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	Jirga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A jirga (occasionally jirgah) is a tribal assembly of elders which takes decisions by consensus, particularly among the Pashtun ethnic group, but also in other ethnic groups near them; they are most common in Afghanistan and among the Pashtun in the tribal areas in Pakistan near its border with Afghanistan.
		The jirga was also used as a court in cases of criminal conduct, but this usage is being replaced by formal courts some settled areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan, elswhere it is still used as courts in tribal regions.
		The jirga holds the prestige of a court in the tribal areas of Pakistan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jirga (425 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Loya Jirga
		Despite the fact that traditions of jirgas are as old as the civilisation of Afghanistan is, yet its practice to turn it into regular national phenomenon on a grand scale was owned by the more modern rulers and inhabitants of Afghanistan.
		Loya Jirga participated by influential elders and leaders of Abdali and Ghilzai tribes, as well as representatives of other ethnic groups, especially Uzbeks, was held at Sher-i-Surkh near Kandahar City in 1747 had chosen Ahmad Khan, later Ahmed Shah Abdali, as king new and modern Afghanistan.
		Since Jirgas held by moderate elements opposed by Mujahideen in 1980 at Peshawar, by Karmal regime in 1985 and by President Najibullah in 1987 where held under the shadow of foreign powers, therefore, their influence on the course of events was limited.
	www.afghanland.com /history/loyajirga.html (1034 words)

	Loya jirga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Loya jirga, occasionally loya jirgah, is a large meeting held in Afghanistan, originally attended by Pashtun groups but later including other ethnic groups.
		The attendees of loya jirga variously include tribal or regional leaders, political, military and religious figures, royalty, government officials, etc. The meetings are called irregularly, often by the ruler.
		There are no time limits in a loya jirga and it continues until decisions are reached.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Loya_Jirga (604 words)

	Pashtoonwali :: Jirga
		Jirga is an assembly of tribal elders called for various purposeswhether waging war or composing peace, tribal or inter-tribal.
		The Jirga assembles in a Hujra or a village mosque or in an open field outside the village under a shady tree.
		The Jirga does not interfere in small and petty family disputes until a formal request is made by a party to intercede on its behalf.
	www.khyber.org /culture/pashtoonwalai/jirga.shtml (974 words)

	Jirga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Jirga and Loya Jirga are the terms nowadays widely used by western media and politician as the only solution of the long Afghan conflict.
		Most of the Loya Jirga members welcomed the new regime and sent it their blessing and good wishes, when Dawood was killed and his so-called legitimate regime was toppled.
		The Jirga declared that the regime was the legitimate and democratic government of Afghanistan.
	www.ympd.0catch.com /articles/jirga.htm (852 words)

	Online NewsHour Profile: The Loya Jirga
		Loya jirga, Pashto for "grand council", is a centuries-old traditional meeting of leaders from different tribes and factions to discuss and settle national affairs.
		While generally perceived as a most basic forum for representative decision-making, the loya jirga is widely viewed as the best chance for Afghanistan to establish a legitimate leadership with a rule of law and prevent the country from slipping into the control of warlords and drug smugglers.
		The loya jirga was subsequently planned for June 10-16 in the capital of Kabul.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/loya-jirga.html (922 words)

	Jirga
		The pivotal role of the “Jirga” is an important part of the culture since people of all age groups and status are bound to respect and obey the Jirga.
		The stability of an area's Jirga Council is established on the local and economic bases in which different tribes are organized.
		Jirga is a Persian word meaning gathering, a public, a "Punchayat" or a consultation.
	www.palasvalley.org /jirga.htm (853 words)

	Q & A on Afghanistan's Loya Jirga Process (Human Rights Watch April 15, 2002)
		Its task was to establish rules and procedures for the loya jirga, define a process for the selection of delegates, and ensure the adequate representation of women, minorities, scholars, and representatives of civil society groups.
		The loya jirga, meeting June 10-16, is charged with choosing a new government and its executive leader.
		The loya jirga could choose Hamid Karzai to continue leading Afghanistan, and some of the ministers in the interim authority could also be picked as ministers in a new government.
	www.hrw.org /press/2002/04/qna-loyagirga.htm (1764 words)

	The Khyber Gateway >> The Institution of Jirga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thus the Jirga is a formally recognized institution in the tribally administered areas of Pakistan.
		In case of the Ulusi Jirga, the members are usually comprised of elders of the notable families whose social standing and experience with the Pashtoonwali entitles them to a place on the council.
		The Jirga determines the punishment to be inflicted on the basis of Narkh (tribal rule, or precedent).
	www.khyber.org /culture/jirga/jirgas.shtml (1418 words)

	CNN.com - Afghan leaders look to future - June 11, 2002
		The loya jirga, which was to start Monday, had been postponed for 24 hours because of logistic and preparation issues, according to a member of the Special Independent Commission organizing the event.
		The creation of the loya jirga is in accordance with an agreement hammered out among leaders of Afghan factions in Bonn, Germany, late last year, to build a post-Taliban Afghan government.
		The loya jirga, which means "grand council," is "a political institution that Afghans have had for centuries," Karzai said in January.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/06/11/afghan.council (855 words)

	Peshawar, Pakistan - JIRGA - CPTweb
		The jirga would discuss the matter and find a solution and the mediator would announce it to the disputants.
		The convoy contained senior elders from local jirgas who were on their way to Kabul to participate in the inauguration of the new government.
		The USA needs to submit the matter to a community jirga if a real peace is to be built in a region ravaged by 23 years of wars fomented by foreign interests and armaments.
	www.cpt.org /afghanistan/afghanjirga.php (487 words)

	Afghanistan: Analysis of New Cabinet Warlords Emerge from Loya Jirga More Powerful Than Ever
		As the loya jirga nears its end, they expressed fears about the resurgent power of the warlords who were active, and at time abusive, participants in the loya jirga process.
		We saw at the opening of the loya jirga that it is possible to forge new friendships and alliances across regional, ethnic and gender lines.
		When the loya jirga recommenced, the delegates were surprised to be greeted by Afghanistan's 30 provincial governors, none of whom was elected to the grand assembly.
	www.rawa.org /loyajirga2.htm (2909 words)

	Terrorism - Afghanistan: Birth of a Nation? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Loya Jirga, a centuries-old institution, while similar to the Islamic “shura” (or consultative assembly), is unique to Afghanistan.
		Traditionally, the Loya Jirga has been the means whereby Afghans have discussed issues of national importance, with tribal elders gathering to debate and resolve important issues or rally to a cause.
		Loya Jirgas have been convened since at least 1411, when the topic of discussion was the migration of Yusufzai Pashtuns from Kandahar to Peshawar.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/jirga-pr.cfm (1719 words)

	CNN.com - The loya jirga: A very Afghan gathering - June 11, 2002
		Although by no means fully democratic, the loya jirga is seen as the fastest and most representative way of setting Afghanistan on course to recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation as a member of the community of nations.
		After that, the plan calls for another loya jirga to be convened to approve a new constitution, paving the way immediately for nationwide elections and the installation of Afghanistan's first democratic government.
		Now, with a new government being formed, Pashtun representatives to the loya jirga have made it be known they will be looking to see a more equitable balance struck in the new administration.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/06/10/afghan.loyajirga/index.html (724 words)

	Worldandnation: Many fear 'loya jirga' vote is already a done deal
		The loya jirga's goal is to create a transitional government that would hold power for 18 months while preparing to hold elections in a country that has known nothing but chaos and warfare for more than two decades.
		His command of the assembly was so complete that loya jirga officials and some media agencies mistakenly reported he had been chosen Tuesday as the sole candidate for Afghan leadership -- or had actually been elected.
		Alex Thier, an American analyst from the nonprofit International Crisis Group, spent Tuesday meeting with loya jirga delegates in their heavily guarded compound and said some were angry and dismayed at the turn of events.
	www.sptimes.com /2002/06/12/news_pf/Worldandnation/Many_fear__loya_jirga.shtml (676 words)

	FACTIONAL FEUDS DELAY INAUGURATION OF LOYA JIRGA
		KABOL 10 Jun. (IPS) The inauguration of Afghanistan’s Emergency Loya Jirga (ELJ), or the traditional grand assembly of elders was delayed until tomorrow Tuesday due to bitter conflicting views and wrangling between factions loyal to former Monarch and some leaders from the Northern Alliance over the role of the ailing Mohammad Zaher Shah.
		However, the most striking novelty of this Loya Jirga with all the previous ones is that for the first time in the history of this Muslim, men-dominated country, 140 women are also taking part at the debates.
		According to complaints lodged with the Loya Jirga Commission, some local militia commanders have used threats or bribery to ensure their representatives are chosen.
	www.iran-press-service.com /articles_2002/Jun_2002/loya_jirga_delayed_10602.htm (1210 words)

	Loya Jirga
		In this last Jirga, he told the participants that the great victories scored by Mongols were all due to their respect and equal implementation of Yasa and he advised his courtiers and people to frequently read aloud and follow the articles of Yasa because only then they could be assured of a successful life.
		The above description of a Jirga convened by a new king touches on important aspects of the election and selection by appointment of representatives and the possibility of manipulating of the outcome of the deliberations by influencing the membership, the agenda and the method the Jirga is convened.
		The Loya Jirga is empowered: to approve and amend the constitution; to elect the President and to accept the resignation of President; to consent to the declaration of war and armistice; and to adopt decisions on major questions regarding the destiny of the country.
	users.tns.net /~mroashan/politics/SpecialProjects/LoyaJirga.htm (7093 words)

	Foreign Policy In Focus \| Global Affairs Commentary \| Emergency Loya Jirga: Strength In Numbers?
		The Loya Jirga is scheduled to end on June 16, but may extend as late as June 22--when, according to the United Nations-brokered Bonn Agreement, the current Interim Administration of Afghanistan loses authority.
		Despite these concerns, most Afghans believe the Emergency Loya Jirga is the one time that they will have a say in their government and they are not taking the responsibility lightly.
		He acknowledges that calculating the populations of the districts was one of the greatest challenges of the Loya Jirga, because the civil wars of the past 23 years have obviated any official statistics.
	www.fpif.org /outside/commentary/2002/0206jirga_body.html (1016 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| South Asia \| Afghanistan's loya jirga
		The first post-Taleban national assembly in Afghanistan, the loya jirga, is to convene in a giant tent in the grounds of Kabul Polytechnic on Monday, 10 June, and last until 16 June.
		The various anti-Taleban factions agreed on procedures to convene the loya jirga at a conference in Bonn in December 2001.
		The loya jirga is based on traditional Afghan tribal and national gatherings, such as have approved major constitutional change in the past.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/south_asia/2032169.stm (659 words)

	Procedures for the Elections of the Members of the Emergency Loya Jirga
		In keeping with the prevailing conditions and circumstances of the country, the Emergency Loya Jirga shall be convened from the 20th to 26th Jauza 1381, (equivalent to 10th to 16th June, 2002), in the center of Kabul.
		The members of the Emergency Loya Jirga shall be elected from the electoral constituencies in proportion to the population, as follows:
		Observation of the election process and consideration of complaints shall be conducted under the provisions of the relevant 'Procedures for the observation of the elections of the members of the Emergency Loya Jirga and the audition of complaints arising from it'.
	www.eurasianet.org /loya.jirga/election.shtml (923 words)

	Afghanistan: Loya Jirga Off To Shaky Start (Human Rights Watch, 13-6-2002)
		On Tuesday, warlords not appointed to the assembly were allowed inside the tent where the loya jirga is in session, mingling with the delegates and threatening those who called for their exclusion or opposed their agenda.
		Khalilzad’s active intervention was in stark contrast to the U.S. government’s failure to implement the Bonn agreement’s exclusion of warlords from the loya jirga.
		Candidates with a history of human rights abuses were to be excluded from the loya jirga under Article 14 of the procedures governing the loya jirga.
	www.hrw.org /press/2002/06/jirga061202.htm (886 words)

	Afghanistan: Loya Jirga - Adding insult to injury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Loya Jirga, an ancient pre-feudal tradition held under the shadows of imperialist bayonets to install democracy is an insult to the masses of this war ravaged country.
		This Jirga was held not to give the people of Afghanistan the "present of democracy" but to justify the imperialist aggression and the rulership of its puppets.
		The participants of the Jirga comprise of mainly the afghan elite who fled with their wealth to the West after the 1978 Saur [spring] Revolution and the Afghan war lords who have been fighting for loot and power in and around their fiefdoms.
	www.marxist.com /afghanistan-loya-jirga150702.htm (1282 words)

	CCC - The Loya Jirga, Ethnic Rivalries and Future Afghan Stability
		The loya jirga consisted of 1500 representatives, elected or appointed from 32 provinces, and debated the political future of Afghanistan over a seven-day period.
		The main issues concerning government composition of the Emergency Loya Jirga turned out to be the role of the former king -- Zahir Shah -- and his representatives as well as the role of the Panjshiris who since the defeat of the Taliban have controlled most of the Afghan security services in and near Kabul.
		A Constitutional Loya Jirga is to be convened within 18 months of the establishment of the Transitional Authority, in order to adopt a new constitution Afghanistan.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /rsepResources/si/aug02/southAsia.asp (3513 words)

	Jirga seeks deadline extension -DAWN - Top Stories; 21 April, 2004
		The requests contained in a set of recommendations are to be presented to NWFP Governor Syed Iftikhar Hussain Shah when the 52-member inter-tribal jirga meets him at the Governor's House on Wednesday.
		One of the leading figures of the tribal jirga that has representatives from all the seven tribal regions told Dawn that they would request the government to extend the deadline by another ten days - at least until May 1.
		He said that the five wanted tribesmen including their main leaders Nek Mohammad and Sharif would be asked to surrender to the tribal jirga once the government pardons them.
	www.dawn.com /2004/04/21/top5.htm (937 words)

	ISN Security Watch - Karzai claims Loya Jirga mandate
		The US and its allies are banking on the Loya Jirga to bring more stability to the country, where warlords and bandits are a continual threat to the government.
		Some of the ethnic minority commanders are believed to see a greater role for the king, who was ousted in a bloodless coup in 1973 and returned to Afghanistan from self-exile in April, as a threat to their position.
		An underlying fear at the Loya Jirga is of an attack by Taliban remnants - or disgruntled warlords who battled for their Kabul fiefdoms, some no bigger than a city block, during Rabbani's rule until the arrival of the Taliban in 1996.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /news/sw/details.cfm?ID=4352 (1018 words)

	USATODAY.com - Security tightens in Kabul for 'loya jirga' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) — Crawling with international security, blanketed by a new police force and protected by a freshly deployed national guard, a city disfigured by a generation of violence and disorder is bracing for anything as it begins a crucial week of charting the future.
		The grand council meeting, or loya jirga, was originally set to open Monday, but was delayed at least until Tuesday because of a dispute over the role of the troubled nation's former king, government officials said.
		As hundreds of delegates gathered for the meeting to appoint a transitional government, rookie law officers searched vehicles at checkpoints across Kabul and an international military force numbering in the thousands tightened its grip on the city.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2002/06/10/loya-jirga-security.htm (434 words)

	Afghanistan: Loya Jirga Convenes To Debate Draft Constitution Amid Tight Security
		The Loya Jirga is due to open on 14 December under tight security with speeches by Afghan Transitional Administration Chairman Hamid Karzai and former King Mohammad Zahir Shah.
		About 100 of the delegates participating in the Loya Jirga are women, but Soderberg predicts they will face strong opposition in voicing their demands for equal rights.
		The main sessions of the Loya Jirga are going to be held in a large tent on the grounds of the city's Polytechnic Institute, on the northwestern outskirts of Kabul.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2003/12/mil-031212-rferl-172418.htm (1177 words)

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