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	What Was Jim Crow?
		Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s.
		Jim Crow represented the legitimization of anti-Black racism.
		Jim Crow signs were placed above water fountains, door entrances and exits, and in front of public facilities.
	www.ferris.edu /news/jimcrow/what.htm (2542 words)

	Esl Spot
		These became known as the Jim Crow laws, a reference to the character Jim Crow (popular in antebellum minstrel entertainment) that was a racist stage depiction of a poor and uneducated rural fl.
		The term Jim Crow comes from the minstrel show song "Jump Jim Crow" written in 1828 and performed by T.D. (Thomas Dartmouth) "Daddy" Rice, a white English migrant to the U.S., the originator of flface performance.
		By 1837, Jim Crow was being used to refer to racial segregation.
	eslspot.free.fr /jimcrow.htm (1104 words)

	Wikinfo \| Jim Crow law
		In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws (or Black Codes) were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African-Americans from doing things that a white person could do.
		The first Jim Crow law was passed in 1723, when fls in the state of Virginia were stripped of the right to vote and own property.
		"Jim Crow" became a standard character in Minstrel shows, being a caricature of a shabbily dressed rural fl; "Jim Crow" was often paired with the character "Zip Coon", a flamboyantly dressed urban fl.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Jim_Crow_law (882 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Jim Crow laws
		Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and in force between 1876 and 1967 that required racial segregation, especially of fls, in all public facilities.
		It is thought that the term 'Jim Crow laws' originated from the 1828 popular song Jump Jim Crow, a flface song which made derogatory references to the character of colored people.
		The modern Civil Rights movement is often considered to have been sparked by an act of civil disobedience against Jim Crow laws when Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, after being ordered to do so by the bus driver.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws (4385 words)

	Jim Crow law
		For instance, Jim Crow laws regulated separate use of water fountains, public bath houses, and separate seating sections on public transport.
		Since Jim Crow law is a blanket term for any of this type of legislation following the end of Reconstruction, the exact date of inception for the laws is difficult to isolate; common consensus points to the 1890s and the adoption of segregational railroad legislation in New Orleans as the first genuine "Jim Crow" law.
		"Jim Crow" became a standard character in Minstrel shows, being a caricature of a shabbily dressed rural fl; "Jim Crow" was often paired with the character "Zip Coon," a flamboyantly dressed urban fl who associated more into white culture.
	www.measuroo.com /Leg-J/Jim_Crow_law.php (1317 words)

	[No title]
		Jim Crow was the name of a character in minstrelsy (in which white performers in flface used [negative] African American stereotypes in their songs and dances); it is not clear how the term came to describe American segregation and discrimination.
		Jim Crow has its origins in a variety of sources, including the Black Codes imposed upon African Americans immediately after the Civil War, and prewar racial segregation of railroad cars in the North.
		Jim Crow proponents also found ammunition in the incendiary propaganda of the Southern white press, which published sensational and exaggerated accounts of crimes committed by African Americans.
	www.ucs.louisiana.edu /~ras2777/civlib/jimcrow2.html (821 words)

	Blank
		One of the most important of these institutions were the so-called Jim Crow laws, laws designed to maintain racial segregation and to exclude fl individuals from the mainstream American Society.
		Schools were segregated and some of the Jim Crow laws even made it impossible for African-Americans to vote.
		The American South was under the years of Jim Crow a purely racist society where African-Americans were by birth second-class citizens with no or at least very small possibilities to succeed.
	www.spsu.edu /sis/churella/Carl/jimcrow3.htm (874 words)

	Jim Crow etiquette
		Jim Crow etiquette was a set of unwritten social rules[?] governing how fls and whites should interact in the pre-integration South of the USA.
		Whereas the explicit Jim Crow laws carried legal consequences for violation, Jim Crow etiquette was informally enforced by the good ol' boy network, with violators subject to beatings or even lynching.
		Racial Etiquette: The Racial Customs and Rules of Racial Behavior in Jim Crow America (http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/resources/lessonplans/hs_es_etiquette.htm) - A detailed article outlining the basics of Jim Crow etiquette
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ji/Jim_Crow_etiquette.html (94 words)

	Radio Projects: Behind the Veil: Remembering Jim Crow Transcript
		Jim Crow was a word that white and fl southerners used for an elaborate system of white supremacy, a system that was established both through legislation and the courts, and through custom.
		They fought Jim Crow laws in the state and federal courts, they resisted in public theaters and on buses, and by the 1960s they took their protest to the streets.
		Amos: In the bayous of south Louisiana, Jim Crow was rooted in sugar cane fields and rice farms.
	www.neh.gov /projects/transcripts/behindtheveiltranscript.html (6996 words)

	American Passages - Unit 13. Southern Renaissance: Context Activities
		Little more than updates to the post-Civil War Black Codes, "Jim Crow" laws got their name from one of the stock characters in the minstrel shows that were a mainstay of popular entertainment throughout the nineteenth century.
		Thus, as the name suggests, Jim Crow was much more than a rigorous code of anti-fl laws; it was also a way of life designed to reinforce the idea that whites were superior to fls in all important ways.
		However, as the history of Jim Crow laws shows, the work of abolishing slavery was only the beginning of a long process to confront the racism in American culture.
	www.learner.org /amerpass/unit13/context_activ-2.html (1865 words)

	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
		An outgrowth of the Black Codes that were enforced in 1865 and 1866, Jim Crow laws were the basis for a caste system that became a way of life for African Americans from Reconstruction to the late 1960s.
		Under the Jim Crow system, Blacks sat in separate train cars; were restricted to riding at the back of buses; used separate restrooms; drank from separate water fountains; and were only allowed to enter through the back door-that is, when they were allowed to enter at all.
		Jim Crow laws were violently enforced, as often by lynch mobs and the Ku Klux Klan as by law enforcement officials acting as co-conspirators in denying Blacks their basic rights.
	www.illinoisbrownvboard.org /article/ArticleBySessoms.htm (2079 words)

	"Jim Crow" Shipyards: Black Labor and Race Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the South fls were subject to Jim Crow laws that began in the 1880s prohibiting racial intermarriage and mandating segregation in public schools, hospitals, streetcars, restaurants and other public places.
		Although Jim Crow policies did not have the backing of legislation in the West, as they did in the South, racist attitudes opposing fl equality persisted in the shipyards of Moore and Kaiser, where Blacks were presumed to inherently be of lower status than whites.
		Having come from areas of the South where Jim Crow and white supremacy were so prevalent, many of these "Okies" and "Arkies" (as they were dubbed by native westerners) brought their racist mentality with them to the places they settled.
	www-mcnair.berkeley.edu /97journal/Arroyo.html (4239 words)

	Question of the Month - Jim Crow Museum at Ferris State University
		The color line and the codes of racial etiquette were also strictly observed in public hospitals, with separate wards for whites and fls.
		The whole intent of Jim Crow etiquette boiled down to one simple rule: fls must demonstrate their inferiority to whites by actions, words, and manners.
		Indeed, whites commonly justified lynchings and the horrible murders of fls during the Jim Crow era as defensive actions taken in response to fl violations of the color line and rules of racial etiquette.
	www.ferris.edu /jimcrow/question/sept06.htm (1432 words)

	jim crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Jim Crow laws, state and local laws in the Southern and border states of the.
		Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border.
		Jim Crow laws were named for an ante-bellum mistral show character..
	somepills.com /jim-crow.html (234 words)

	Encyclopedia Search
		Crow law In the United States, the so-called
		Crow laws regulated separate use of water fountains and separate seating...
		Crow etiquette was a set of unwritten...the explicit
	www.encyclopedian.com /search.php?searWords=Jim (204 words)

	Jim Crow Era
		While lawmakers legislated ancestry and categorized blood to more carefully clarify and carry out Jim Crow laws (particularly those of inheritance and marriage), persons of mixed race were faced with a quandary of their own.
		One informant referred to this culture as "the code" that one should not break--even in the present day from which Jim Crow's specter is fading, the identity of those who passed (and continue to pass) should not be revealed.
		On a day-to-day level, many southern fls resisted Jim Crow by hoping for the day when they could escape the Jim Crow South--much as their ancestors had used the Underground Railroad to escape slavery by going to the North.
	nubiansioux.tripod.com /negro (5662 words)

	Jim Crow Propaganda - Center for Media and Democracy
		The term "Jim Crow" was originally taken from a character performed in flface by Thomas Rice, a pre-Civil War white actor who dressed in rags to portray a shabbily dressed, rural fl man.
		One of our most fascinating stops was the "Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia" that has been assembled by sociology professor David Pilgrim.
		They were used to buttress Jim Crow laws and Jim Crow etiquette." However, the purpose of the museum is not to offend but "to educate visitors about race relations in the United States.
	www.prwatch.org /node/4005 (2432 words)

	Stetson Kennedy \| Books\| Jim Crow Guide
		In such circumstances you arc supposed to forget what you have been taught is proper behavior in human relations-much of it is altogether taboo in interracial relations.
		But on the whole, regional variations in interracial etiquette conform more or less to the institutionalized forms of racial segregation in the area.
		The dictates of the etiquette are therefore most stringent in the territory long segregated by law, diminishing progressively in the border areas and relatively free territory.
	www.stetsonkennedy.com /jim_crow_guide/chapter_14.htm (287 words)

	MBEAW: Jim Crow
		Jim Crow Guide to the U.S.A.: the laws, customs and etiquette governing the conduct of nonwhites and other minorities as second-class citizens (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1959; repr.
		Jim Crow Comes to Church: The Establishment of Segregated Catholic Parishes in South Louisiana (NY: Arno, 1978).
		Jim Crow Joins Up: A Study of Negroes in the Armed Forces of the US (NY: W.J. Clark, 1944).
	www.mbeaw.org /resources/violence/jimcrow.html (767 words)

	University of Georgia
		The Jim Crow South: Racial Etiquette and its Implications in the Slave Narratives
		The compilation of the Jim Crow racial etiquette rules boiled down to one central rule: fls must exhibit inadequacy to whites by actions, words, and manners.
		In conclusion, it seems that almost every citizen of every town or city in the south was affected by the repercussions of the Jim Crow Era.
	mgagnon.myweb.uga.edu /students/3090/04SP3090-Kenworthy.htm (3127 words)

	Jim Crow laws. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Railways and streetcars, public waiting rooms, restaurants, boardinghouses, theaters, and public parks were segregated; separate schools, hospitals, and other public institutions, generally of inferior quality, were designated for fls.
		By World War I, even places of employment were segregated, and it was not until after World War II that an assault on Jim Crow in the South began to make headway.
		In 1950 the Supreme Court ruled that the Univ. of Texas must admit a fl, Herman Sweatt, to the law school, on the grounds that the state did not provide equal education for him.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ji/JimCrowl.html (338 words)

	[No title]
		Jim Crow etiquette prescribed that Blacks were introduced to Whites%2C never Whites to Blacks.
		When most people think of Jim Crow they think of laws %28not the Jim Crow etiquette%29 which excluded Blacks from public transport and facilities%2C juries%2C jobs%2C and neighborhoods.
		The South%27s Jim Crow laws were adapted in the states indicated below to discriminate against other ethnicities%2C cultures%2C and religions%2C as well as against African Americans.
	www.democraticunderground.com /duforum/DCForumID25/Data/1414.txt (2879 words)

	Jim Crow laws - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and in forced between 1876 and 1965 and affected African Americans and many other races.
		In the first stage of Presidential Reconstruction, all-white Southern legislatures, overwhelmingly dominated by ex-Confederates, abolished laws regarding slavery but passed the fl codes, which gave new rights to the freed men but fewer than whites possessed.
		After 1877, the Redeemers reversed many of the civil rights gains that African Americans had made during Reconstruction, passing laws that mandated discrimination by both local governments and by private citizens.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jim_Crow_laws (4411 words)

	Jim Crow - Process
		Now it is time for each group member to become an expert on a crucial aspect of Jim Crow.
		If "you" happen to be born outside the South, you must "relocate" your birthplace to one inside it.
		, you must demonstrate knowledge of the Jim Crow System as well as describe how your nightmare version of "your" life differs from the way it has - luckily - turned out in real life.
	lotte.udsen.person.emu.dk /Jim_Crow_Process.html (750 words)

	The UNC Press, Growing Up Jim Crow by Jennifer Ritterhouse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Jennifer Ritterhouse asks how children learned this racial "etiquette," which was sustained by coercion and the threat of violence.
		Exploring relationships between public and private and between segregation, racial etiquette, and racial violence, Growing Up Jim Crow sheds new light on tradition and change in the South and the meanings of segregation within southern culture.
		She is editor of Sarah Patton Boyle's The Desegregated Heart: A Virginian's Stand in Time of Transition and coeditor of the award-winning Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South.
	uncpress.unc.edu /books/T-7595.html (295 words)

	Jim Crow Memorabilia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		One of our most fascinating stops was the " Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia " that has been assembled by sociology professor David Pilgrim.
		Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia; An article on "New Racist Forms: Virtual Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia.
		Visit the museum that houses a 4 000 piece collection of racist artifacts that Dr. Hateful Things: Objects from the Jim Crow Museum furniture of Racist Memorabilia" Memorabilia related to Jim Crow is at auction on eBay.
	www.4cameras.org /jim-crow-memorabilia.htm (262 words)

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