	Civil Rights Law - What are Jim Crow Laws? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Jim Crowe laws were hate fueled laws that legalized segregation of and discrimination against African Americans after the United States Civil War.
		Jim Crow laws established that "separate was equal" system between the races.
		Jim Crow laws stuck around in the United States until they were chipped away at in the Supreme Court case Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka, in 1954, which ruled that "separate but equal" was not, in fact, equal.
	www.answer-legal.com /civil-rights-law/what-are-jim-crow-laws.htm (228 words)

	AFT - Publications - American Educator - Summer 2004 - Jim Crow's Schools
		Plessy and his fellow Creoles wanted to expose the absurdity of a law that made a railroad conductor "the autocrat of Caste, armed with the power of the State" to decide which travelers were white and which were not, using only his eyes to measure racial purity.
		Jim Crow schools—which taught their students only those skills needed for agricultural work and domestic service—fit the needs of the white economy and society.
		In some of the Jim Crow states, the fl literacy rate shot up dramatically between 1890 and 1930, from 30 to 74 percent in Georgia, and from 28 to 77 percent in Louisiana.
	www.aft.org /pubs-reports/american_educator/issues/summer04/crowschools.htm (2416 words)

	Jim Crow
		The term Jim Crow probably originated in 19th-century minstrelsy, and it had some pre-Civil War usage, not in the South but in the North, to describe separate facilities for fls and whites, including steamboats, hotels and restaurants.
		Jim Crowism was given the legal stamp of approval in the "separate-but-equal" principle in the Plessy v.
		During the first half of the 20th century Jim Crow was physically embodied in separate water fountains, eating places, bathrooms, Bibles in courtrooms and pervasive signs stating "Colored" and "White." The Brown v.
	www.heritagecenter.com /Museum/Exhibits/blackedu/jimcrow.htm (778 words)

	Jim Crow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Jim Crow laws, state and local laws in the Southern and border states of the United States from 1876 to 1964 that required racial segregation.
		John James Crowe (December 28, 1876 - February 27, 1965) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross.
		Admiral William James Crowe, Jr., United States Navy (Ret.) (born January 2, 1925) is a former United States Navy admiral who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jim_Crow (334 words)

	Jim crow law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The crow of Jim of the word became slur racial synonymous with fl, colored, or fl in the vocabulary of many targets; and before century aim the acts of the racial discrimination towards fl were referred often like laws and practices of the crow of Jim.
		The several laws of the registry, for example, were established in Georgia in 1871 and 1877, in Virginia in 1877 and 1884, in Mississippi in 1876, Carolina of the South in 1882, and Florida in 1888.
		It was this law in Mississippi that gave return in a beneficial business, by which it condemns were rented to the contractors who sub-leased the a the planters, to the railroads, the contractors of the dock, and to the runners of the wood.
	laws.tooncomics.com /jim-crow-law.htm (4647 words)

	Jim Crow law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first Jim Crow law was passed 1723 when fls in the state of Virginia were stripped of the right to and own property.
		The Supreme Court began to overturn Jim laws on constitutional grounds in the 20th The Supreme Court held in Guinn v.
		The modern civil rights movement is often considered to have been by an act of civil disobedience against Jim Crow laws when Rosa Parks an African-American woman refused to give her seat on a bus to a man. This led to a series of and court decisions in which Jim Crow were repealed or annulled.
	www.freeglossary.com /Jim_Crow_law (1167 words)

	A. K. Sandoval-Strausz \| Travelers, Strangers, and Jim Crow: Law, Public Accommodations, and Civil Rights in America \| ...
		In keeping with the preliberal origins of the common law, the legal grounding of these statutes was derived not from statements about fundamental equality, but rather from the plenary authority of states to protect the health, safety, and morals of their residents—the same form of power behind longstanding protections of travelers.
		Jim Crow is defined as state power in the service of racism, an unholy alliance which is only defeated by protests against an overreaching state and in favor of formal legal equality.
		These treatise-writers also noted that while the presumption of guilt in English common law was related to the low repute in which innkeepers were held, the higher social status of American hosts, who were as often as not the equals of their guests, did not serve to lessen the burdens placed on innkeepers at law.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/23.1/sandoval-strausz.html (13180 words)

	Jim Crow Law: Jim Crow Laws
		In 1926 in Atlanta, Georgia, a law was passed that forbade barbers to serve women or children under age fourteen.
		Jim Crow laws were racial segregation laws in the South that were imposed on African Americans.
		The laws stipulated that fls use separate entrances into public buildings, have separate restrooms and drinking fountains, and sit in the back of trains and buses.
	www.lycos.com /info/jim-crow-law--jim-crow-laws.html (458 words)

	Jim Crow Law Stands in Alabama
		John Giles, a member of the Christian Coalition of Alabama, said he opposes the amendment because it would likely raise taxes for residents across the state, since state dollars, instead of municipal and local funds, could be used to improve facilities and curricula.
		The Jim Crow-era language could go, he said, but the proposed changes âcontaminateâ the constitution by guaranteeing a public education for everyone, which would open the state up to âfrivolous lawsuits.â The proposed amendment is unnecessary because no has ever been denied a public education in Alabama, according to Giles.
		Charles Steele, of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, contends that the constitution should be amended because of its racist wording and because the state should be responsible for ensuring everyone a public-school education.
	www.bet.com /News/alabama.htm?wbc_purpose=Basic&WBCMODE=PresentationUnpublished&Referrer=%7B03CE5360-2620-42CB-AD7E-77E4249C5FB7%7D (499 words)

	jim crow law Class Actions Top Jury Verdicts Lawyers
		Jim Crow perversion of democracy that dominated the South in the early 20...
		The phrase "Jim Crow" was drawn from a stock character in "minstrel"...
		These laws came to be known as Jim Crow laws.
	www.triallawyersassociation.org /jim_crow_law_1.htm (337 words)

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	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Jim Crow Law \| PBS
		Any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the U.S. South between the end (1877) of the formal Reconstruction period and the beginning of a strong civil-rights movement (1950s).
		“Jim Crow” was the name of a minstrel routine (actually “Jump Jim Crow”) performed beginning in 1828 by its author, Thomas Dartmouth (“Daddy”) Rice, and by many imitators, including Joseph Jefferson.
		The segregation principle was extended to schools, parks, cemeteries, theatres, and restaurants in an effort to prevent any contact between fls and whites as equals.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/jim_crow.html (220 words)

	Jim Crow Law Term Papers, Essay Research Paper Help, Essays on Jim Crow Law
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	www.essaytown.com /topics/jim_crow_law_essays_papers.html (829 words)

	Jim Crow law - ZDNet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965.
		Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act; none were in effect at the end of the 1960s.
		The Jim Crow laws were a major factor in the Great Migration during the early part of the 20th century, because opportunities were so limited in the South that African Americans moved in great numbers to northern cities to seek a better life.
	jim-crow-law.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Jim_Crow_law (3889 words)

	AFRO-AMERICAN ALMANAC - African-American History Resource
		Jim Crow laws, named for the minstrel show character, were late-19th-century statutes passed by the legislatures of the Southern states that created a racial caste system in the American South.
		The Jim Crow laws were a response to a new reality that required white supremacy to move to where it would have a rigid legal and institutional basis to retain control over the fl population.
		The first major blow against the Jim Crow system of racial segregation was struck in 1954 by the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v.
	www.toptags.com /aama/docs/jcrow.htm (756 words)

	The Ultimate Jim Crow law - American History Information Guide and Reference
		These became known as the Jim Crow laws, a reference to the character Jim Crow (popular in antebellum minstrel entertainment) that was a racist stage depiction of a poor and uneducated rural fl.
		Since Jim Crow law is a blanket term for any of this type of legislation following the end of Reconstruction, the exact date of inception for the laws is difficult to isolate; common consensus points to the 1890s and the adoption of segregational railroad legislation in New Orleans as the first genuine "Jim Crow" law.
		The term Jim Crow comes from the minstrel show song "Jump Jim Crow" written in 1828 by Thomas D. Rice, a white English migrant to the U.S., the originator of flface performance.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Jim_Crow_law (1276 words)

	Jim Crow law - Glasgledius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A great number of such laws were passed from the 1870's to the 1900's, as redeemers[?] undid many of the reforms of the Reconstruction governments in the South, and ended a brief period of African-American political power that began after the American Civil War.
		Some Jim Crow laws began to be repealed in the 20th century.
		The term Jim Crow comes from the minstrel show song "Jump Jim Crow" written in 1828 by Thomas D. Rice, a white man, the originator of flface performance.
	www.glasglow.com /E2/ji/Jim_Crow_law.html (541 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Jim Crow law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Jim Crow laws JIM CROW LAWS [Jim Crow laws] in U.S. history, statutes enacted by Southern states and municipalities, beginning in the 1880s, that legalized segregation between fls and whites.
		Jim Crow laws: How the United States segregated African-Americans.
		Caste and the civil rights laws: from Jim Crow to same-sex marriages.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Jim+Crow+law (575 words)

	ipedia.com: Jim Crow law Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws (or Black Codes) were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African Americans from doing things that a white person could do.
		The first Jim Crow law was passed in 1723, when fls in the state of Virginia were stripped of the right to vote and own property.
		As an example, many state governments prevented fls from voting by requiring poll taxes and literacy tests, both of which were not enforced on whites due to grandfather clauses.
	www.ipedia.com /jim_crow_law.html (908 words)

	The University of Arizona Rogers College of Law - Jim Crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Second-year law student Rona Nichols admits she was surprised that offensive laws and language had not been changed.
		The Jim Crow Study Group (JCSG) is an academic organization at the University of Arizona.
		A second year law student, Nichols graduated Magna cum Laude from South Carolina’s Winthrop University in 2000, where she was a member of the softball team and a two-time member of the Big South Conference All-Academic Team.
	www.law.arizona.edu /jimcrow (1382 words)

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