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	Jingtai Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zhu Qiyu (September 21, 1428 – March 14, 1457) was Emperor of China of the Ming Dynasty from 1449 to 1457 as the Jingtai Emperor.
		His brother was eventually released in 1450 after the Mongols learned that the Ming government had already installed Jingtai as the new emperor.
		After Jingtai's death, the Emperor Tianshun denied Jingtai's rightful honour to be buried in the 13 Ming tombs (along with the rest of his predecessors) located north of Beijing but was instead buried away from that locale west of Beijing and was buried as a prince rather than an emperor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jingtai (489 words)

	Zhengtong Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He ruled as the Zhengtong Emperor from 1435 to 1449, and as the Tianshun Emperor from 1457 to 1464.
		The Zhengtong Emperor was released one year later in 1450 but when he returned to China, he was immediately put under house arrest by his brother for almost seven years.
		Overcome with grief, the Jingtai Emperor fell ill and Zhengtong decided to depose Jingtai by a palace coup which eventually reinstalled Zhu Qizhen as emperor, who renamed his second reign Tianshun ("heavenly obedience") and went on to rule for another seven years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor (469 words)

	history6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		In 1398, Emperor Jian Wen ascended the throne but was deposed in 1402 by Emperor Chengzu who removed his capital from Nanjing to Beijing in the 19th year of Yongle (1421).
		During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Taiwan became part of the country and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed to determine the eastern border between the two countries.
		The early Qing emperors not only resolved the long conflict between nomads and peasants that had plagued China throughout history, but also took a series of measures to develop the economy, culture and transportation in the frontier areas.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~hzhuo/ming.html (1036 words)

	Ming Tombs
		Emperor Taizu had reigned for 31 years, and after his death he was buried at the foot of Zhongshan Mountain in Nanjing.
		It is still an unsettled case in the history of the Ming Dynasty; Emperor Jingtai (Zhu Qiyu) was murdered during the Yingzong restoration of the dethroned monarch.
		emperor Zhu Di in the Ming Dynasty is in the center of the Ming Tombs, to the east of which are the Jingling, the Yongling and the Deling mausoleums, and to the west are 6 mausoleums including the Xianling, the Qingling, the Yuling, the Tailing, the Kangling mausoleums.
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_travel/2003-09/24/content_35149.htm (783 words)

	Wikipedia: Zheng He
		Zheng He, a eunuch, served as a close confidant of the Yongle Emperor of China (reigned 1403 - 1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
		In recognition of this threat and possibly to move closer to his family's historical geographic power base, in 1421 the emperor Yongle moved the capital north from Nanjing to present-day Beijing.
		They were primarily conducted to increase the prestige of the emperor and the costs of the expeditions and of the return gifts provided to foreign royalty and ambassadors more than offset the benefit of any tribute collected.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/z/zh/zheng_he.html (997 words)

	Water sprites and ancestor spirits: reading the architecture of Jinci. - The Art Bulletin - HighBeam Research
		The stela inscriptions from the second emperors of both the Tang and Song dynasties reveal a tension between the worship of Shu Yu of Tang and the Spirit of the Jin Springs.
		These emperors were interested not in the spring but in creating a record (or having one created) of themselves supporting the historical founder of the territory in order to bolster their own sovereignty.
		As the eleventh-century emperors of the Northern Song moved to recognize local spirits in addition to those with national political significance, the Spirit of the Jin Springs was given official status.
	www.highbeam.com /library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:114244249&ctrlInfo=Round19:Mode19b:DocG:Result&ao= (19237 words)

	The Zhengtong Emperor - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		The period 1436-49 was the Zhengtong reign (hence the Zhengtong Emperor).
		He returned from captivity and after his brother (who had ruled as the Jingtai Emperor) died, he resumed the throne in 1457, and the reign until until 1464 was named the Tianshun reign.
		Jingtai then felt secure and discovered that he rather liked being the emperor (though he is just to be a temporary one since the original emperor was captured).
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=1747&st=0&p=4692487&#entry4692487 (757 words)

	Why were only 13 emperors buried here?
		Construction of the Tombs was began by the third Emperor Zhu Di.
		The seventh emperor Jingtai was buried in the Hill of Gold, the west suburb of Beijing.
		When the Sixth Emperor, Yingzong, was in his 14th year of reign, Mongols from the north invaded the country.
	www.mybeijingchina.com /ming-tombs/thirteen_emperors.htm (331 words)

	Ming Empire 1368-1644 by Sanderson Beck
		Yuan emperor Toghon Temur died in 1370 and was succeeded by his son Ayushiridara; but as he fled to Outer Mongolia, 50,000 Mongol warriors were captured along with the Empress and his son Maidiribala.
		Emperor Hongwu wrote a commentary on Lao-zi's Dao De Jing in 1375, and he thought maybe he should not put to death so many people; but the next year he had hundreds of officials executed for pre-stamping fiscal documents as a convenience.
		Scholars criticized the Emperor for harsh methods; but in 1385 Hongwu had his vice-minister of revenue and hundreds of others executed for embezzling, and the minister of personnel was accused of slandering the head of the National University and was put to death.
	san.beck.org /3-7-MingEmpire.html (23715 words)

	Summary and Evaluation of China, Korea & Japan to 1875 by Sanderson Beck
		Emperor Wen reigned 180-157 BC, and he was acclaimed a great exemplar for his benevolent policies that abolished cruel punishments, reduced taxes, and instituted civil service examinations.
		The Ming emperor Yongli fled to the southwest, reaching Yunnan in 1651, and in 1659 he went to Burma, where he was finally killed in 1662.
		The 14-year-old Mutsuhito became emperor in February 1867, and in November Shogun Keiki resigned to be the Emperor's prime minister; but in January 1868 Satsuma, Choshu, and Tosa forces made Keiki surrender, and Tokugawa lands were confiscated to finance the Meiji restoration of the Emperor.
	www.san.beck.org /3-13-Summary.html (16017 words)

	1428 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		He is succeeded in command by William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk.
		Emperor Go-Hanazono ascends to the throne of Japan
		September 21 - Jingtai Emperor of China (died 1457)
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~umwieb43/cgi-bin/nph-proxy.cgi/010110A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1428 (202 words)

	Emperor Xuanzong, Zhu Zhanji
		He was the son of Zhu Gaozhi, and grandson of Zhu Di, the Emperor Chengzu (Yongle Emperor), the first year of his reign.
		Like his grandfather, he was a big, beefy man with big jowls and a bigger bottom to his head than a top (at least judging from his portrait in the palace collection), but was mild in manner and humane.
		He instead seems to have been a throwback in temperament to his great-uncle, the late Jianwen Emperor, except that he was a bit of a womanizer.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/400741 (1344 words)

	Cloisonné History Summary
		The technique came to China from the West in the fourteenth century (or earlier) and reached its height in the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644) under the rule of the Jingtai emperor (1428–1457).
		This was remedied in the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century by the use of vegetable glues, which burned away in the heat of the firing.
		This was especially true during the reign of the Qianlong emperor (1711–1799), when the wires were gilded, designs were complex and busy, and frequent firings dulled the finish.
	www.bookrags.com /history/worldhistory/cloisonn-ema-02 (505 words)

	1415 oddd.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		The Council of Constance was an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, called by the Emperor Sigismund, a supporter of Antipope John XXIII, the pope recently elected at Pisa.
		With the support of the Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, enthroned before the high altar of the cathedral of Constance, the Council of Constance recommended that all three popes abdicate, and that another be chosen.
		The legates were received by Emperor Sigismund and by the assembled Bishops, and the Emperor yielded the presidency of the proceedings to the papal legates, Cardinal Dominici of Ragusa and Prince Charles of Malatesa.
	www.oddd.org /en/1415 (12332 words)

	Imperial Chinese History quiz -- free game
		In what year and under the rule of which Ming emperor was the Forbidden City built?
		Which Qing dynasty emperor was placed under house arrest by the powerful Empress Dowager Cixi for attempting political reforms in 1898?
		Which Qing emperor abdicated from the throne because he did not dare exceed the length of his grandfather's reign?
	www.funtrivia.com /playquiz.cfm?qid=143010 (182 words)

	[ information-center.be \| Zheng_He Resources ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Zheng was born in 1371 of the Hui ethnic group and the Muslim faith in modern-day Yunnan Province, one of the last possessions of the Mongols of the Yuan Dynasty before being conquered by the Ming Dynasty.
		He served as a close confidant of the Yongle Emperor of China (reigned 1403â“1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
		By the mid-15th century, a princess of China, Princess Hang Li Po (or Hang Liu), was sent by the Emperor of China to marry the Sultan of Malacca, Sultan Mansur Shah.
	information-center.be /Zheng_He.html (2538 words)

	Better to kill than allow an ex-emperor to return? - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Emperor YingZong probably enjoyed the only distinction of being a monarch of Imperial China to be captured by the enemy, allowed to return, retake his throne and execute the loyal minister who was responsible for saving his empire.
		As for the question if it be better to kill the ex-emperor that to allow him to return - yes, if based on the accomplishment of Jingtai Emperor and the subsequent degradation of the Ming dynasty under Zhengtong's son Chenghua Emperor.
		Whilst in the case of Chenghua Emperor - "Chenghua's reign was also more autocratic than his predecessors' and freedom was sharply curtailed when Chenghua established institutes such as the Xi Chang (to compliment the existing Dong Chang), monitoring all civilians' actions and words.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=11174 (1281 words)

	National Humiliations - Peking
		Cixi got enraged, saying the change of emperor was her familial matter, nothing to do with Han ethnic ministers.
		(Emperor Guangxu, before enthronement at 1875, had agreed to erect his to-be-born son as heir of Emperor Tongzhi should he bear a son.) Prince Fu-juan was assigned Palace Hongde-dian inside of the Forbidden City.
		Emperor Guangxu, when asked of his opinions, first stated that boxers had better stop attacking embassies and Manchu government should escort foreigners to Tainjin; after Cixi showed madness, he backed down saying Cixi should make a decision on this kind of matter.
	www.uglychinese.org /peking.htm (7630 words)

	Cloisonne
		Cloisonné, in which China excels, is known as jingtailan in the country.
		It first appeared toward the end of the Yuan Dynasty in the mid-14th century, flourished and reached its peak of development during the reign of the Ming Emperor jingtai(1450-1457).
		And as the objects were mostly in blue (lan) color, cloisonné came to be called by its present name Jingtailan.
	www.antiquesndynasties.com /cloisonne.htm (305 words)

	National Chinese Crafts - Business opportunities in China on egochinatravel.com
		China is the home to a wide variety of arts and crafts, such as sculpture, metal work, weaving and embroidery, folk paintings, ceramics, and lacquerware, in addition to folk arts such as paper cuts, lanterns, kites and toys.
		Cloisonne is a famous traditional enamelware, known as the "Jingtai Blue" in China.
		It was so called because "blue" was the typical color used for enameling and this enamelware was popular in the years of the reign of Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty (about 500 years ago).
	www.cytsyn.com /HTDOCS/ENGLISH/business/crafts.htm (887 words)

	List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty - China-related Topics LI-LL - China-Related Topics
			2 The Yongle emperor usurped the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse.
		The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him.
		However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/List_of_Emperors_of_the_Ming_Dynasty (433 words)

	Emperors of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Each Emperor at birth [except in the Yuan Dynasty received a given name and a personal name.
		After the accession of the Emperor the personal name became taboo.
		After the death of an Emperor, a posthumous or temple name was used in Confucian rites.
	users.bigpond.net.au /bstone/emperors.htm (98 words)

	Black Dragon Pool, Kunming attractions, Kunming, Yunnan, China, Tour Kunming, Tour Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Dali, ...
		The construction of the Black Dragon palace began in the 27th year in the reign of Emperor Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty (1394) and it was rebuilt by a hereditary Duke by the name of Mu in the 4th year of the reign of Emperor Jingtai in the same Dynasty (1454).
		This archway is in fact a pavilion for worshipping the Jade Emperor (the Supreme Deity of Daoism), and other high-ranking Daoist deities, such as Sanqing, the North Pole Deity and others.
		A Daoist Dragon Fountain Temple was built in the same place between 1394-1395 (in the reign of Emperor Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty), and went through several renovations in the Qing Dynasty.
	www.yunnantrip.com /pages/cities/yunnan/kunming/heilongtan.htm (1073 words)

	Beadworks - Boston, MA & Cambridge, MA - Cloisonné
		As one of Beijing's most famous exports, the Chinese have made cloisonné enameling a distinctive art form.
		Cloisonné production flourished during the reign of Ming Emperor Jingtai in the mid-15th century.
		Most pieces of this period were made with special blue enamel as the base color, therefore creating the Chinese term for cloisonné: jingtai-lan ("Jingtai Blue").
	www.beadworksboston.com /beads/cloisonne.htm (382 words)

	Beijing This Month- Technicolour World of Age-old Cloisonné (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Cloisonné (jingtailan) is the decorative art of applying differently coloured enamel - though often blue - to the surface of a copper or bronze object which is then fired to become a bright and colourful artwork, be it clocks, bowls, vases and other household ornaments.
		Jingtai indicates the history of the craft, which has developed since the reign of Ming Emperor Jingtai (1540-1546), though from the start, cloisonné production was extremely profitable (its industry is prosperous to this day).
		Many cloisonné works of the most delicate quality were produced from early on.
	www.btmbeijing.com /contents/en/btm/2005-04/treaturehunt4/technicolour (592 words)

	China City: Kunming Travel
		Near the Black Dragon Pool is the Black Dragon Palace, which was built in 1394 (in the reign of Emperor Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty) and rebuilt in 1454 (in the reign of Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty).
		The whole palace consists of three halls and two courtyards, and the main hall features a stone plaque written by the governor of Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty to praise the views here.
		This 570-year-old temple includes Thunder Deity Hall, North Pole Hall, Sanqing Hall, Jade Emperor Hall and some other halls in which the deities of Taoism are worshiped.
	www.cntravel.biz /cityguides/kunming/pool.htm (697 words)

	Chinese cloisonne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Cloisonne is a Chinese traditional enamel artwork with a history of over 500 years.
		It was originated in Ming dynasty and became popular during the period Emperor Jingtai.
		As the typical color used in its workshop is blue, it is also called Jingtai Blue in Chinese.
	www.orientalabels.com /product_info.php?cPath=10&products_id=194 (139 words)

	CalendarHome.com - September 21 - Calendar Encyclopedia
		454 - Roman Emperor Valentinian III assassinates Aëtius in his own throne room.
		1415 - Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (d.
		1558 - Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (b.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /September_21.htm (933 words)

	1457 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		February 13 - Mary of Burgundy, wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1482)
		Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset (died 1501)
		March 14 - Jingtai Emperor of China (born 1428)
	www.io.com /~xiombarg/cgi-bin/nph-colorblind.cgi/000100A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1457 (205 words)

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